Resource allocation technique for powerline network using a modified shuffled frog-leaping algorithm

Resource allocation (RA) techniques should be made efficient and optimized in order to enhance the QoS (power & bit, capacity, scalability) of high-speed networking data applications. This research attempts to further increase the efficiency towards near-optimal performance. RA’s problem involves assignment of subcarriers, power and bit amounts for each user efficiently. Several studies conducted by the Federal Communication Commission have proven that conventional RA approaches are becoming insufficient for rapid demand in networking resulted in spectrum underutilization, low capacity and convergence, also low performance of bit error rate, delay of channel feedback, weak scalability as well as computational complexity make real-time solutions intractable. Mainly due to sophisticated, restrictive constraints, multi-objectives, unfairness, channel noise, also unrealistic when assume perfect channel state is available. The main goal of this work is to develop a conceptual framework and mathematical model for resource allocation using Shuffled Frog-Leap Algorithm (SFLA). Thus, a modified SFLA is introduced and integrated in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. Then SFLA generated random population of solutions (power, bit), the fitness of each solution is calculated and improved for each subcarrier and user. The solution is numerically validated and verified by simulation-based powerline channel. The system performance was compared to similar research works in terms of the system’s capacity, scalability, allocated rate/power, and convergence. The resources allocated are constantly optimized and the capacity obtained is constantly higher as compared to Root-finding, Linear, and Hybrid evolutionary algorithms. The proposed algorithm managed to offer fastest convergence given that the number of iterations required to get to the 0.001% error of the global optimum is 75 compared to 92 in the conventional techniques. Finally, joint allocation models for selection of optima resource values are introduced; adaptive power and bit allocators in OFDM system-based Powerline and using modified SFLA-based TLBO and PSO are propose

Resource allocation in networks via coalitional games

The main goal of this dissertation is to manage resource allocation in network engineering problems and to introduce efficient cooperative algorithms to obtain high performance, ensuring fairness and stability. Specifically, this dissertation introduces new approaches for resource allocation in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) wireless networks and in smart power grids by casting the problems to the coalitional game framework and by providing a constructive iterative algorithm based on dynamic learning theory.  Software Engineering (Software)Algorithms and the Foundations of Software technolog

