How Effective are Toll Roads in Improving Operational Performance?

The main focus of this research is to develop a systematic analytical framework and evaluate the effect of a toll road on region’s traffic using travel time and travel time reliability measures. The travel time data for the Triangle Expressway in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States was employed for the assessment process. The spatial and temporal variations in the travel time distributions on the toll road, parallel alternate route, and near-vicinity cross-streets were analyzed using various travel time reliability measures. The results indicate that the Triangle Expressway showed a positive trend in reliability over the years of its operation. The parallel route reliability decreased significantly during the analysis period, whereas the travel time reliability of cross-streets showed a consistent trend. The stabilization of travel time distributions and the reliability measures over different years of toll road operation are good indicators, suggesting that further reduction in performance measures may not be seen on the near vicinity corridors. The findings from link-level and corridor-level analysis may help with transportation system management, assessing the influence of travel demand patterns, and evaluating the effect of planned implementation of similar projects

Modelling of advanced submicron gate InGaAs/InAIAs pHEMTS and RTD devices for very high frequency applications

InP based InAlAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistors (pHEMTs) have shown outstanding performances, which makes them prominent in high frequency mm-wave and submillimeter-wave applications. However, conventional InGaAs/InAlAs pHEMTs have major drawbacks, i.e., very low breakdown voltage and high gate leakage current. These disadvantages degrade device performance, especially in Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) low noise amplifiers (LNAs). The optimisation of InAlAs/InGaAs epilayer structures through advanced bandgap engineering together with gate length reduction from 1 m into deep sub-μm regime is the key solution to enabled high breakdown and ultra-high speed, low noise pHEMT devices to be fabricated. Concurrently, device modelling plays a vital role in the design and analysis of pHEMT device and circuit performance. Physical modeling becomes essential to fully characterise and understand the underlying physical phenomenon of the device, while empirical modelling is significant in circuit design and predicts device’s characteristic performance. In this research, the main objectives to accurately model the DC and RF characteristics of the two-dimensional (2D) physical modelling for sub-μm gate length for strained channel InAlAs/InGaAs/InP pHEMT has been accomplished and developed in ATLAS Silvaco. All modelled devices were optimised and validated by experimental devices which were fabricated at the University of Manchester; the sub-micrometer devices were developed with T-gate using I-line optical lithography. The underlying device physics insight are gained, i.e, the effects of changes to the device’s physical structure, theoretical concepts and its general operation, hence a reliable pHEMT model is obtained. The kink anomalies in I-V characteristics was reproduced and the 2D simulation results demonstrate an outstanding agreement with measured DC and RF characteristics. The aims to develop linear and nonlinear models for sub-μm transistors and their implementation in MMIC LNA design is achieved with the 0.25 m In0.7Ga0.3As/In0.52Al0.48As/InP pHEMT. An accurate technique for the extraction of empirical models for the fabricated active devices has been developed and optimised using Advance Design System (ADS) software which demonstrate excellent agreement between experimental and modelled DC and RF data. A precise models for MMIC passive devices have also been obtained and incorporated in the proposed design for a single and double stage MMIC LNAs in C- and X-band frequency. The single stage LNA is designed to achieve maximum gain ranging from 9 to 13 dB over the band of operation while the gain is increased between 20 dB and 26 dB for the double stage LNA designs. A noise figure of less than 1.2 dB and 2 dB is expected respectively, for the C- and X-band LNA designed while retaining stability across the entire frequency bands. Although the RF performance of pHEMT is being vigorously pushed towards terahertz region, novel devices such as Resonant Tunnelling Diode (RTD) are needed to support future ultra-high speed, high frequency applications especially when it comes to THz frequencies. Hence, the study of physical modelling is extended to quantum modelling of an advanced In0.8Ga0.2As/AlAs RTD device to effectively model both large size and submicron RTD using Silvaco’s ATLAS software to reproduce the peak current density, peak-to-valley-current ratio (PVCR), and negative differential resistance (NDR) voltage range. The simple one-dimensional physical modelling for the RTD devices is optimised to achieve an excellent match with the fabricated RTD devices with variations in the spacer thickness, barrier thickness, quantum well thickness and doping concentration

