Random-Manifold to Random-Periodic Depinning of an Elastic Interface

We study numerically the depinning transition of driven elastic interfaces in a random-periodic medium with localized periodic-correlation peaks in the direction of motion. The analysis of the moving interface geometry reveals the existence of several characteristic lengths separating different length-scale regimes of roughness. We determine the scaling behavior of these lengths as a function of the velocity, temperature, driving force, and transverse periodicity. A dynamical roughness diagram is thus obtained which contains, at small length scales, the critical and fast-flow regimes typical of the random-manifold (or domain wall) depinning, and at large length-scales, the critical and fast-flow regimes typical of the random-periodic (or charge-density wave) depinning. From the study of the equilibrium geometry we are also able to infer the roughness diagram in the creep regime, extending the depinning roughness diagram below threshold. Our results are relevant for understanding the geometry at depinning of arrays of elastically coupled thin manifolds in a disordered medium such as driven particle chains or vortex-line planar arrays. They also allow to properly control the effect of transverse periodic boundary conditions in large-scale simulations of driven disordered interfaces.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figure

Building on Progress - Expanding the Research Infrastructure for the Social, Economic, and Behavioral Sciences. Vol. 1

The publication provides a comprehensive compendium of the current state of Germany's research infrastructure in the social, economic, and behavioural sciences. In addition, the book presents detailed discussions of the current needs of empirical researchers in these fields and opportunities for future development. The book contains 68 advisory reports by more than 100 internationally recognized authors from a wide range of fields and recommendations by the German Data Forum (RatSWD) on how to improve the research infrastructure so as to create conditions ideal for making Germany's social, economic, and behavioral sciences more innovative and internationally competitive. The German Data Forum (RatSWD) has discussed the broad spectrum of issues covered by these advisory reports extensively, and has developed general recommendations on how to expand the research infrastructure to meet the needs of scholars in the social and economic sciences

Today's perfect - tomorrow's standard

In this study the mechanisms influencing recycling rates around the system maximum are deliberated. On the one hand, Policies, System design and how Citizens understand the two aforementioned are pitted against each other. This is done in a setting where individual rewards from action are in turn set against the values of the community and the compliance measures/social marketing of recycling companies and policy makers. This is the dynamic setting of this dissertation. In the past much research into recycling has been focused on how to get recycling started. Sweden is in a bit of a different position with recycling levels often being very high in an international comparison. This means other challenges face citizens and policy makers alike. The determinants influencing recycling rates are studied and compared to contemporary research. Policy makers and social marketers that wish to see a system used to its fullest need to understand the determinants that remain to be influenced near the system optimum. The studied recycling system points to a trichotomy of determinants influencing recycling rates. Social or public marketing being one part; the community's understanding of recycling being a second part, and individual knowledge and understanding forming the third. Successive elimination of potential determinants in a Zwicky box, using statistical analysis, indicates that strengthening individual autonomy and ability to participate efficiently remains as the key to further and sustainable development in the field. The study suggests compliance rates can still be improved upon, even when recycling rates are in excess of 80%, although methods might have to change. Instead of an oft used emphasis on coercive compliance and "scare tactics", a careful study and propagation of the recycling techniques developed by the many efficient citizens is pivotal. In addition, further improvements in terms of recycling facilitation may offer policy makers a sustainable path to near system optimal recycling rates

The Solar Wind as a Turbulence Laboratory

In this review we will focus on a topic of fundamental importance for both astrophysics and plasma physics, namely the occurrence of large-amplitude low-frequency fluctuations of the fields that describe the plasma state. This subject will be treated within the context of the expanding solar wind and the most meaningful advances in this research field will be reported emphasizing the results obtained in the past decade or so. As a matter of fact, Helios inner heliosphere and Ulysses' high latitude observations, recent multi-spacecrafts measurements in the solar wind (Cluster four satellites) and new numerical approaches to the problem, based on the dynamics of complex systems, brought new important insights which helped to better understand how turbulent fluctuations behave in the solar wind. In particular, numerical simulations within the realm of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence theory unraveled what kind of physical mechanisms are at the basis of turbulence generation and energy transfer across the spectral domain of the fluctuations. In other words, the advances reached in these past years in the investigation of solar wind turbulence now offer a rather complete picture of the phenomenological aspect of the problem to be tentatively presented in a rather organic way

