Heavy metal soil contamination detection using combined geochemistry and field spectroradiometry in the United Kingdom

Technological advances in hyperspectral remote sensing have been widely applied in heavy metal soil contamination studies, as they are able to provide assessments in a rapid and cost-effective way. The present work investigates the potential role of combining field and laboratory spectroradiometry with geochemical data of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in quantifying and modelling heavy metal soil contamination (HMSC) for a floodplain site located in Wales, United Kingdom. The study objectives were to: (i) collect field- and lab-based spectra from contaminated soils by using ASD FieldSpec® 3, where the spectrum varies between 350 and 2500 nm; (ii) build field- and lab-based spectral libraries; (iii) conduct geochemical analyses of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd using atomic absorption spectrometer; (iv) identify the specific spectral regions associated to the modelling of HMSC; and (v) develop and validate heavy metal prediction models (HMPM) for the aforementioned contaminants, by considering their spectral features and concentrations in the soil. Herein, the field- and lab-based spectral features derived from 85 soil samples were used successfully to develop two spectral libraries, which along with the concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were combined to build eight HMPMs using stepwise multiple linear regression. The results showed, for the first time, the feasibility to predict HMSC in a highly contaminated floodplain site by combining soil geochemistry analyses and field spectroradiometry. The generated models help for mapping heavy metal concentrations over a huge area by using space-borne hyperspectral sensors. The results further demonstrated the feasibility of combining geochemistry analyses with filed spectroradiometric data to generate models that can predict heavy metal concentrations

Phytoremediation of Heavy-Metals-Contaminated Soils:A Short-Term Trial Involving Two Willow Species from Gloucester WillowBank in the UK

Phytoremediation, as a bioremediation process in which plants are used to remove contaminants from an environment, has proved to be a practical and low-cost strategy for recovering mining-affected areas. This study aims to assess the potential for use in phytoremediation of two willow species, Salix viminalis and Salix dasyclados, by testing their potential for cleaning-up a range of soils with differing heavy metal concentrations: Pb (111, 141, 192 and 249 mg /kg), Zn (778.6, 1482, 2734 and 4411 mg/kg) and Cd (3.00, 5.03, 9.14 and 16.07 mg/kg). The extracted metals were preferentially translocated to the leaves with considerably higher concentrations and relative BAFs in the case of S. viminalis. The highest recorded Zn concentration of over 0.5% was found in the leaves of S. viminalis growing in soil 4. However, under the conditions of the experiments, S. dasyclados showed greater potential for use in phytoremediation, especially if coupled with use of biomass for energy production. An assessment of the suitability of willow species in this role, with regard to wider aspects involved, such as use of resultant biomass and/or waste management, revealed good potential. Willows are fast growing, grow vigorously from coppiced stumps and have extensive root systems. Therefore, their use in bioenergy production through pyrolysis or combustion, coupled with flue gas screening, is strongly advised