Significance of Trans-European Transport Networks for Logistics Centre Localization as Exemplified by the Łódź Region

This work complements and structures knowledge in the field of logistics centres (with focus on the Łódź region). It presents a thorough analysis of strategic documents of the European Union in reference to the functioning of international transport networks. It also provides a detailed description of logistics facilities operations from the theoretical standpoint and definition of relations in points where logistics centres and TEN-T networks overlap. The result of this work is a set of recommendations referring to effective development of logistics centres on the background of transport corridors

Intersection Safety

The objectives of this project included a study to determine the safety effects of intersection type (unsignalized, signalized, and interchange) on Nebraska expressway intersections, quantification of the safety effects of a Collision Countermeasure System (CCS), and update of the Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) expressway intersection guidelines. The CCS is an Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) traffic control device to warn drivers of conflicting cross-traffic at rural, non-signalized intersections. The goal was that if found effective, the CCS will become part of the intersection designer’s options for expressway intersection design (other options being an interchange, traffic signals, and traffic control signs). Analysis results indicated that exposure (measured as total entering traffic) is an important factor affecting expressway intersection safety – expected number of accidents on an intersection approach increase with increasing exposure. While the analysis did not reveal any differences in safety of unsignalized and signalized intersections, the presence of horizontal curves on intersection approaches was found to increase accidents while vertical curves placed through intersections were also found increase accidents on intersection approaches. Expressway approaches with offset left turn lanes were found safer when compared to conventional left turn lanes and expressway approaches with no exclusive left-turn lanes. The above information is recommended for addition to the existing NDOR expressway intersection guidelines to make Nebraska expressway intersections safer. This report also provides directions for future expressway safety investigative research efforts

Intersection Safety

The objectives of this project included a study to determine the safety effects of intersection type (unsignalized, signalized, and interchange) on Nebraska expressway intersections, quantification of the safety effects of a Collision Countermeasure System (CCS), and update of the Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) expressway intersection guidelines. The CCS is an Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) traffic control device to warn drivers of conflicting cross-traffic at rural, non-signalized intersections. The goal was that if found effective, the CCS will become part of the intersection designer’s options for expressway intersection design (other options being an interchange, traffic signals, and traffic control signs). Analysis results indicated that exposure (measured as total entering traffic) is an important factor affecting expressway intersection safety – expected number of accidents on an intersection approach increase with increasing exposure. While the analysis did not reveal any differences in safety of unsignalized and signalized intersections, the presence of horizontal curves on intersection approaches was found to increase accidents while vertical curves placed through intersections were also found increase accidents on intersection approaches. Expressway approaches with offset left turn lanes were found safer when compared to conventional left turn lanes and expressway approaches with no exclusive left-turn lanes. The above information is recommended for addition to the existing NDOR expressway intersection guidelines to make Nebraska expressway intersections safer. This report also provides directions for future expressway safety investigative research efforts