Dynamics in strongly interacting one-dimensional quantum systems

In this thesis we study the dynamics of one-dimensional strongly interacting few-body systems. We present the theory which allows us to describe such systems as a spin chain where the exchange coefficients are determined by the trapping geometry, and comment on the experimental feasibility of these models. We then proceed to apply our formalism to different dynamical problems, where the strength of the interactions between the atoms in the trap plays a fundamental role. We find that interesting effects - ranging from changes in magnetic correlations to impurity oscillations and spin-charge separation - arise in this context. Additionally, we perform studies of the static correlations and many-body dynamics of bosonic systems away from the strongly interacting limit.Nesta tese estudamos a dinâmica de sistemas unidimensionais de poucas partículas com interações fortes. Apresentamos uma teoria que nos permite descrever esses sistemas como uma cadeia de spin, na qual os coeficientes de troca são determinados pela geometria de aprisionamento, e comentamos sobre a viabilidade experimental desses modelos. Então aplicamos este formalismo para diferentes problemas dinâmicos, onde a força das interações entre os átomos na armadilha tem um papel fundamental. Notamos que efeitos interessantes - desde mudanças nas correlações magnéticas até oscilações de impureza e separação de carga e spin - surgem nesse contexto. Adicionalmente, realizamos estudos de correlações estáticas e dinâmicas de muitos corpos de sistemas bosônicos fora do limite de interações fortes

Application of the Renormalization Group in the study of the metallic transport properties and the superconducting state under magnetic field in organic conductors

