Spatiotemporal Multicast and Partitionable Group Membership Service

The recent advent of wireless mobile ad hoc networks and sensor networks creates many opportunities and challenges. This thesis explores some of them. In light of new application requirements in such environments, it proposes a new multicast paradigm called spatiotemporal multicast for supporting ad hoc network applications which require both spatial and temporal coordination. With a focus on a special case of spatiotemporal multicast, called mobicast, this work proposes several novel protocols and analyzes their performances. This dissertation also investigates implications of mobility on the classical group membership problem in distributed computing, proposes a new specification for a partitionable group membership service catering to applications on wireless mobile ad hoc networks, and provides a mobility-aware algorithm and middleware for this service. The results of this work bring new insights into the design and analysis of spatiotemporal communication protocols and fault-tolerant computing in wireless mobile ad hoc networks

STaRS: A scalable task routing approach to distributed scheduling

La planificación de muchas tareas en entornos de millones de nodos no confiables representa un gran reto. Las plataformas de computación más conocidas normalmente confían en poder gestionar en un elemento centralizado todo el estado tanto de los nodos como de las aplicaciones. Esto limita su escalabilidad y capacidad para tolerar fallos. Un modelo descentralizado puede superar estos problemas pero, por lo que sabemos, ninguna solución propuesta hasta el momento ofrece resultados satisfactorios. En esta tesis, presentamos un modelo de planificación descentralizado con tres objetivos: que escale hasta millones de nodos, sin una pérdida de prestaciones que lo inhabilite; que tolere altas tasas de fallos; y que permita la implementación de varias políticas de planificación para diferentes situaciones. Nuestra propuesta consta de tres elementos principales: un modelo de datos genérico para representar la disponibilidad de los nodos de ejecución; un esquema de agregación que propaga esta información por una capa de red jerárquica; y un algoritmo de reexpedición que, usando la información agregada, encamina tareas hacia los nodos de ejecución más apropiados. Estos tres elementos son fácilmente extensibles para proporcionar diversas políticas de planificación. En concreto, nosotros hemos implementado cinco. Una política que simplemente asigna tareas a nodos desocupados; una política que minimiza el tiempo de finalización del trabajo global; una política que cumple con los requerimientos de fecha límite de aplicaciones tipo "saco de tareas"; una política que cumple con los requerimientos de fecha límite de aplicaciones tipo "workflow"; y una política que otorga una porción equitativa de la plataforma a cada aplicación. La escalabilidad se consigue a través del esquema de agregación, que provee de suficiente información de disponibilidad a los niveles altos de la jerarquía sin inundarlos, y el algoritmo de reexpedición, que busca nodos de ejecución en varias ramas de la jerarquía de manera concurrente. Como consecuencia, los costes de comunicación están acotados y los de asignación muestran un comportamiento casi logarítmico con el tamaño del sistema. Un millar de tareas se asignan en una red de 100.000 nodos en menos de 3,5 segundos, así que podemos plantearnos utilizar nuestro modelo incluso con tareas de tan solo unos minutos de duración. Por lo que sabemos, ningún trabajo similar ha sido probado con más de 10.000 nodos. Los fallos se gestionan con una estrategia de mejor esfuerzo. Cuando se detecta el fallo de un nodo, las tareas que estaba ejecutando son reenviadas por sus propietarios y la información de disponibilidad que gestionaba es reconstruida por sus vecinos. De esta manera, nuestro modelo es capaz de degradar sus prestaciones de manera proporcional al número de nodos fallidos y recuperar toda su funcionalidad. Para demostrarlo, hemos realizado pruebas de tasa media de fallos y de fallos catastróficos. Incluso con nodos fallando con un periodo mediano de solo 5 minutos, nuestro planificador es capaz de continuar dando servicio. Al mismo tiempo, es capaz de recuperarse del fallo de una fracción importante de los nodos, siempre que la capa de red jerárquico que sustenta el sistema pueda soportarlo. Después de comprobar que es factible implementar políticas con muy distintos objetivos usando nuestro modelo de planificación, también hemos probado sus prestaciones. Hemos comparado cada política con una versión centralizada que tiene pleno conocimiento del estado de cada nodo de ejecución. El resultado es que tienen unas prestaciones cercanas a las de una implementación centralizada, incluso en entornos de gran escala y con altas tasas de fallo