都市の持続可能性に向けた旅行行動と知的移動データ統合に関する包括的研究

過去数十年にわたり世界中で都市の持続可能性がトレンドとなり研究対象となっている．人々は，非効率な天然資源の消費や社会経済活動による環境破壊など，地球環境に有害な活動を行い，これには都市計画や交通計画を始め，多くの分野が密接に関係している．現在では，これらを解決する新技術の開発や応用が広範囲な研究分野で日々取り組まれている．本研究では観光に関する問題を，交通と都市の研究の観点からさまざまなビックデータを使用し，持続可能な都市開発を目標とした具体的な解決策を示した．本研究では都市や地域の持続可能性に資するデータの活用方法として，Wi-Fiパケットセンサーを使用した旅行者にとって魅力的な観光目的地マネジメントに関する研究，およびETCプローブデータを使用した旅行時間の信頼性の観測における天候の影響に関する分析を組み合わせて示した．本論文では，都市の移動性の認知に対して以下に示す3つの研究から，特徴的な結果と有効な分析手法を確立した．1）Wi-Fiパッケージセンシング調査を使用した，広域観光エリアでの周遊パターンのマイニングベースの関連法則の調査，2）Wi-Fi追跡データでの大規模な観光地の持続可能な開発に向けた魅力的な目的地の抽出，3）ETC2.0プローブデータを使用して，様々な道路タイプを考慮した旅行の信頼性に対する降雪の影響の評価．以上の研究から，複数視点の考察を積み重ね，包括的な評価と提案を行い，いくつかの重要な結果が得られた．この論文の貢献は，より良い社会への問題解決への糸口となり，今後の政策立案者にとって有意義な内容となるだろう．According to sustainability, the trend is spreading out around the world for past decades. There are many area subjects involved, such as city planning, transportation planning, and so on, because people realized human activities harmful to the environment by consuming natural resources with less efficiency process or damage environment by social and economic movements. Currently, emerging technologies considered for the proactive procedure in extensive study areas regarding new technology application and knowledge based. In term of transport and urban study, including tourism concerns, we used intelligent data from deferent sources to be demonstrating the possible solutions which involve sustainable urban development concept. In this study, as a method of utilizing data that contributes to the sustainability of cities and regions, consideration of attractive destination management for tourists by using wireless probe data, and the weather impact on travel time reliability observation by using electronic toll collection probe data, it represented as combination experiments throughout comprehensive study. This dissertation addressed three contribution studies to the composed acknowledgment of urban mobility, and it obtained the intelligent data and specific method of research-based. It consists of; 1) an association rule mining-based exploration of travel patterns in wide tourism areas using a Wi-Fi package sensing survey, 2) Attractive destinations mining towards massive tourism area sustainable development on Wi-Fi tracking data, and 3) Assessment of the impact of snowfall on travel reliability considering different road types using ETC2.0 probe data. Hence, a stack of varying viewpoints researches provided a comprehensive review and suggestion throughout significant results. The contribution of this dissertation could be an advantage substance for strategy and policies planner to recognize alternative solutions leading to a better society.室蘭工業大学 (Muroran Institute of Technology)博士（工学

Effects of Weather Related Safety Messages on the Motorway Traffic Parameters

Intelligent transport systems have a huge importance during adverse weather conditions. These systems call the drivers’ attention to possible dangers by the use of variable message signs installed along the motorways. Several researchers have dealt with the connection of weather and traffic safety in the last decades, but they have not investigated the effects of weather related messages. This paper examines the impact of weather-related warning messages on traffic in adverse weather circumstances on the Hungarian motorways. Three independent databases were analyzed in order to compare the speed-reducing effect of specific signs during different weather events and precipitate intensities

Philadelphia Before I-95: Uncovering the Lost Wealth and Neighborhoods Destroyed by the Delaware Expressway

This case study investigates the demolished structures and lost wealth due to the construction of the Delaware Expressway (I-95) along Philadelphia’s Center City waterfront. The history of the Delaware Expressway is embedded in a larger freeway-building era in the United States that led to the destruction of urban neighborhoods throughout the country. Yet the neighborhoods that once occupied these corridors have fallen out of the collective memory, and there exists a lack of research analyzing the original conditions of these areas before freeways permanently changed them. This thesis seeks to understand the historical context of freeways in the United States that led to the construction of the Delaware Expressway, calculate the tax revenue potential if the residential dwellings in this corridor still existed today, and digitally recreate one of the impacted neighborhoods, Southwark, in a 3D environment. By using a comparatives sales method, the results of the fiscal analysis determined that the current tax value of these dwellings would be $8.23 million annually if the structures still existed today. This historical perspective is especially relevant given the passage of the 2021 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, which authorizes a level of funding unseen since the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. As transportation planning in the United States enters the next chapter of its history, this research provides an important analysis and historical context of how freeways impacted the built environment during 1950s-1970s in order to better guide transportation infrastructure going forward