Adaptive Communications for Next Generation Broadband Wireless Access Systems

Un dels aspectes claus en el disseny i gestió de les xarxes sense fils d'accés de banda ampla és l'ús eficient dels recursos radio. Des del punt de vista de l'operador, l'ample de banda és un bé escàs i preuat que s´ha d'explotar i gestionar de la forma més eficient possible tot garantint la qualitat del servei que es vol proporcionar. Per altra banda, des del punt de vista del usuari, la qualitat del servei ofert ha de ser comparable al de les xarxes fixes, requerint així un baix retard i una baixa pèrdua de paquets per cadascun dels fluxos de dades entre la xarxa i l'usuari. Durant els darrers anys s´han desenvolupat nombroses tècniques i algoritmes amb l'objectiu d'incrementar l'eficiència espectral. Entre aquestes tècniques destaca l'ús de múltiples antenes al transmissor i al receptor amb l'objectiu de transmetre diferents fluxos de dades simultaneament sense necessitat d'augmentar l'ample de banda. Per altra banda, la optimizació conjunta de la capa d'accés al medi i la capa física (fent ús de l'estat del canal per tal de gestionar de manera optima els recursos) també permet incrementar sensiblement l'eficiència espectral del sistema.L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és l'estudi i desenvolupament de noves tècniques d'adaptació de l'enllaç i gestió dels recursos ràdio aplicades sobre sistemes d'accés ràdio de propera generació (Beyond 3G). Els estudis realitzats parteixen de la premissa que el transmisor coneix (parcialment) l'estat del canal i que la transmissió es realitza fent servir un esquema multiportadora amb múltiples antenes al transmisor i al receptor. En aquesta tesi es presenten dues línies d'investigació, la primera per casos d'una sola antenna a cada banda de l'enllaç, i la segona en cas de múltiples antenes. En el cas d'una sola antena al transmissor i al receptor, un nou esquema d'assignació de recursos ràdio i priorització dels paquets (scheduling) és proposat i analitzat integrant totes dues funcions sobre una mateixa entitat (cross-layer). L'esquema proposat té com a principal característica la seva baixa complexitat i que permet operar amb transmissions multimedia. Alhora, posteriors millores realitzades per l'autor sobre l'esquema proposat han permès també reduir els requeriments de senyalització i combinar de forma óptima usuaris d'alta i baixa mobilitat sobre el mateix accés ràdio, millorant encara més l'eficiència espectral del sistema. En cas d'enllaços amb múltiples antenes es proposa un nou esquema que combina la selecció del conjunt optim d'antenes transmissores amb la selecció de la codificació espai- (frequència-) temps. Finalment es donen una sèrie de recomanacions per tal de combinar totes dues línies d'investigació, així con un estat de l'art de les tècniques proposades per altres autors que combinen en part la gestió dels recursos ràdio i els esquemes de transmissió amb múltiples antenes.Uno de los aspectos claves en el diseño y gestión de las redes inalámbricas de banda ancha es el uso eficiente de los recursos radio. Desde el punto de vista del operador, el ancho de banda es un bien escaso y valioso que se debe explotar y gestionar de la forma más eficiente posible sin afectar a la calidad del servicio ofrecido. Por otro lado, desde el punto de vista del usuario, la calidad del servicio ha de ser comparable al ofrecido por las redes fijas, requiriendo así un bajo retardo y una baja tasa de perdida de paquetes para cada uno de los flujos de datos entre la red y el usuario. Durante los últimos años el número de técnicas y algoritmos que tratan de incrementar la eficiencia espectral en dichas redes es bastante amplio. Entre estas técnicas destaca el uso de múltiples antenas en el transmisor y en el receptor con el objetivo de poder transmitir simultáneamente diferentes flujos de datos sin necesidad de incrementar el ancho de banda. Por otro lado, la optimización conjunta de la capa de acceso al medio y la capa física (utilizando información de estado del canal para gestionar de manera óptima los recursos) también permite incrementar sensiblemente la eficiencia espectral del sistema.El objetivo de esta tesis es el estudio y desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de adaptación del enlace y la gestión de los recursos radio, y su posterior aplicación sobre los sistemas de acceso radio de próxima generación (Beyond 3G). Los estudios realizados parten de la premisa de que el transmisor conoce (parcialmente) el estado del canal a la vez que se considera que la transmisión se realiza sobre un sistema de transmisión multiportadora con múltiple antenas en el transmisor y el receptor. La tesis se centra sobre dos líneas de investigación, la primera para casos de una única antena en cada lado del enlace, y la segunda en caso de múltiples antenas en cada lado. Para el caso de una única antena en el transmisor y en el receptor, se ha desarrollado un nuevo esquema de asignación de los recursos radio así como de priorización de los paquetes de datos (scheduling) integrando ambas funciones sobre una misma entidad (cross-layer). El esquema propuesto tiene como principal característica su bajo coste computacional a la vez que se puede aplicar en caso de transmisiones multimedia. Posteriores mejoras realizadas por el autor sobre el esquema propuesto han permitido también reducir los requisitos de señalización así como combinar de forma óptima usuarios de alta y baja movilidad. Por otro lado, en caso de enlaces con múltiples antenas en transmisión y recepción, se presenta un nuevo esquema de adaptación en el cual se combina la selección de la(s) antena(s) transmisora(s) con la selección del esquema de codificación espacio-(frecuencia-) tiempo. Para finalizar, se dan una serie de recomendaciones con el objetivo de combinar ambas líneas de investigación, así como un estado del arte de las técnicas propuestas por otros autores que combinan en parte la gestión de los recursos radio y los esquemas de transmisión con múltiples antenas.In Broadband Wireless Access systems the efficient use of the resources is crucial from many points of views. From the operator point of view, the bandwidth is a scarce, valuable, and expensive resource which must be exploited in an efficient manner while the Quality of Service (QoS) provided to the users is guaranteed. On the other hand, a tight delay and link quality constraints are imposed on each data flow hence the user experiences the same quality as in fixed networks. During the last few years many techniques have been developed in order to increase the spectral efficiency and the throughput. Among them, the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver (exploiting spatial multiplexing) with the joint optimization of the medium access control layer and the physical layer parameters.In this Ph.D. thesis, different adaptive techniques for B3G multicarrier wireless systems are developed and proposed focusing on the SS-MC-MA and the OFDM(A) (IEEE 802.16a/e/m standards) communication schemes. The research lines emphasize into the adaptation of the transmission having (Partial) knowledge of the Channel State Information for both; single antenna and multiple antenna links. For single antenna links, the implementation of a joint resource allocation and scheduling strategy by including adaptive modulation and coding is investigated. A low complexity resource allocation and scheduling algorithm is proposed with the objective to cope with real- and/or non-real- time requirements and constraints. A special attention is also devoted in reducing the required signalling. However, for multiple antenna links, the performance of a proposed adaptive transmit antenna selection scheme jointly with space-time block coding selection is investigated and compared with conventional structures. In this research line, mainly two optimizations criteria are proposed for spatial link adaptation, one based on the minimum error rate for fixed throughput, and the second focused on the maximisation of the rate for fixed error rate. Finally, some indications are given on how to include the spatial adaptation into the investigated and proposed resource allocation and scheduling process developed for single antenna transmission