Self-Evaluation Applied Mathematics 2003-2008 University of Twente

This report contains the self-study for the research assessment of the Department of Applied Mathematics (AM) of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS) at the University of Twente (UT). The report provides the information for the Research Assessment Committee for Applied Mathematics, dealing with mathematical sciences at the three universities of technology in the Netherlands. It describes the state of affairs pertaining to the period 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2008

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Guiding readers through the basics of these rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations, Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Containing the contributions of leading researchers, industry professionals, and academics, this forward-looking reference provides an authoritative perspective of the state of the art in MANETs. The book includes surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as limited resources and the mobility of mobile nodes. It considers routing, multicast, energy, security, channel assignment, and ensuring quality of service. Also suitable as a text for graduate students, the book is organized into three sections: Fundamentals of MANET Modeling and Simulation—Describes how MANETs operate and perform through simulations and models Communication Protocols of MANETs—Presents cutting-edge research on key issues, including MAC layer issues and routing in high mobility Future Networks Inspired By MANETs—Tackles open research issues and emerging trends Illustrating the role MANETs are likely to play in future networks, this book supplies the foundation and insight you will need to make your own contributions to the field. It includes coverage of routing protocols, modeling and simulations tools, intelligent optimization techniques to multicriteria routing, security issues in FHAMIPv6, connecting moving smart objects to the Internet, underwater sensor networks, wireless mesh network architecture and protocols, adaptive routing provision using Bayesian inference, and adaptive flow control in transport layer using genetic algorithms

Supporting Device Mobility and State Distribution through Indirection, Topological Isomorphism and Evolutionary Algorithms

The Internet of Things will result in the deployment of many billions of wireless embedded systems, creating interactive pervasive environments. These pervasive networks will provide seamless access to sensor actuators, enabling organisations and individuals to control and monitor their environment. The majority of devices attached to the Internet of Things will be static. However, it is anticipated that with the advent of body and vehicular networks, we will see many mobile Internet of Things Devices. During emergency situations, the flow of data across the Internet of Things may be disrupted, giving rise to a requirement for machine-to-machine interaction within the remaining environment. Current approaches to routing on the Internet and wireless sensor networks fail to address the requirements of mobility, isolated operation during failure or deal with the imbalance caused by either initial or failing topologies when applying geographic coordinate-based peer-to-peer storage mechanisms. The use of global and local DHT mechanisms to facilitate improved reachability and data redundancy are explored in this thesis. Resulting in the development of an Architecture to support the global reachability of static and mobile Internet of Things Devices. This is achieved through the development of a global indirection mechanism supporting position relative wireless environments. To support the distribution and preservation of device state within the wireless domain a new geospatial keying mechanism is presented, this enables a device to persist state within an overlay with certain guarantees as to its survival. The guarantees relating to geospatial storage rely on the balanced allocation of distributed information. This thesis details a mechanism to balance the address space utilising evolutionary techniques. Following the generation of an initial balanced topology, we present a protocol that applies Topological Isomorphism to provide the continued balancing and reachability of data following partial network failure. This dissertation details the analysis of the proposed protocols and their evaluation through simulation. The results show that our proposed Architecture operates within the capabilities of the devices that operate in this space. The evaluation of Geospatial Keying within the wireless domain showed that the mechanism presented provides better device state preservation than would be found in the random placement exhibited by the storage of state in overlay DHT schemes. Experiments confirm device storage imbalance when using geographic routing; however, the results provided in this thesis show that the use of genetic algorithms can provide an improved identity assignment through the application of alternating fitness between reachability and ideal key displacement. This topology, as is commonly found in geographical routing, was susceptible to imbalance following device failure. The use of topological isomorphism provided an improvement over existing geographical routing protocols to counteract the reachability and imbalance caused by failure

