User-centered semantic dataset retrieval

Finding relevant research data is an increasingly important but time-consuming task in daily research practice. Several studies report on difficulties in dataset search, e.g., scholars retrieve only partial pertinent data, and important information can not be displayed in the user interface. Overcoming these problems has motivated a number of research efforts in computer science, such as text mining and semantic search. In particular, the emergence of the Semantic Web opens a variety of novel research perspectives. Motivated by these challenges, the overall aim of this work is to analyze the current obstacles in dataset search and to propose and develop a novel semantic dataset search. The studied domain is biodiversity research, a domain that explores the diversity of life, habitats and ecosystems. This thesis has three main contributions: (1) We evaluate the current situation in dataset search in a user study, and we compare a semantic search with a classical keyword search to explore the suitability of semantic web technologies for dataset search. (2) We generate a question corpus and develop an information model to figure out on what scientific topics scholars in biodiversity research are interested in. Moreover, we also analyze the gap between current metadata and scholarly search interests, and we explore whether metadata and user interests match. (3) We propose and develop an improved dataset search based on three components: (A) a text mining pipeline, enriching metadata and queries with semantic categories and URIs, (B) a retrieval component with a semantic index over categories and URIs and (C) a user interface that enables a search within categories and a search including further hierarchical relations. Following user centered design principles, we ensure user involvement in various user studies during the development process

Evaluation: Thinking Outside the (Search) Box

Evaluation of IR systems has typically focused on the system and specifically assessing the quality of a ranked list of results with respect to a query. However, IR functionality is typically just one component amongst many that are used to help support users' wider information seeking activities. Many systems that include a search box also provide features, such as faceted lists, subject hierarchies, visualizations and recommendations to help users find information. In this paper I discuss experiences gained from developing a system to support exploration and discovery in digital cultural heritage. In particular I focus on the development of system components to support search and navigation and how the different components were evaluated within the development life-cycle of the project. The importance of taking a holistic approach to evaluation, as well as utilising evaluation approaches from domains other than IR, is emphasized. In short, we need to be thinking outside the (search) box when it comes to evaluation in IR

Recherche d'information et contexte

My research work is related the field of Information Retrieval (IR) whose objective is to enable a user to find information that meets its needs within a large volume of information. The work in IR have focused primarily on improving information processing in terms of indexing to obtain optimal representations of documents and queries and in terms of matching between these representations. Contributions have long made no distinction between all searches assuming a unique type of search and when proposing a model intended to be effective for this unique type of search. The growing volume of information and diversity of situations have marked the limits of existing IR approaches bringing out the field of contextual IR. Contextual IR aims to better respond to users' needs taking into account the search context. The principle is to differentiate searches by integrating in the IR process, contextual factors that will influence the IRS effectiveness. The notion of context is broad and refers to all knowledge related to information conducted by a user querying an IRS. My research has been directed toward taking into account the contextual factors that are: the domain of information, the information structure and the user. The first three directions of my work consist in proposing models that incorporate each of these elements of context, and a fourth direction aims at exploring how to adapt the process to each search according to its context. Various European and national projects have provided application frameworks for this research and have allowed us to validate our proposals. This research has also led to development of various prototypes and allowed the conduct of PhD theses and research internships.Mes travaux de recherche s'inscrivent dans le domaine de la recherche d'information (RI) dont l'objectif est de permettre à un utilisateur de trouver de l'information répondant à son besoin au sein d'un volume important d'informations. Les recherches en RI ont été tout d'abord orientées système. Elles sont restées très longtemps axées sur l'appariement pour évaluer la correspondance entre les requêtes et les documents ainsi que sur l'indexation des documents et de requêtes pour obtenir une représentation qui supporte leur mise en correspondance. Cela a conduit à la définition de modèles théoriques de RI comme le modèle vectoriel ou le modèle probabiliste. L'objectif initialement visé a été de proposer un modèle de RI qui possède un comportement global le plus efficace possible. La RI s'est longtemps basée sur des hypothèses simplificatrices notamment en considérant un type unique d'interrogation et en appliquant le même traitement à chaque interrogation. Le contexte dans lequel s'effectue la recherche a été ignoré. Le champ d'application de la RI n'a cessé de s'étendre notamment grâce à l'essor d'internet. Le volume d'information toujours plus important combiné à une utilisation de SRI qui s'est démocratisée ont conduit à une diversité des situations. Cet essor a rendu plus difficile l'identification des informations correspondant à chaque besoin exprimé par un utilisateur, marquant ainsi les limites des approches de RI existantes. Face à ce constat, des propositions ont émergé, visant à faire évoluer la RI en rapprochant l'utilisateur du système tels que les notions de réinjection de pertinence utilisateur ou de profil utilisateur. Dans le but de fédérer les travaux et proposer des SRI offrant plus de précision en réponse au besoin de l'utilisateur, le domaine de la RI contextuelle a récemment émergé. L'objectif est de différencier les recherches au niveau des modèles de RI en intégrant des éléments de contexte susceptibles d'avoir une influence sur les performances du SRI. La notion de contexte est vaste et se réfère à toute connaissance liée à la recherche de l'utilisateur interrogeant un SRI. Mes travaux de recherche se sont orientés vers la prise en compte des éléments de contexte que sont le domaine de l'information, la structure de l'information et l'utilisateur. Ils consistent, dans le cadre de trois premières orientations, à proposer des modèles qui intègrent chacun de ces éléments de contexte, et, dans une quatrième orientation, d'étudier comment adapter les processus à chaque recherche en fonction de son contexte. Différents projets européens et nationaux ont servi de cadre applicatifs à ces recherches et ainsi à valider nos propositions. Mes travaux de recherche ont également fait l'objet de développements dans différents prototypes et ont permis le déroulement de thèses de doctorat et stages de recherche