Enviromentální aplikace obrazové spektroskopie

The main purpose of this thesis is to use Image Spectroscopy as a tool to monitor the environmental conditions in a region affected by anthropogenic activities via estimating both geochemical and biochemical parameters on a regional scale. The research has been carried on the Sokolov lignite mine, NW Bohemia, a region affected by long-term extensive mining. The thesis is divided into two thematic parts. First part is devoted to applications of Image Spectroscopy into Acid Mine Drainage mapping and its related issues (chapters 2 and 3). In chapter 2 the equivalent mineral end-members were successfully derived from the ASTER image data (Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer satellite data). In the chapter 3 the pH was estimated on the basis of mineral and image spectroscopy. The Multi Range Spectral Feature Fitting (MRSFF) technique was utilized for mineral mapping and the multiple regression model using the fit images, the results of MRSFF, as inputs was constructed to estimate the surface pH and statistical significant accuracy was attained. In the second thematic part (chapters 4-6) Image Spectroscopy is applied into monitoring of vegetation stress. A new statistical method was developed to assess the physiological status of macroscopically undamaged foliage of Norway...Předložená disertační práce se věnuje aplikaci metod obrazové spektroskopie jako moderního nástroje pro environmentální monitoring, přičemž se zaměřuje na modelování vybraných geochemických a biochemických parametrů Disertační práce je členěna do dvou tematických celků. První z nich (kapitoly 2 a 3) je věnován aplikaci minerální a obrazové spektroskopie pro vymezení plošného výskytu povrchové acidifikace (anglický termín: AMD - Acid Mine Drainage) a modelování povrchového pH. Druhá tematická část (kapitoly 4, 5 a 6) se věnuje zhodnocení fyziologického stavu smrkových porostů. V kapitole 2 jsou s využitím satelitních dat ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer satellite data) plošně vymezeny kyselé zvětralinové povrchy (pH<4), jež charakterizuje výskyt jarositu a lignitu (hnědé uhlí). Kapitola 3 se věnuje vytvoření modelu pro odhad povrchového pH odkrytých substrátů s využitím leteckých hyperspektrálních dat HyMap (07/2009). Tato studie je jednou z prvních, jež aplikuje metody obrazové spektroskopie pro kvantitativní modelování pH v prostředí povrchových dolů vyznačující se vysokou heterogenitou. V druhé tematické části je obrazová spektroskopie aplikována do oblasti monitoringu zdravotního stavu lesních smrkových porostů, které se vyskytují v bezprostředním okolí...Department of Applied Geoinformatics and CartographyKatedra aplikované geoinformatiky a kartografieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop

Topics addressed include: calibration, the atmosphere, data problems and techniques, geological research, and botanical and geobotanical research

Mapeamento de solos através de técnicas diretas e indiretas na Apa Nascentes Do Rio Vermelho, Mambaí-GO

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Geografia, Programa de Pós-graduação, 2020.Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo elaborar um mapa de solos da Apa Nascentes do Rio Vermelho (NRV), com a obtenção de informações diretas de estudos, que envolve coleta de amostras, descrição morfológica de perfis, análises laboratoriais das amostras como geoquímica, fertilidade, granulometria, espectrorradiometria, para apoiar e validar os métodos indiretos de aquisição de dados que envolve o georadar, geoprocessamento e SIG. A Apa NRV está localiz ada no município de Mambaí Go, na porção nordeste do estado. Apresenta uma de área mais 176 mil hectares, e está compreendida na Bacia Hidrográfica do Tocantins. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico, através do qual elaborou-se dois artigos científ icos, um de revisão da teoria e outro de revisão da metodologia. Para a execução desta etapa optou-se pela busca de artigos indexados com mínimo Qualis A2. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, após a obtenção dos dados de campo e laboratório, foi elaborado o artigo de resultados, através do qual explanou-se sobre os resultados das coletas superficiais, da análise da paisagem, das descrições morfológicas, da espectrorradiometria e do georadar. Através de ferramentas disponibilizadas no Envi 5.3, foi possível elaborar uma imagem de composição colorida composta pela elevação, declividade e aspecto, e classificar os solos com base em árvores de decisão, criando -se uma equação para cada solo descrito. O mapa pedológico apresentou resultado satis fatório, de forma que todos os pontos de controle foram coincidentes com a classificação apresentada.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBIO).This research has for objective to elaborate a soil map of Apa Nascentes do Rio Vermelho (NRV), obtaining direct information from studies, which involves sample collection, morphological description of profiles, laboratory analysis of samples such as geochemistry, fertility, granulometry, spectroradiometry, to support and validate the indirect methods that data acquisition involves georadar, geoprocessing and GIS. Apa NRV is located in the municipality of Mambaí Go, in the northeast portion of the state. It has an area of over 176 thousand hectares, and is comprised in the Tocantins Hydrographic Basin. In the first stage of the research, a bibliog raphical survey was carried out, through which two scientific articles were prepared, one revising the theory and the other revising the methodology. To perform this step, we opted for searching indexed articles with a minimum Qualis A2. In the second stage of the research, after obtaining the field and laboratory data, the results article was elaborated, through which it was explained about the results of surface collections, landscape analysis, morphological descriptions, spectroradiometry and georadar. Using tools made available in Envi 5.3, it was possible to create a colorful composition image composed of elevation, slope and aspect, and to classify soils based on decision trees, creating an equation for each soil described. The pedological map showed a satisfactory result, so that all control points were coincident with the classification presented

Earth resources: A continuing bibliography with indexes (issue 51)

This bibliography lists 382 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between July 1 and September 30, 1986. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis

Earth Resources: A continuing bibliography with indexes, issue 40

This bibliography lists 423 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between October 1 and December 31, 1983. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economical analysis

Hyperspectral and Thermal Remote Sensing of Plant Stress Reponses to Oil Pollution.