Abstract : This thesis tackles the problem of the possible phase transitions in the presence of a magnetic field, and of the transport properties of quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) superconductors like Bechgaard salts. In the framework of the quasi-1D electron-gas model, the renormalization group (RG) method is used for studying the effect of Zeeman coupling to a magnetic field on the structure of the phase diagram of the quasi-1D electron gas model. For the transport theory, a combination of linearized Boltzmann equation and renormalization group method is used to investigate the electrical resistivity and the Seebeck coefficient of quasi-1D correlated organic metals like the Bechgaard salts near their quantum critical point that joins antiferromagnetism and superconductivity. The thesis is organized in four chapters. In the first chapter, an introduction to the Bechgaard and Fabre salts is given and properties of their generic temperature-pressure phase diagram are explained. These compounds are considered as the reference systems for the comparison between theory and experiments on the nature and symmetry of the superconducting phase in a magnetic field and the anomalous transport properties in the normal phase. The problem of the observed anomalously high value of the upper critical field of Bechgaard salts is the main issue of chapter two. We approach this problem with the aid of the weak coupling renormalization group technique in the presence of Zeeman coupling, for an extended quasi-1D electron-gas model, which includes inter-chain hopping, nesting deviations along with both intrachain and inter-chain repulsive interactions. This allows us to study the efect of quasi-1D spin fluctuations originating from constructive interference between unconventional superconductivity (SC) and density-wave instabilities on the magnetic field vs temperature phase diagram of these quasi-1D superconductors. Our results support the existence of a crossover from d-wave to an inhomogeneous d-wave FFLO superconducting state under field. In the third chapter, we introduce the semi-classical Boltzmann equation for transport in its linearized form. The Boltzmann theory is coupled to the RG method for the calculation of the renormalized umklapp scattering amplitude for the anisotropic scattering time. We then study the temperature and pressure variation of the electrical resistivity and the Seebeck coefficient of the Bechgaard salts quasi-one-dimensional organic superconductors in the quantum critical domain of their normal phase. We demonstrate that momentum and temperature dependence of umklapp scattering strongly affects the temperature behavior of transport in the metallic state, as a function of nesting deviations that simulate the influence of pressure in the actual phase diagram. This defines a characteristic quantum critical region where significant deviations from the Fermi-liquid behavior are seen, either as an anomalous power law of electrical resistivity or sign reversal of the Seebeck coefficient.Cette thèse aborde le problème des transitions de phase possibles, en présence d'un champ magnétique, et des propriétés de transport dans des supraconducteurs quasi-unidimensionnels (quasi-1D) comme les sels de Bechgaard. Dans le cadre du modèle d'un gaz d'électrons quasi-1D, on utilise la méthode du groupe de renormalisation (GR) pour étudier l'effet du couplage Zeeman sur le diagramme de phase ce système. Pour la théorie du transport, une combinaison de l'équation de Boltzmann linéarisée et de la méthode de groupe de renormalisation est utilisée pour étudier la résistivité électrique et le coefficient de Seebeck de métaux organiques comme les sels de Bechgaard au voisinage de leur point critique quantique joignant l'antiferromagnétisme et la supraconductivité. La thèse est organisée en quatre chapitres. Dans le chapitre un, une introduction aux sels de Bechgaard et de Fabre est donnée et les propriétés de leur diagramme de phase générique en température-pression sont expliquées. Ces composés sont considérés comme des systèmes de référence pour la comparaison entre la théorie et les expériences sur la nature et la symétrie de la phase supraconductrice sous un champ magnétique et les propriétés anormales de transport dans la phase normale. Le problème de la valeur anormalement élevée du champ critique supérieur observée dans les sels de Bechgaard est la question principale traitée au chapitre deux. Nous abordons ce problème à l'aide de la technique de couplage faible du groupe de renormalisation, pour le modèle du gaz d'électrons quasi-1D étendu, qui contient le saut inter-chaînes, les déviations par rapport à l'emboitement parfait, ainsi que les interactions intra-chaînes et inter-chaînes répulsives. Ceci nous permet d'étudier l'effet des fluctuations de spin quasi-1D provenant d'une interférence constructive entre la supraconductivité non conventionnelle (SC) et les instabilités d'onde de densité sur le diagramme de phase en champ magnétique et en température de ces supraconducteurs quasi-1D. Grâce à notre approche, nous examinons les instabilités possibles dans la partie basse température/champ élevé du diagramme de phase. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous introduisons l'équation semi-classique de Boltzmann pour le transport dans sa forme linéarisée. La théorie de Boltzmann est couplée à la méthode du GR pour le calcul de l'amplitude de diffusion umklapp renormalisée entrant dans l'évaluation du temps de diffusion anisotrope. Nous étudions ensuite la variation en température et en pression de la résistivité électrique et le coefficient de Seebeck pour les supraconducteurs organiques quasi-1D, les sels de Bechgaard, dans le domaine critique quantique de leur phase métallique. Nous démontrons que la variation en quantité du mouvement et en température de la diffusion umklapp sur la surface de Fermi affecte fortement le comportement thermique du transport dans l'état métallique, en fonction des déviations à l'emboîtement parfait. Dans notre modèle, ces déviations simulent l'influence de la pression dans le diagramme de phase réel. Ceci définit une région critique quantique caractéristique où des écarts significatifs par rapport au comportement du liquide de Fermi sont observés, soit comme une loi de puissance anormale de la résistivité électrique, soit comme un changement de signe du coefficient de Seebeck

