EFFICIENT DYNAMIC ADDRESSING BASED ROUTING FOR UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

This thesis presents a study about the problem of data gathering in the inhospitable underwater environment. Besides long propagation delays and high error probability, continuous node movement also makes it difficult to manage the routing information during the process of data forwarding. In order to overcome the problem of large propagation delays and unreliable link quality, many algorithms have been proposed and some of them provide good solutions for these issues, yet continuous node movements still need attention. Considering the node mobility as a challenging task, a distributed routing scheme called Hop-by-Hop Dynamic Addressing Based (H2- DAB) routing protocol is proposed where every node in the network will be assigned a routable address quickly and efficiently without any explicit configuration or any dimensional location information. According to our best knowledge, H2-DAB is first addressing based routing approach for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) and not only has it helped to choose the routing path faster but also efficiently enables a recovery procedure in case of smooth forwarding failure. The proposed scheme provides an option where nodes is able to communicate without any centralized infrastructure, and a mechanism furthermore is available where nodes can come and leave the network without having any serious effect on the rest of the network. Moreover, another serious issue in UWSNs is that acoustic links are subject to high transmission power with high channel impairments that result in higher error rates and temporary path losses, which accordingly restrict the efficiency of these networks. The limited resources have made it difficult to design a protocol which is capable of maximizing the reliability of these networks. For this purpose, a Two-Hop Acknowledgement (2H-ACK) reliability model where two copies of the same data packet are maintained in the network without extra burden on the available resources is proposed. Simulation results show that H2-DAB can easily manage during the quick routing changes where node movements are very frequent yet it requires little or no overhead to efficiently complete its tasks

A novel routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks based on shifted energy efficiency and priority

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are among the most promising research areas these days due to their unique characteristics and diverse underwater applications. Though a number of routing protocols have been designed and implemented for UWSNs over the past few years, the researchers face several challenges, e.g., low speed of propagation, small bandwidth, limited battery power, etc., while designing routing protocols for communication in UWSNs. Acoustic sensor nodes are equipped with batteries with limited power and it is quite costly to replace or recharge them. The network will not survive for the desired period of time if the power of node batteries is not efficiently used. To effectively resolve this issue, this paper proposes a Shifted Energy Efficiency and Priority (SHEEP) routing protocol for UWSNs. The proposed protocol aims to enhance the efficiency of the state-of-the-art Energy Balanced Efficient and Reliable Routing (EBER2) protocol for UWSNs. SHEEP is built upon the depth and energy of the current forwarding node, the depth of the expected next forwarding node, and the average energy difference among the expected forwarders. Simulation results demonstrate that SHEEP improves the energy efficiency and packet delivery ratio in comparison to EBER2 by 7.4% and 13% respectively

Classification of Routing Algorithms in Volatile Environment of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

The planet earth is basically a planet of water with less than 30% land mass available for humans to live on. However, the areas covered with water are important to mankind for the various resources which have been proven to be valuable. Such resources are gas, oil, marine products which can be used as food, and other minerals. In view of the vast area in which these resources can be found, a network of sensors is necessary so that they can be explored. However, sensor networks may not be helpful in the exploration of these resources if they do not have a sufficiently good routing mechanism. Over the past few decades, several methods for routing have been suggested to address the volatile environment in underwater communications. These continue researches; have enhanced the performance along with time. Meanwhile, there are still challenges to deal with for a better and efficient routing of data packets. Large end-to-end delays, high error channel rates, limited bandwidth, and the consumption of energy in sensor network are some such challenges. A comprehensive survey of the various routing methods for the partially connected underwater communication environment are presented in this paper