This study investigates the potential use of hyperspectral and thermal remote sensing for the early pre-visual detection and quantification of plant stress caused by oil pollution. Further, it examines the potential for these techniques to discriminate between oil pollution and two typically encountered plant stresses of waterlogging and water deficit. Results show that oil pollution, waterlogging and water deficit significantly decreased the physiological functions of plants and can result in pre-visual changes in spectral and thermal responses. Various spectral indices such as (R755-R716)/(R755+R716) and R800/R6O6 were efficient for the early detection of oil-induced stress in maize (up to 10 days earlier) and bean (up to 4 days earlier), respectively. These indices and other simple ratios of reflectance such as R673/R545 were also sensitive in the early detection (up to 6 days earlier) of stress symptoms caused by waterlogging in bean. The canopy absolute temperature and thermal index (IG) were good indicators of oil related stress in bean, but were insensitive to waterlogging. Absolute leaf temperature had minimal potential for detecting oil pollution in maize. While the spectral indices lacked ability for the early detection of stress caused by water deficit at the leaf scale in both maize and bean, absolute temperature was effective in this regard irrespective of scale of measurement. Results show that by combining spectral and thermal information, oil pollution can be discriminated from waterlogging or water deficit treatment. This study concludes that hyperspectral and thermal remote sensing have the potential to detect and quantify plant stress caused by oil pollution and it is possible to discriminate between this and other common stresses. However, further work is needed to refine and operationalise the approach, and the problems and challenges associated with this are presented and discussed

Drone-based Integration of Hyperspectral Imaging and Magnetics for Mineral Exploration