Joint bit allocation and precoding for filterbank transceivers in NOFDM systems

Recently, the non orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (NOFDM) systems have attracted increased interest. They have several advantages over traditional OFDM systems: higher bandwidth efficiency; reduced sensitivity to carrier frequency offsets, oscillator phase noise and narrowband interference; and reduced intersymbol/intercarrier interference (ISI/ICI). In particular, low ISI/ICI will be important for future systems where Doppler frequencies will be larger (equivalently, channel variations will be faster) due to higher carrier frequencies and higher mobile velocities. In the first part of this thesis the duality of multicarrier systems and Gabor frames is discussed and applied to the design of a generalized multicarrier system based on a filterbank structure. The efficient polyphase implementation is also discussed. In this thesis the channel capacity of a GMC systems is evaluated through the diagonalization of an equivalent matrix model where intersymbol and intercarrier interferences have been included. Exploiting the majorization theory, the mutual information can be represented as a Schur-concave function and it is maximized through a joint transceiver design adding a linear precoder at the transmitter and a LMMSE equalizer at the receiver. The capacity is derived by the eigenvalue decomposition of the global system matrix including the noise colored by the receiver filtering and employing a power allocation of the transmitted power according to the well-known water-filling solution. This thesis investigates also the behaviour of the NOFDM systems when a power and bit allocation algorithm (like the Campello one) is employed in order to satisfy a certain QoS constrain. A comparison of the performances with OFDM systems is included. Finally a simple application of the cognitive radio paradigm employing filterbankbased multicarrier systems is developed and some interesting results are showed

Adaptive relaying protocol multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems

In wireless broadband communications, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted as a promising technique to mitigate multi-path fading and provide high spectral efficiency. In addition, cooperative communication can explore spatial diversity where several users or nodes share their resources and cooperate through distributed transmission. The concatenation of the OFDM technique with relaying systems can enhance the overall performance in terms of spectral efficiency and improve robustness against the detrimental effects of fading. Hybrid relay selection is proposed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional forwarding schemes. However, exciting hybrid relay protocols may suffer some limitations when used for transmission over frequency-selective channels. The combination of cooperative protocols with OFDM systems has been extensively utilized in current wireless networks, and have become a promising solution for future high data rate broadband communication systems including 3D video transmission. This thesis covers two areas of high data rate networks. In the first part, several techniques using cooperative OFDM systems are presented including relay selection, space time block codes, resource allocation and adaptive bit and power allocation to introduce diversity. Four (4) selective OFDM relaying schemes are studied over wireless networks; selective OFDM; selective OFDMA; selective block OFDM and selective unequal block OFDM. The closed-form expression of these schemes is derived. By exploiting the broadcast nature, it is demonstrated that spatial diversity can be improved. The upper bound of outage probability for the protocols is derived. A new strategy for hybrid relay selection is proposed to improve the system performance by removing the sub-carriers that experience deep fading. The per subcarrier basis selection is considered with respect to the predefined threshold signal-to-noise ratio. The closed-form expressions of the proposed protocol in terms of bit error probability and outage probability are derived and compared with conventional hybrid relay selection. Adaptive bit and power allocation is also discussed to improve the system performance. Distributed space frequency coding applied to hybrid relay selection to obtain full spatial and full data rate transmission is explored. Two strategies, single cluster and multiple clusters, are considered for the Alamouti code at the destination by using a hybrid relay protocol. The power allocation with and without sub-carrier pairing is also investigated to mitigate the effect of multipath error propagation in frequency-selective channels. The second part of this thesis investigates the application of cooperative OFDM systems to high data rate transmission. Recently, there has been growing attention paid to 3D video transmission over broadband wireless channels. Two strategies for relay selection hybrid relay selection and first best second best are proposed to implement unequal error protection in the physical layer over error prone channels. The closed-form expressions of bit error probability and outage probability for both strategies are examined. The peak signal-to-noise ratio is presented to show the quality of reconstruction of the left and right views

Capacity, coding and interference cancellation in multiuser multicarrier wireless communications systems

Multicarrier modulation and multiuser systems have generated a great deal of research during the last decade. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation generated with the inverse Discrete Fourier Transform, which has been adopted for standards in wireless and wire-line communications. Multiuser wireless systems using multicarrier modulation suffer from the effects of dispersive fading channels, which create multi-access, inter-symbol, and inter-carrier interference (MAI, ISI, ICI). Nevertheless, channel dispersion also provides diversity, which can be exploited and has the potential to increase robustness against fading. Multiuser multi-carrier systems can be implemented using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), a flexible orthogonal multiplexing scheme that can implement time and frequency division multiplexing, and using multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA). Coding, interference cancellation, and resource sharing schemes to improve the performance of multiuser multicarrier systems on wireless channels were addressed in this dissertation. Performance of multiple access schemes applied to a downlink multiuser wireless system was studied from an information theory perspective and from a more practical perspective. For time, frequency, and code division, implemented using OFDMA and MC-CDMA, the system outage capacity region was calculated for a correlated fading channel. It was found that receiver complexity determines which scheme offers larger capacity regions, and that OFDMA results in a better compromise between complexity and performance than MC-CDMA. From the more practical perspective of bit error rate, the effects of channel coding and interleaving were investigated. Results in terms of coding bounds as well as simulation were obtained, showing that OFDMAbased orthogonal multiple access schemes are more sensitive to the effectiveness of the code to provide diversity than non-orthogonal, MC-CDMA-based schemes. While cellular multiuser schemes suffer mainly from MAI, OFDM-based broadcasting systems suffer from ICI, in particular when operating as a single frequency network (SFN). It was found that for SFN the performance of a conventional OFDM receiver rapidly degrades when transmitters have frequency synchronization errors. Several methods based on linear and decision-feedback ICI cancellation were proposed and evaluated, showing improved robustness against ICI. System function characterization of time-variant dispersive channels is important for understanding their effects on single carrier and multicarrier modulation. Using time-frequency duality it was shown that MC-CDMA and DS-CDMA are strictly dual on dispersive channels. This property was used to derive optimal matched filter structures, and to determine a criterion for the selection of spreading sequences for both DS and MC CDMA. The analysis of multiple antenna systems provided a unified framework for the study of DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA on time and frequency dispersive channels, which can also be used to compare their performance

Resource Allocation, Scheduling and Feedback Reduction in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Systems