EFFICIENT DYNAMIC ADDRESSING BASED ROUTING FOR UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

This thesis presents a study about the problem of data gathering in the inhospitable underwater environment. Besides long propagation delays and high error probability, continuous node movement also makes it difficult to manage the routing information during the process of data forwarding. In order to overcome the problem of large propagation delays and unreliable link quality, many algorithms have been proposed and some of them provide good solutions for these issues, yet continuous node movements still need attention. Considering the node mobility as a challenging task, a distributed routing scheme called Hop-by-Hop Dynamic Addressing Based (H2- DAB) routing protocol is proposed where every node in the network will be assigned a routable address quickly and efficiently without any explicit configuration or any dimensional location information. According to our best knowledge, H2-DAB is first addressing based routing approach for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) and not only has it helped to choose the routing path faster but also efficiently enables a recovery procedure in case of smooth forwarding failure. The proposed scheme provides an option where nodes is able to communicate without any centralized infrastructure, and a mechanism furthermore is available where nodes can come and leave the network without having any serious effect on the rest of the network. Moreover, another serious issue in UWSNs is that acoustic links are subject to high transmission power with high channel impairments that result in higher error rates and temporary path losses, which accordingly restrict the efficiency of these networks. The limited resources have made it difficult to design a protocol which is capable of maximizing the reliability of these networks. For this purpose, a Two-Hop Acknowledgement (2H-ACK) reliability model where two copies of the same data packet are maintained in the network without extra burden on the available resources is proposed. Simulation results show that H2-DAB can easily manage during the quick routing changes where node movements are very frequent yet it requires little or no overhead to efficiently complete its tasks

Enhanced hop-by-hop routing algorithms for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UW-ASN) is a wireless network infrastructure applicable in deep ocean to sense, collect and transmit information to seashore data collector. Underwater sensor network consists of sensor nodes disposed in different depths, equipped with a low bandwidth acoustic modem and acts collaboratively to route the packet from one node to another. Underwater routing protocols provide route information to underwater sensor nodes to transmit collected information efficiently using an optimal path. Routing protocol related to UW-ASN is identified with the issues of low energy consumption, high end-to-end delay and shorter network lifetime. These are due to the distribution of unnecessary information packet flooding in route establishment, improper selection of next hop neighbour and inefficient routing path generation. This research develops a routing protocol that will be able to control flooding of hello packet at information distribution phase, to calculate link quality and composite metric cost for next hop selection and to regularly update the energy status in order to achieve optimum balance in routing path. The developed protocol is called Distance based Reliable and Energy Efficient (DREE) consists of three schemes. The first scheme is called distance calculation and information distribution scheme that calculates the distance between potential neighbours and distribute the local information in an energy efficient manner. The second scheme is route planning and data forwarding scheme in which a node calculates the link quality towards its neighbours and selects a path based on physical distance, link quality and node energy information. Finally, the third scheme is energy balancing scheme that provides each node with new energy status of its neighbours on regular basis. DREE is compared with a Reliable and Energy Efficient routing protocol (R-ERP2R) and Depth based Routing (DBR) protocol. Simulation shows that DREE reducing energy consumption in the information distribution phase by 187% and 179% compared to R-ERP2R in random and grid topology respectively. DREE achieves higher packet delivery ratio of 96% with a similar end-to-end delay as R-ERP2R. DREE improves packet delivery ratio by 7% and 13% over R-ERP2R and DBR, with 9.3% and 201% less energy consumption respectively in data forwarding phase. Finally, DREE improves network lifetime by 18% and 74.5% compared to R-ERP2R and DBR protocols

An Environment-Friendly Multipath Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) is a promising technique by facilitating a wide range of aquatic applications. However, routing scheme in UASN is a challenging task because of the characteristics of the nodes mobility, interruption of link, and interference caused by other underwater acoustic systems such as marine mammals. In order to achieve reliable data delivery in UASN, in this work, we present a disjoint multipath disruption-tolerant routing protocol for UASN (ENMR), which incorporates the Hue, Saturation, and Value color space (HSV) model to establish routing paths to greedily forward data packets to sink nodes. ENMR applies the mechanism to maintain the network topology. Simulation results show that, compared with the classic underwater routing protocols named PVBF, ENMR can improve packet delivery ratio and reduce network latency while avoiding introducing additional energy consumption

Mobile Undersea Routing Protocol

The myriad barriers to underwater communication provide a new set of challenges for network protocols. Routing protocols which operate in underwater ad hoc networks must react quickly to changing conditions without significant increase in packet overhead or congestion. Dynamic Source Routing Protocol provides a framework for accomplishing these goals. In this paper we present the Mobile Undersea Routing Protocol, which implements this framework and enhances upon it. It uses a limited propagating route request which we call a Route Recovery to quickly and inexpensively recover from routing errors. A Java based network simulator was constructed in order to test and compare the protocols. Statistics were calculated based on packets delivered, total transmissions, and time to recover from a route error as measurements of protocol effectiveness

Part 1: acceptance test and administration of a farm of servers. Part 2: improving TCP performance in underwater wireless sensor networks

