Power quality and electromagnetic compatibility: special report, session 2

The scope of Session 2 (S2) has been defined as follows by the Session Advisory Group and the Technical Committee: Power Quality (PQ), with the more general concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and with some related safety problems in electricity distribution systems. Special focus is put on voltage continuity (supply reliability, problem of outages) and voltage quality (voltage level, flicker, unbalance, harmonics). This session will also look at electromagnetic compatibility (mains frequency to 150 kHz), electromagnetic interferences and electric and magnetic fields issues. Also addressed in this session are electrical safety and immunity concerns (lightning issues, step, touch and transferred voltages). The aim of this special report is to present a synthesis of the present concerns in PQ&EMC, based on all selected papers of session 2 and related papers from other sessions, (152 papers in total). The report is divided in the following 4 blocks: Block 1: Electric and Magnetic Fields, EMC, Earthing systems Block 2: Harmonics Block 3: Voltage Variation Block 4: Power Quality Monitoring Two Round Tables will be organised: - Power quality and EMC in the Future Grid (CIGRE/CIRED WG C4.24, RT 13) - Reliability Benchmarking - why we should do it? What should be done in future? (RT 15

Integrated local control of active power and voltage support for three-phase three-wire converters

The derivation of a robust control algorithm is presented to provide decoupled active power regulation and local grid voltage support in three-phase three-wire grid-connected converters (GCCs). Unlike conventional control schemes, the proposed strategy is designed to be harmonic sequence asym-metric for the purpose of local voltage unbalance correction. A frequency-domain Norton equivalent model is derived to illustrate the working principle of the strategy. Accordingly, by following a frequency-domain decoupled method, the funda-mental positive-sequence, the harmonic symmetrical sequences and the fundamental negative-sequence components are regu-lated independently. Consistent to the model analysis, simulation results validate reduction of local voltage unbalance and total harmonic distortion. Since no external sensors are required for the implementation of the strategy, it is a local approach, applicable to already-existing GCC systems. Moreover, in view of the higher switching frequencies as attainable by devices from the next SiC generation, the accuracy and dynamic behavior of the control algorithms can be much enhanced, improving therefore the quality of the processed energy

Harmonic and Supraharmonic Emissions of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Chargers

open1noElectric vehicle (EV) charging represents a relevant electric load with a rapid evolution in terms of number, power rating and distortion, in particular, considering the connection to the low-voltage public grid: available short-circuit power may be limited and particularly susceptible loads may co-exist in the same grid portion. Standards can partially address the problem cover-ing only the harmonic interval, but they necessitate significant extension and improvement in the supraharmonic range. In addition, EV chargers have been observed to violate in some scenarios the applicable harmonic limits, so that the mechanisms of emission and distortion should be better understood and evaluated, including phenomena of mutual influence between EV chargers and with pre-existing grid distortion. Although models can help simulate large-scale scenarios in terms of fundamental frequency phenomena, such as power flow, voltage fluctuation and imbalance, sub-stantial and reliable information can come from experimental results, providing measured harmonic and supraharmonic emissions, accompanied by details on loads mix, grid characteristics and EV charger operating conditions. This work thus defines the applicable constraints in terms of limits and compatibility levels for public and light industrial low-voltage grids, discusses the available experimental results and datasets, analyzing the typical distortion behavior and providing indication of sources of information for further studies.openMariscotti, AndreaMariscotti, Andre

Power Quality in Electrified Transportation Systems

"Power Quality in Electrified Transportation Systems" has covered interesting horizontal topics over diversified transportation technologies, ranging from railways to electric vehicles and ships. Although the attention is chiefly focused on typical railway issues such as harmonics, resonances and reactive power flow compensation, the integration of electric vehicles plays a significant role. The book is completed by some additional significant contributions, focusing on the interpretation of Power Quality phenomena propagation in railways using the fundamentals of electromagnetic theory and on electric ships in the light of the latest standardization efforts