The number of wireless systems, services, and users are constantly increasing and therefore the bandwidth requirements have become higher. One of the most robust modulations is Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It has been considered as an attractive solution for future broadband wireless communications. This dissertation investigates bit and power allocation, joint resource allocation, user scheduling, and limited feedback problem in multi-user OFDM systems. The following dissertation contributes to improved OFDM systems in the following manner. (1) A low complexity sub-carrier, power, and bit allocation algorithm is proposed. This algorithm has lower computational complexity and results in performance that is comparable to that of the existing algorithms. (2) Variations of the proportional fair scheduling scheme are proposed and analyzed. The proposed scheme improves system throughput and delay time, and achieves higher throughput without sacrificing fairness which makes it a better scheme in terms of efficiency and fairness. (3) A DCT feedback compression algorithm based on sorting is proposed. This algorithm uses sorting to increase the correlation between feedback channel quality information of frequency selective channels. The feedback overhead of system is successfully reduced

Algoritmos en transmisión y recepción para OFDM en entornos multi-usuario

Desde su incursión en la vida de los ciudadanos de forma cotidiana, las comunicaciones móviles han ido adquiriendo cada vez más protagonismo. Lo que hace unos años era un elemento de lujo o causa de envidias, hoy es algo tan habitual como coger el autobús. Este auge en las comunicaciones móviles ha llevado consigo un aumento del número de usuarios de estos servicios, así como una mayor exigencia por parte de éstos en cuanto a velocidad de transmisión, seguridad, servicios, calidad ... Por este motivo, se han ido introduciendo nuevas redes, así como mejoras en las ya existentes. Actualmente estamos asistiendo al inicio de la implantación de las redes denominadas de tercera generación (3G). No obstante, estas redes 3G fueron de nidas a mediados de los años 90. En la actualidad nos encontramos en la de nición de lo que será la cuarta generación móvil (4G) a la que probablemente preceda una intermedia, tal vez Super 3G. Muchas son las tecnologías candidatas para esta Super 3G o para la 4G, pero es OFDM (Multiplexación por División en Frecuencias Ortogonales - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) una de las más prometedoras para terminar siendo la tecnología elegida, debido principalmente a la robustez que ofrece frente al multi-trayecto, la flexibilidad que proporciona por el hecho de dividir el ancho de banda en sub-portadoras que pueden ser moduladas independientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones específicas de los canales móviles y al aprovechamiento de la diversidad multi-usuario cuando se combina en OFDMA (Acceso múltiple por división en frecuencias ortogonales - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). Sin embargo, para que estos sistemas OFDMA sean una realidad en redes futuras como la Super 3G o la 4G, es preciso reducir la complejidad que ellos conllevan, en aspectos como la sincronización multi-usuario o la implementación de la modulación adaptativa. Esta Tesis está enfocada a reducir la complejidad de implementación para que la tecnología OFDMA pueda ser un hecho en las futuras redes inalámbricas. La sincronización en sistemas OFDMA, principalmente en escenarios ad-hoc plantea un reto importante a la hora de implementarla en este tipo de redes. Dado que existe una literatura extensa dedicada a resolver el problema de la sincronización en entornos OFDM mono-usuario, en esta Tesis se propone un procedimiento para reducir el problema de la sincronización multiusuario al caso mono-usuario, lo que permite la re-utilización de todas las técnicas propuestas en la literatura. Además de las buenas prestaciones incluso en situaciones de saturación de la red, permite un ahorro de la energía necesaria para la realización de las tareas de sincronización. Asimismo, a la vez que se resuelve la sincronización multi-usuario, también en esta Tesis se aporta un algoritmo para realizar el seguimiento de la desviación de frecuencia en sistemas tanto OFDM como OFDMA, de una forma sencilla y eficiente. Este algoritmo utiliza las sub-portadoras piloto de los símbolos, y ofrece unas prestaciones razonables, incluso cuando el número de estas sub-portadoras piloto es reducido. La modulación adaptativa u otras técnicas avanzadas de comunicaciones como MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) o el conformado de haz (beamforming), que se hacen más atractivas cuando se combinan con OFDM u OFDMA, requieren de cierta realimentación hacia el transmisor por parte del receptor, además de un conocimiento del canal bastante preciso. En esta Tesis se aportan algoritmos para la compresión de esta información (que puede ser muy elevada dependiendo de la granularidad de la adaptación y la variabilidad del canal), lo que permite un mejor aprovechamiento de los recursos radio, y simpli ca la implementación de este tipo de sistemas. Se consiguen reducciones superiores a cuatro veces la tasa original, lo que implica grandes ventajas en todos los