Dissertação de mestrado, Engenharia Informática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2017Abstract 1 During the last decades, companies and organizations have focused on how to provide to the end-users or clients with web services or applications to make them more closer and involved to the activity. Therefore, many enterprises through their direction of the IT service, propose varieties of applications that allow to the stakeholders to perform what they need. The aim of this report is to present what the application integration job is and to report the missions that I have been able to carry out such as application integration, application qualification, and acceptance tests. This represents in total: - 19 qualified applications, - 33 administrated serversResumo 1 Ao longo das últimas décadas, as empresas e as organizações concentraram-se na forma de fornecer aos usuários finais ou clientes, serviços Web ou aplicativos para torná-los mais próximos e envolvidos na actividade. Portanto, muitas empresas através da sua direcção do serviço de Tecnólogia da Informação TI, propõem variedades de aplicativos que permitem às partes interessadas realizar o que necessitam. O objectivo deste relatório é apresentar o que é o trabalho de integração de aplicativos e as missões que fui capaz de executar, como a integração de aplicativos, a qualificação de aplicativos e testes de aceitação. Isto representa no total: - 19 aplicações qualificadas, - 33 servidores administradosAbstract 2 Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are becoming popular due to their important role in different applications, such as offshore search and underwater monitoring. However, the data transmission in this underwater environment is impacted by various aspects such as bandwidth usage limitation, surrounding noise and large acoustic propagation delays. Therefore, communication itself is an outstanding challenge. The well-known traditional transmission control protocol (TCP), one of the most used transport protocol on the internet, is not suitable to enable this technology. Even though TCP variants for the wireless network are not foolproof in an underwater environment, their use could probably be more difficult in such a multi-hop communication system. We have chosen Newreno for our study. This variant is a modern implementation that includes the four congestion control algorithms. These algorithms have proved to be effective when it comes to terrestrial networks which could be a basis for our study. In addition, Newreno is known for its algorithm of recovery of several segments lost within the same sending window. In this dissertation, we have conducted a general study of UWSN technology and examined methods to improve TCP performance in a multi-hop UWSN. And then, we propose Underwater-Newreno (U-Newreno) our enhanced version of Newreno to improve TCP performance in UWSN. U-Newreno consists of two major modifications: controlling the maximum size of the congestion window and the adaptation of the round trip time (RTT) timeout. The results of simulations carried out with the Aquasim simulator show improvements of performances in terms of gain of: packets delivery Retransmission ratio of packets delivery.Resumo 2 As redes de sensores sem fio subaquáticos (Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks- UWSN) estão-se a tornar cada vez mais populares devido à sua importância em diferentes aplicações, como a pesquisa offshore e monitoramento subaquático. No entanto, a transmissão de dados neste ambiente subaquático sofre devido a vários factores, como a limitação do uso da largura de banda, o ruído envolvente e grandes atrasos de propagação acústica. Portanto, a comunicação é um desafio problemático. O familiar transmission control protocol (TCP) tradicional, um dos protocolos de transporte mais utilizados na internet, não é adequado para habilitar esta tecnologia. Mesmo que as variantes TCP para a rede sem fio não sejam infalíveis num ambiente subaquático, o seu uso provavelmente pode ser mais difícil num sistema de comunicação de múltiplos saltos. Nós escolhemos o Newreno para o nosso estudo. Esta variante é uma implementação moderna que inclui os quatro algoritmos de controle de congestionamento. Estes algoritmos demonstraram a sua eficácia em redes terrestres que poderiam ser uma base para o nosso estudo. Além disso, Newreno é conhecido pelo seu algoritmo de recuperação de vários segmentos perdidos dentro da mesma janela de envio. Nesta dissertação, realizamos um estudo geral da tecnologia UWSN e examinamos métodos para melhorar o desempenho do TCP num UWSN de vários saltos. E então, propomos a U-Newreno (Underwater-Newreno), a nossa versão melhorada do Newreno para melhorar o desempenho do TCP no UWSN. O U-Newreno consiste em duas modificações principais: controlar o tamanho máximo da janela de congestionamento e a adaptação do tempo limite “Round Trip Time”(RTT). Os resultados das simulações realizadas com o simulador Aquasim mostram melhorias nos desempenhos em termos de ganho de: • entrega de pacotes • Taxa de retransmissão da entrega de pacotes