Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruises 7, 8, 9

Presented in this report are the reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data, station lists of plankton and benthic collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruises 7 and 8 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN; and the station lists of reef and inshore, plankton, benthic, and miscellaneous biological collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruise 9. Narrative reports of Cruises 7 and 8 were issued as News Bulletins No. 9 (Jan. 1965) and No. 10 (Feb. 1965), respectively, by the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE. Cruises 7 and 8 were devoted primarily to benthic biology. On Cruise 7, which concentrated on the area east of South Africa and south of Madagascar (Fig.1), collections of the bottom fauna were made with a variety of gear including Campbell and Van Veen grabs, Phleger and trigger corers, Menzies and Agassiz trawls, rock dredges, and Dietz-Lafond snappers. On Cruise 8 collections were made in the Mozambique Channel and adjacent continental shelves (Fig. 2) mainly with a 40 ft. Gulf of Mexico type shrimp trawl, Menzies trawl, and Ockelman dredge. Cruise 9 emphasized reef and shore collecting in some of the more remote island areas in the southwestern Indian Ocean (Fig. 3). Specimens were obtained by SCUBA and free diving, rotenone poisoning, and collecting in the exposed intertidal zones of the reef and shore areas of Mombasa, Kenya (Fig. 4); Latham Island south of Zanzibar; Grand Comore and Mayotta Islands (Figs. 5 and 6); Aldabra and Farquhar Islands (Figs. 7 and 8); St. Joseph's and D'Arros Islands in the Amirante Isles (Fig. 9); and Mahe and Cerf Islands in the Seychelles (Fig.10) . Although general collections were made at all these areas, certain groups received special attention because of specific interests among the scientific party. These included macroscopic algae, seagrasses, mollusks, commensal and parasitic copepods, parasitic helminths, nemerteans, ostracods, lancelets, pontoniid shrimps, fishes and Ascothoracida, a parasitic group of barnacles found in the certain cavities of zoantharians and echinoderms. At most of the island stations, longline gear and a 200 ft. shark gill net were fished. Bottom trawling with a Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl was impractical because of the many pinnacles and dome-shaped formations around the various islands. Towards the end of Cruise 9, a series of trawl hauls was made on the narrow continental shelf along the Somali coast. Most of the Cruise 9 scientific party left the ship at Aden on December 20. The remaining members made a series of plankton collections in the Red Sea, and disembarked at Rurghada, U.A.R. to make shore collection

U.S. program in biology, International Indian Ocean Expedition final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 1

The following report, in two volumes, presents the reduced oceanographic, chemical,and biological data, bathythermograph positions, and station lists for biological collections taken during Cruise 1 of the ANTON BRUUN in the Bay of Bengal during March-May, 1963, as a part of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. The cruise track is shown in Figure 1. Tables 1-3 respectively give the cruise itinerary with port calls, a summary of the types of scientific activities carried out during the cruise, and a list of the techniques employed with references. A narrative report of Cruise 1 including the list of participants, related shore activities, and preliminary scientific results was issued as News Bulletin No. 2 of the U.S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated July, 1963

Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 3 : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections

Cruise 3 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN, originating from Bombay on August 8 and terminating at Port Louis, Mauritius on September 20, 1963, was the first of two cruises on which a special effort was made to sample the meso- and bathypelagic fauna of the western Indian Ocean. Collections were made with a 10-ft Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl at 17 stations from 11°56'N latitude to 40°54'S latitude, along the 60°E meridian. In addition to the midwater trawl collections, the basic program of hydrography, biological oceanography, and primary production was continued. Presented in this report are the reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data, station lists of plankton, midwater trawl, and miscellaneous biological collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruise 3. A narrative report of Cruise 3 was issued as News Bulletin No.4 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated February, 1964

Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 2 : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections

Cruise 2 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN took place in the western Indian Ocean from May 22 to July 23, 1964, The following report presents the station lists for plankton collections, bathythermograph positions, and reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data for Cruise 2. The cruise track is shown in Figure 1, and the itinerary with ports of call is given in Table 1. A summary of the types of scientific activities carried out during the cruise, and a list of the techniques employed are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. In addition to the basic hydrographic and biological programs and the researches of individual scientists, a special program of long-line fishing was carried out in a cooperative effort with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Details regarding the composition of the long-line catches and associated data are on file at the Biological Laboratory; Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawaii. A narrative report of Cruise 2, including a list of participants and brief descriptions of their research interests and preliminary results, was issued as New Bulletin No. 3 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated January, 1964