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Guiding readers through the basics of these rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations, Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Containing the contributions of leading researchers, industry professionals, and academics, this forward-looking reference provides an authoritative perspective of the state of the art in MANETs. The book includes surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as limited resources and the mobility of mobile nodes. It considers routing, multicast, energy, security, channel assignment, and ensuring quality of service. Also suitable as a text for graduate students, the book is organized into three sections: Fundamentals of MANET Modeling and Simulation—Describes how MANETs operate and perform through simulations and models Communication Protocols of MANETs—Presents cutting-edge research on key issues, including MAC layer issues and routing in high mobility Future Networks Inspired By MANETs—Tackles open research issues and emerging trends Illustrating the role MANETs are likely to play in future networks, this book supplies the foundation and insight you will need to make your own contributions to the field. It includes coverage of routing protocols, modeling and simulations tools, intelligent optimization techniques to multicriteria routing, security issues in FHAMIPv6, connecting moving smart objects to the Internet, underwater sensor networks, wireless mesh network architecture and protocols, adaptive routing provision using Bayesian inference, and adaptive flow control in transport layer using genetic algorithms

Wireless Sensor Networks

The aim of this book is to present few important issues of WSNs, from the application, design and technology points of view. The book highlights power efficient design issues related to wireless sensor networks, the existing WSN applications, and discusses the research efforts being undertaken in this field which put the reader in good pace to be able to understand more advanced research and make a contribution in this field for themselves. It is believed that this book serves as a comprehensive reference for graduate and undergraduate senior students who seek to learn latest development in wireless sensor networks

Self-organized backpressure routing for the wireless mesh backhaul of small cells

The ever increasing demand for wireless data services has given a starring role to dense small cell (SC) deployments for mobile networks, as increasing frequency re-use by reducing cell size has historically been the most effective and simple way to increase capacity. Such densification entails challenges at the Transport Network Layer (TNL), which carries packets throughout the network, since hard-wired deployments of small cells prove to be cost-unfeasible and inflexible in some scenarios. The goal of this thesis is, precisely, to provide cost-effective and dynamic solutions for the TNL that drastically improve the performance of dense and semi-planned SC deployments. One approach to decrease costs and augment the dynamicity at the TNL is the creation of a wireless mesh backhaul amongst SCs to carry control and data plane traffic towards/from the core network. Unfortunately, these lowcost SC deployments preclude the use of current TNL routing approaches such as Multiprotocol Label Switching Traffic Profile (MPLS-TP), which was originally designed for hard-wired SC deployments. In particular, one of the main problems is that these schemes are unable to provide an even network resource consumption, which in wireless environments can lead to a substantial degradation of key network performance metrics for Mobile Network Operators. The equivalent of distributing load across resources in SC deployments is making better use of available paths, and so exploiting the capacity offered by the wireless mesh backhaul formed amongst SCs. To tackle such uneven consumption of network resources, this thesis presents the design, implementation, and extensive evaluation of a self-organized backpressure routing protocol explicitly designed for the wireless mesh backhaul formed amongst the wireless links of SCs. Whilst backpressure routing in theory promises throughput optimality, its implementation complexity introduces several concerns, such as scalability, large end-to-end latencies, and centralization of all the network state. To address these issues, we present a throughput suboptimal yet scalable, decentralized, low-overhead, and low-complexity backpressure routing scheme. More specifically, the contributions in this thesis can be summarized as follows: We formulate the routing problem for the wireless mesh backhaul from a stochastic network optimization perspective, and solve the network optimization problem using the Lyapunov-driftplus-penalty method. The Lyapunov drift refers to the difference of queue backlogs in the network between different time instants, whereas the penalty refers to the routing cost incurred by some network utility parameter to optimize. In our case, this parameter is based on minimizing the length of the path taken by packets to reach their intended destination. Rather than building routing tables, we leverage geolocation information as a key component to complement the minimization of the Lyapunov drift in a decentralized way. In fact, we observed that the combination of both components helps to mitigate backpressure limitations (e.g., scalability,centralization, and large end-to-end latencies). The drift-plus-penalty method uses a tunable optimization parameter that weight the relative importance of queue drift and routing cost. We find evidence that, in fact, this optimization parameter impacts the overall network performance. In light of this observation, we propose a self-organized controller based on locally available information and in the current packet being routed to tune such an optimization parameter under dynamic traffic demands. Thus, the goal of this heuristically built controller is to maintain the best trade-off between the Lyapunov drift and the penalty function to take into account the dynamic nature of semi-planned SC deployments. We propose low complexity heuristics to address problems that appear under different wireless mesh backhaul scenarios and conditions..