The advent of unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) as disruptive technology has a lasting impact on remote sensing, geophysics and most geosciences. Small, lightweight, and low-cost UAS enable researchers and surveyors to acquire earth observation data in higher spatial and spectral resolution as compared to airborne and satellite data. UAS-based applications range from rapid topographic mapping using photogrammetric techniques to hyperspectral and geophysical measurements of surface and subsurface geology. UAS surveys contribute to identifying metal deposits, monitoring of mine sites and can reveal arising environmental issues associated with mining. Further, affordable UAS technology will boost exploration data availability and expertise in the global south. This thesis investigates the application of UAS-based multi-sensor data for mineral exploration, in particular the integration of hyperspectral imagers, magnetometers and digital cameras (covering the visible red, green, blue light spectrum). UAS-based research is maturing, however the aforementioned methods are not unified effectively. RGB-based photogrammetry is used to investigate topography and surface texture. Image spectrometers measure mineral-specific surface signatures. Magnetometers detect geomagnetic field changes caused by magnetic minerals at surface and depth. The integration of such UAS sensor-based methods in this thesis augments exploration potential with non-invasive, high-resolution, safe, rapid and practical survey methods. UAS-based surveying acquired, processed and integrated data from three distinct test sites. The sites are located in Finland (Fe-Ti-V at Otanmäki; apatite at Siilinjärvi) and Greenland (Ni-Cu-PGE at Qullissat, Disko Island) and were chosen as geologically diverse areas in subarctic to arctic environments. Restricted accessibility, unfavourable atmospheric conditions, dark rocks, debris and vegetation cover and low solar illumination were common features. While the topography in Finland was moderately flat, a steep landscape challenged the Greenland field work. These restraints meant that acquisitions varied from site to site and how data was integrated and interpreted is dependent on the commodity of interest. Iron-based spectral absorption and magnetic mineral response were detected using hyperspectral and magnetic surveying in Otanmäki. Multi-sensor-based image feature detection and classification combined with magnetic forward modelling enabled seamless geologic mapping in Siilinjärvi. Detailed magnetic inversion and multispectral photogrammetry led to the construction of a comprehensive 3D model of magmatic exploration targets in Greenland. Ground truth at different intensity was employed to verify UAS-based data interpretations during all case studies. Laboratory analysis was applied when deemed necessary to acquire geologic-mineralogic validation (e.g., X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy for mineral identification to establish lithologic domains, magnetic susceptibility measurements for subsurface modelling), for example for trace amounts of magnetite in carbonatite (Siilinjärvi) and native iron occurrence in basalt (Qullissat). Technical achievements were the integration of a multicopter-based prototype fluxgate-magnetometer data from different survey altitudes with ground truth, and a feasibility study with a high-speed multispectral image system for fixed-wing UAS. The employed case studies transfer the experiences made towards general recommendations for UAS application-based multi-sensor integration. This thesis highlights the feasibility of UAS-based surveying at target scale (1–50 km2) and solidifies versatile survey approaches for multi-sensor integration.Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Potenzial einer Drohnen-basierten Mineralexploration mit Multisensor-Datenintegration unter Verwendung optisch-spektroskopischer und magnetischer Methoden zu untersuchen, um u. a. übertragbare Arbeitsabläufe zu erstellen. Die untersuchte Literatur legt nahe, dass Drohnen-basierte Bildspektroskopie und magnetische Sensoren ein ausgereiftes technologisches Niveau erreichen und erhebliches Potenzial für die Anwendungsentwicklung bieten, aber es noch keine ausreichende Synergie von hyperspektralen und magnetischen Methoden gibt. Diese Arbeit umfasste drei Fallstudien, bei denen die Drohnengestützte Vermessung von geologischen Zielen in subarktischen bis arktischen Regionen angewendet wurde. Eine Kombination von Drohnen-Technologie mit RGB, Multi- und Hyperspektralkameras und Magnetometern ist vorteilhaft und schuf die Grundlage für eine integrierte Modellierung in den Fallstudien. Die Untersuchungen wurden in einem Gelände mit flacher und zerklüfteter Topografie, verdeckten Zielen und unter oft schlechten Lichtverhältnissen durchgeführt. Unter diesen Bedingungen war es das Ziel, die Anwendbarkeit von Drohnen-basierten Multisensordaten in verschiedenen Explorationsumgebungen zu bewerten. Hochauflösende Oberflächenbilder und Untergrundinformationen aus der Magnetik wurden fusioniert und gemeinsam interpretiert, dabei war eine selektive Gesteinsprobennahme und Analyse ein wesentlicher Bestandteil dieser Arbeit und für die Validierung notwendig. Für eine Eisenerzlagerstätte wurde eine einfache Ressourcenschätzung durchgeführt, indem Magnetik, bildspektroskopisch-basierte Indizes und 2D-Strukturinterpretation integriert wurden. Fotogrammetrische 3D-Modellierung, magnetisches forward-modelling und hyperspektrale Klassifizierungen wurden für eine Karbonatit-Intrusion angewendet, um einen kompletten Explorationsabschnitt zu erfassen. Eine Vektorinversion von magnetischen Daten von Disko Island, Grönland, wurden genutzt, um großräumige 3D-Modelle von undifferenzierten Erdrutschblöcken zu erstellen, sowie diese zu identifizieren und zu vermessen. Die integrierte spektrale und magnetische Kartierung in komplexen Gebieten verbesserte die Erkennungsrate und räumliche Auflösung von Erkundungszielen und reduzierte Zeit, Aufwand und benötigtes Probenmaterial für eine komplexe Interpretation. Der Prototyp einer Multispektralkamera, gebaut für eine Starrflügler-Drohne für die schnelle Vermessung, wurde entwickelt, erfolgreich getestet und zum Teil ausgewertet. Die vorgelegte Arbeit zeigt die Vorteile und Potenziale von Multisensor-Drohnen als praktisches, leichtes, sicheres, schnelles und komfortabel einsetzbares geowissenschaftliches Werkzeug, um digitale Modelle für präzise Rohstofferkundung und geologische Kartierung zu erstellen