sentidos. Además, se realiza un estudio teórico sobre cómo afectan los errores en la estimación de canal en la capacidad del sistema, obteniéndose dos cotas numéricas para ésta. Gracias a estas cotas se puede concluir que las técnicas actuales de estimación de canal son su cientemente buenas como para que las pérdidas producidas por los errores en esta estimación no sean muy significativas; No obstante, estas pérdidas aumentan a medida que se incrementa la relación señal a ruido, y, por tanto, es conveniente seguir mejorando la estimación de canal si se pretende que estos sistemas trabajen a altas relaciones señal a ruido. Por último, destacar que las simulaciones llevadas a cabo para examinar las prestaciones de los algoritmos desarrollados han proporcionado datos prácticos que ayudarán al diseño e implementación de futuras redes móviles 4G.Nowadays mobile communications are common in our society. In less than two decades they have changed the way people understand personal communications. This interest is still growing and makes users (every day larger in number) ask for more and more services, speed, security and quality, at least comparable to the wired technologies. For this reason, new networks have been introduced in the scene, as well as improvements in the already existing ones. At the moment we are witnessing the beginning of the deployment of the so-called third generation networks (3G). However, these 3G networks were defined in the middle of years 90. At the present time we are in the definition of what will be the fourth mobile generation, which is called the 4G and probably an intermediate stage as Super 3G could be defined first. Many different technologies are in consideration, but OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Multiplexing Division) is one of most promising candidates to end up becoming the technology to be used, due mainly to the robustness that it others to the multi-path channel, the flexibility that it provides by the fact that it divides the bandwidth into sub-carriers which can be modulated independently to adapt the signal to the specific channel conditions and to the advantage of the multi-user diversity when it is used to multiplex several users in the form of OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). Nevertheless, in order for these OFDMA systems to be a reality in future networks as Super 3G or 4G, the reduction in complexity has to be considered, in aspects such as the multi-user synchronization or the implementation of the Adaptive Modulation. This doctoral Thesis is focused on reducing the implementation complexity in both multi-user synchronization and Adaptive Modulation so that OFDMA technology can be a fact in the near future radio networks. The synchronization in OFDMA systems, specially in ad-hoc scenarios, raises an important challenge at the time of implementing this technology. Since an extensive literature is devoted to solve the problem of the synchronization in single-user OFDM systems, in this Thesis we have designed and proposed a procedure to reduce the multi-user synchronization problem to the single-user case, and therefore it allows the reuse of all the already proposed techniques in the literature. The procedure exhibits a good performance even in network saturation situations, and in addition it does not incur in a high power consumption when performing the synchronization tasks. Besides, solving the multi-user synchronization problem, the Thesis also proposes an algorithm for frequency offset tracking in an efficient and simple way, for both OFDM and OFDMA systems. This algorithm uses the pilot sub-carriers scattered in each OFDM symbol, and o ers reasonable performance, even when the number of these pilot sub-carriers is small. Adaptive Modulation and other advanced techniques as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) or beamforming become more attractive when they are combined with OFDM or OFDMA. However they require certain feedback information from receiver to the transmitter, and in addition, a quite precise knowledge about channel conditions. In this Thesis several algorithms for compressing the feedback information have been developed. This feedback information can be very highly demanding (depending on the granularity of the adaptation and the variability of the channel), and therefore this compression allows a better use of the resources, and simplifies the implementation of this kind of systems. Reductions of more than four times the original flow are obtained, which implies great advantages. In addition, a theoretical study is made on how errors in channel estimation affect the channel capacity, and several upper-bounds (one of them very tight) for this effect are obtained. One of the conclusions is that the actual state of the art in channel estimation techniques is good enough to be used without too much loss; However, the loss increases as the signal to noise ratio increases, and therefore, it is suggested to continue improving channel estimation algorithms for improving performance in high signal to noise ratio scenarios. Finally, thanks to simulations and designs carried out in order to examine the performance of the developed algorithms, some practical data are provided that will help in the future design of new mobile networks as 4G