Prediction of HV Factor in Expressways Using A Short-Term VDS Data

Generally expressway imply arterial highway that provides users for high levels of safety and efficiency with full control of access only for through traffic in the expressway. However, most of expressways are often experiencing congestion problems caused by highly mixed rate of heavy vehicles and concentration of vehicles depending on the time period and the travel direction in the expressways. So, it is strongly raised to identify the traffic system by traffic characteristic studies in the basic expressway segments. The purpose of this study was to collect the 14-day vehicle detection system(VDS) data(volume, speed, headway, occupancy, and density, etc.) at about 180 or more stations of major expressways(Gyeongbu and Namhae expressways in Korea), analyze the traffic flow characteristic data, especially hourly volume factor(K) and estimate (, , , and on the basis of average daily traffic for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days, respectively) calculated in the basic expressway segments, construct the proper regression models between the hourly volume factor and estimate , and finally select the most appropriate model between the calculated and predicted hourly volume factors in the basic expressway segments. From the traffic characteristic analyses, the analyses of hourly volume factor(K) and estimate , and the development and verification of model in the basic expressway segments, the following conclusions were drawn: ⅰ) Traffic characteristics appeared to show a considerable difference in the direction of the basic expressway segments. So, it was needed to establish the expressway traffic management system based on the directional traffic characteristics for improving the efficiency of expressway. ⅱ) Hourly volume factor(K) in the direction of expressways appeared to have a highly positive correlation with estimate (j=1, 3, 5, and 7) for a short-term period. So, it was needed to examine the relationship between hourly volume factor(K) and the estimate for each direction of the expressways. ⅲ) The highest hourly proportions of K in expressways appeared to show the rural and urban traffic flow characteristics. So, it was needed to classify these hourly proportions of K for in-depth analysis into0.06≤K＜0.07, 0.07≤K＜0.08, 0.08≤K＜0.09, 0.09≤K＜0.10, 0.10≤K＜0.11, 0.11≤K＜0.12, 0.12≤K＜0.13, 0.13≤K＜0.14, and 0.14≤K＜0.15. ⅳ) Linear, quadratic, cubic and power models appeared to have a highly correlation coefficient(r) between hourly volume factor(K) and estimate (j=1, 3, 5, 7) for each range of interval. So, it was needed to select the proper model in predicting the hourly volume factor(K) with a high explanatory power(). ⅴ) Power model appeared to be very appropriate in predicting the hourly volume factor(K) by estimate with a high explanatory power() and validity for all ranges of interval. So, it was needed to verify the power model between the hourly volume factor(K) and estimate for a short-term period. ⅵ) Model verification results appeared to show the high correlation coefficients(r) in the power model with estimate and fall inside Accept region for all ranges of interval. So, it was needed to determine the power model as the most appropriate one for predicting K in expressways showing the rural and urban traffic flow characteristics.Tables of Contents Contents ⅰ Nomenclature ⅲ List of Tables ⅴ List of Figures ⅶ Abstract 　ⅻ Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objective 2 1.3 Process of study 4 Chapter 2. Literature Review 5 2.1 Reviews from abroad 5 2.2 Reviews from Korea 11 Chapter 3. Data Collection and Analysis 15 3.1 Data collection 15 3.2 Data analysis 17 Chapter 4. Analysis of K and Estimate 40 4.1 Definition 40 4.2 Analysis of K and estimate in expressway Ex-10 45 4.3 Analysis of K and estimate in expressway Ex-1 57 Chapter 5. Model Development and Verification 69 5.1 Model development 69 5.2 Model verification 91 Chapter 6. Conclusions and Suggestions 106 References 10