Field theory of interacting polaritons under drive and dissipation

This thesis explores systems that exhibit strong coupling between an optical cavity field and a many-particle system. To treat the drive and dissipative nature of the cavity on the same footing as the dynamics of the many-particle system, we use a non-equilibrium field theoretic approach. The first system considered is an ultracold bosonic gas trapped inside a cavity. The dispersive coupling between the cavity field and the atoms' motion leads to the formation of a polariton. We show how a modulation of the pump laser on the energy scale of the transverse cavity mode splitting can be used to create effective interactions between different cavity modes. This effective interaction results in the polariton acquiring a multimode nature, exemplified by avoided crossings in the cavity spectrum. As the laser power is increased, the polariton softens and at a critical power becomes unstable. This instability signals the transition into a superradiant state. If the multimode polariton contains a cavity mode with an effective negative detuning, then the transition does not happen through a mode softening but at a finite frequency. To investigate this, classical non-linear equations are constructed from the action and from these we derive the critical couplings and frequencies. It is shown how the superradiant transition happening at a finite frequency is a consequence of a competition between the negatively and the positively detuned cavity modes making up the polariton. The finite-frequency transition is found to be equivalent to a Hopf bifurcation and leads to the emergence of limit cycles. Our analysis shows that the system can exhibit both bistabilities and evolution constricted to a two-torus. We end the investigation by showing how interactions among the atoms combined with the emerging limit cycle open new phonon scattering channels. The second system considered in the thesis is inspired by the recent experiments on gated Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMD) monolayers inside cavities. An exciton within the TMD can couple strongly to the cavity and, due to the electronic gating, also interact strongly with the conduction electrons. To treat the strong interactions of the excitons with both cavity and electrons, we solve the coupled equations for the correlation functions non-perturbatively within a ladder approximation. The strong interactions give rise to new quasiparticles known as polaron-polaritons. By driving the system through the cavity, we show how the competition between electron-induced momentum relaxation and cavity loss leads to the accumulation of polaritons at a small but finite momentum, which is accompanied by significant decrease of the polariton linewidth Due to the hybrid nature of the polaron-polariton, we show that this behavior can by qualitatively modified by changing the cavity detuning

Do we all agree? A mixed-methods study of the impact of climate strength on psychological safety, team learning, and team performance

The majority of today’s organizations rely on teamwork to drive innovation and achieve success. Evidence suggests that two constructs—psychological safety and team learning behavior—demonstrate significant predictive power on performance. Existing research posits that the more psychologically safe a team feels, the more it can learn, which enhances its performance. While organizational literature has established links among psychological safety, team learning, and team performance, the conditions under which these relationships are enhanced or diminished are less clear. Recent studies indicate that climate strength is a factor that significantly influences the relationship between climate variables and outcomes. Climate strength refers to the degree of consensus of individuals’ perceptions of aspect of a climate, such as psychological safety. When a climate is strong, team members tend to agree on their perceptions of the climate. When climate is weak, team members tend to hold divergent perspectives of the climate. A knowledge gap exists regarding the moderating role of psychological safety (PS) climate strength on psychological safety, team learning, and team performance. In addition, little is known about the factors that affect PS climate strength in a team. This study addressed these issues by employing an explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach at a multinational technology company. In the first phase, 94 individuals from 22 teams responded to a 40-item survey measuring the four dimensions in this study. In the second phase, 22 team members from three teams participated in interviews. Findings revealed that higher levels of psychological safety generated increased team learning behavior, which led to greater team performance. When teams had strong climates, they were more likely to exhibit higher learning behavior. When teams had weak climates, team learning behavior became less predictable. In addition, the findings led to the development of a model that illustrates five nested dimensions of influence on psychological safety climate strength. Despite a number of limitations, this study’s findings contribute to our knowledge of the significance of psychological safety climate strength, and they provide a model for scholars and practitioners to understand the factors that inhibit and enhance psychological safety, and ultimately, lead teams that thrive

Toward Sustainability: Bike-Sharing Systems Design, Simulation and Management

The goal of this Special Issue is to discuss new challenges in the simulation and management problems of both traditional and innovative bike-sharing systems, to ultimately encourage the competitiveness and attractiveness of BSSs, and contribute to the further promotion of sustainable mobility. We have selected thirteen papers for publication in this Special Issue