CHORUS Deliverable 2.1: State of the Art on Multimedia Search Engines

Based on the information provided by European projects and national initiatives related to multimedia search as well as domains experts that participated in the CHORUS Think-thanks and workshops, this document reports on the state of the art related to multimedia content search from, a technical, and socio-economic perspective. The technical perspective includes an up to date view on content based indexing and retrieval technologies, multimedia search in the context of mobile devices and peer-to-peer networks, and an overview of current evaluation and benchmark inititiatives to measure the performance of multimedia search engines. From a socio-economic perspective we inventorize the impact and legal consequences of these technical advances and point out future directions of research

Phoneme-based Video Indexing Using Phonetic Disparity Search

This dissertation presents and evaluates a method to the video indexing problem by investigating a categorization method that transcribes audio content through Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) combined with Dynamic Contextualization (DC), Phonetic Disparity Search (PDS) and Metaphone indexation. The suggested approach applies genome pattern matching algorithms with computational summarization to build a database infrastructure that provides an indexed summary of the original audio content. PDS complements the contextual phoneme indexing approach by optimizing topic seek performance and accuracy in large video content structures. A prototype was established to translate news broadcast video into text and phonemes automatically by using ASR utterance conversions. Each phonetic utterance extraction was then categorized, converted to Metaphones, and stored in a repository with contextual topical information attached and indexed for posterior search analysis. Following the original design strategy, a custom parallel interface was built to measure the capabilities of dissimilar phonetic queries and provide an interface for result analysis. The postulated solution provides evidence of a superior topic matching when compared to traditional word and phoneme search methods. Experimental results demonstrate that PDS can be 3.7% better than the same phoneme query, Metaphone search proved to be 154.6% better than the same phoneme seek and 68.1 % better than the equivalent word search

EYE-AS-AN-INPUT FOR IMPROVING INTERACTIVE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL

In this work, Publication Access Through Tiered Interaction and Exploration (PATTIE) is presented with the eye as an additional input modality. PATTIE is built upon the scatter/gather information retrieval paradigm where users can explore a visual and interactive table-of-contents metaphor for large-scale document collections in an iterative manner. Additionally, the prototype has been integrated with eye-tracking through the web camera and experimental findings are provided to demonstrate a proof-of-concept for interest modeling at the term level and implicit relevance feedback on the gold standard inaugural 2019 Text REtrieval Conference Precision Medicine dataset (TREC PM). Low error rates for gaze tracking, and acceptable performance on binary classification of interest are reported as well as statistically significant increases in precision and recall performance for relevant information on a TREC PM task when PATTIE is used with eye-as-an-input versus a baseline PATTIE system.Doctor of Philosoph

自然言語処理アノテーションを利用した意味検索 : 生命医学系論文に対する事象に基づく検索

学位の種別: 論文博士審査委員会委員 : (主査)国立情報学研究所教授 高野 明彦, 国立情報学研究所教授 相澤 彰子, 東京大学教授 今井 浩, 東京大学准教授 井元 清哉, 京都大学教授 黒橋 禎夫University of Tokyo(東京大学