Phylogeography of the crown-of-thorns starfish in the Indian Ocean

Background: Understanding the limits and population dynamics of closely related sibling species in the marine realm is particularly relevant in organisms that require management. The crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci, recently shown to be a species complex of at least four closely related species, is a coral predator infamous for its outbreaks that have devastated reefs throughout much of its Indo-Pacific distribution. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this first Indian Ocean-wide genetic study of a marine organism we investigated the genetic structure and inferred the paleohistory of the two Indian Ocean sister-species of Acanthaster planci using mitochondrial DNA sequence analyses. We suggest that the first of two main diversification events led to the formation of a Southern and Northern Indian Ocean sister-species in the late Pliocene-early Pleistocene. The second led to the formation of two internal clades within each species around the onset of the last interglacial. The subsequent demographic history of the two lineages strongly differed, the Southern Indian Ocean sister-species showing a signature of recent population expansion and hardly any regional structure, whereas the Northern Indian Ocean sister-species apparently maintained a constant size with highly differentiated regional groupings that were asymmetrically connected by gene flow. Conclusions/Significance: Past and present surface circulation patterns in conjunction with ocean primary productivity were identified as the processes most likely to have shaped the genetic structure between and within the two Indian Ocean lineages. This knowledge will help to understand the biological or ecological differences of the two sibling species and therefore aid in developing strategies to manage population outbreaks of this coral predator in the Indian Ocean

Use of microwave satellite data to study variations in rainfall over the Indian Ocean

The University of Wisconsin Space Science and Engineering Center mapped rainfall over the Indian Ocean using a newly developed Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) rain-retrieval algorithm. The short-range objective was to characterize the distribution and variability of Indian Ocean rainfall on seasonal and annual scales. In the long-range, the objective is to clarify differences between land and marine regimes of monsoon rain. Researchers developed a semi-empirical algorithm for retrieving Indian Ocean rainfall. Tools for this development have come from radiative transfer and cloud liquid water models. Where possible, ground truth information from available radars was used in development and testing. SMMR rainfalls were also compared with Indian Ocean gauge rainfalls. Final Indian Ocean maps were produced for months, seasons, and years and interpreted in terms of historical analysis over the sub-continent

North Atlantic oscillation response to anomalous Indian Ocean SST in a coupled GCM

The dominant pattern of atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic sector is the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Since the 1970s the NAO has been well characterized by a trend toward its positive phase. Recent atmospheric general circulation model studies have linked this trend to a progressive warming of the Indian Ocean. Unfortunately, a clear mechanism responsible for the change of the NAO could not be given. This study provides further details of the NAO response to Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. This is done by conducting experiments with a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (OAGCM). The authors develop a hypothesis of how the Indian Ocean impacts the NAO

A Review of Indian Ocean Fisheries for Skipjack Tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, and Yellowfin Tuna, Thunnus albacares

Skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, and yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, together comprise the most important component of Indian Ocean tuna catches. Catches of these species by Indian Ocean fisheries have been increasing over the last decade and totaled 262,300 metric tons (t) in 1986 (Fig. 1; Table 1). Skipjack tuna was the most important species at 32 percent of the total tuna catch in 1986; yellowfin tuna was the second most important at 25 percent. Skipjack tuna are found throughout the Indian Ocean from the Gulf of Arabia in the north to lat. 40°S (Fig. 2). Yellowfin tuna are also distributed throughout the ocean to about lat. 50

Indian Ocean analyses

The background and goals of Indian Ocean thermal sampling are discussed from the perspective of a national project which has research goals relevant to variation of climate in Australia. The critical areas of SST variation are identified. The first goal of thermal sampling at this stage is to develop a climatology of thermal structure in the areas and a description of the annual variation of major currents. The sampling strategy is reviewed. Dense XBT sampling is required to achieve accurate, monthly maps of isotherm-depth because of the high level of noise in the measurements caused by aliasing of small scale variation. In the Indian Ocean ship routes dictate where adequate sampling can be achieved. An efficient sampling rate on available routes is determined based on objective analysis. The statistical structure required for objective analysis is described and compared at 95 locations in the tropical Pacific and 107 in the tropical Indian Oceans. XBT data management and quality control methods at CSIRO are reviewed. Results on the mean and annual variation of temperature and baroclinic structure in the South Equatorial Current and Pacific/Indian Ocean Throughflow are presented for the region between northwest Australia and Java-Timor. The mean relative geostrophic transport (0/400 db) of Throughflow is approximately 5 x 106 m3/sec. A nearly equal volume transport is associated with the reference velocity at 400 db. The Throughflow feeds the South Equatorial Current, which has maximum westward flow in August/September, at the end of the southeasterly Monsoon season. A strong semiannual oscillation in the South Java Current is documented. The results are in good agreement with the Semtner and Chervin (1988) ocean general circulation model. The talk concludes with comments on data inadequacies (insufficient coverage, timeliness) particular to the Indian Ocean and suggestions on the future role that can be played by Data Centers, particularly with regard to quality control of data as research bodies are replaced by operational bodies in the Global Ocean Observing System

The Traditional Indian Ocean Diet

Dietary advice forms the cornerstone in the management of cardiometabolic disease. Though various national and international guidelines suggest different macronutrient proportions, locally framed person-centric diet prescriptions are likely to have a better compliance. In this article, we propose an indigenous traditional Indian Ocean (TRIO) diet, which constitutes a similar pattern of the dietary practices followed by inhabitants of the Indian Ocean littoral region. The TRIO diet highlights on concepts of procurement, preparation, presentation, prioritization, preservation and partaking and may be a good alternative to the Mediterranean diet followed in western countries