A review on power electronics technologies for power quality improvement

Nowadays, new challenges arise relating to the compensation of power quality problems, where the introduction of innovative solutions based on power electronics is of paramount importance. The evolution from conventional electrical power grids to smart grids requires the use of a large number of power electronics converters, indispensable for the integration of key technologies, such as renewable energies, electric mobility and energy storage systems, which adds importance to power quality issues. Addressing these topics, this paper presents an extensive review on power electronics technologies applied to power quality improvement, highlighting, and explaining the main phenomena associated with the occurrence of power quality problems in smart grids, their cause and effects for different activity sectors, and the main power electronics topologies for each technological solution. More specifically, the paper presents a review and classification of the main power quality problems and the respective context with the standards, a review of power quality problems related to the power production from renewables, the contextualization with solid-state transformers, electric mobility and electrical railway systems, a review of power electronics solutions to compensate the main power quality problems, as well as power electronics solutions to guarantee high levels of power quality. Relevant experimental results and exemplificative developed power electronics prototypes are also presented throughout the paper.This work has been supported by FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the R&D Units Project Scope: UIDB/00319/2020. This work has been supported by the FCT Project DAIPESEV PTDC/EEI-EEE/30382/2017 and by the FCT Project newERA4GRIDs PTDC/EEIEEE/30283/2017

Power quality studies in distribution systems involving spectral decomposition

Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde eine Methode der Spannungsqualitätsanalyse vorgestellt, die zur Untersuchung von Oberschwingungen und Zwischenharmonischen in Verteilungsnetzen besonders geeignet ist. Der zunehmende Einsatz von elektronisch gesteuerten Geräten führt zur Beeinträchtigung der Energiequalität in elektrischen Netzen. Die resultierende Spannungs- und Stromverzerrung kann für empfindliche Einrichtungen gefährlich sein, besonders dann, wenn der Oberschwingungspegel nahe an den Störfestigkeitspegeln der angeschlossenen Betriebsmittel liegt oder diese überschreitet. Die in der Arbeit vorgestellte Methode findet die bezüglich Oberschwingungen und Zwischenharmonischen gefährdetsten Stellen in einem Verteilungssystem heraus. Somit wird eine Vorab-Analyse zur Ergreifung der notwendigen Maßnahmen ermöglicht. Zunächst wurde das Thema Spannungsqualität und ihr Zusammenhang mit der elektromagnetischen Verträglichkeit aus Sicht der Normen und Vorschriften erläutert. Darauf aufbauend wurde eine grundlegende Klassifikation der Spannungsqualitätsereignisse vorgestellt und analysiert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Spannungsqualität aus verschiedenen Gründen zunehmend überwacht werden muss - einerseits aufgrund verstärkter Resonanzgefahr durch wachsenden Anteil nichtlinearer Verbraucher bei gleichzeitig sinkenden Anteil ohmscher Lasten und andererseits, da der durch den veränderten Energiemarkt verstärkte Kostendruck die Evaluierung auch unter wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten notwendig macht. Das Konzept eines entsprechend entwickelten Messsystems zur Beurteilung der Spannungsqualität in Verteilungsnetzen wurde vorgestellt. Der Einsatz der verwendeten Beurteilungsalgorithmen stand hierbei im Zentrum des Messsystems, deren flexibler Aufbau sowohl langzeitige Spannungsqualitätsmessungen aber auch Emissionsmessungen an einzelnen Geräten normgerecht ermöglicht. Im Weiteren wurden Modellierungsansätze für elektrische Betriebsmittel sowie sowohl lineare- als auch nicht-lineare Lasten für die Modellierung im FrequenzBereich vorgestellt. Dabei wurde verdeutlicht, dass das Zusammenwirken zwischen der Störquelle - nichtlinearer Last - und der Störsenke - dem Versorgungsnetz - sehr wesentlich für die Genauigkeit der Simulationen ist. Darauf aufbauend wurde eine messungsbasierte Methode vorgeschlagen, um die zu berücksichtigenden Nichtlinearitäten mit Hilfe einer Crossed-Frequency-Admittance-Matrix im Harmonischen-Bereich zu modellieren. Ein Beispiel illustriert detailliert dieses Verfahren, so dass alle Abhängigkeiten und Wechselwirkungen deutlich werden.  Um die in der Arbeit entwickelte Methode sinnvoll durchführen zu können, müssen im Voraus die sensitivsten Knoten in einem Verteilungsnetz gefunden werden. Deshalb wurde als Kern der entwickelten Methode ein Verfahren vorgeschlagen, das auf der internen Struktur des zu analysierenden Netzes basiert. Nachdem die mathematischen Grundlagen dieses spektralen Ansatzes vorgestellt wurden, wurde eine Beispielanalyse am realen Netz durchgeführt um die Eigenschaften dieser qualitativen Methode zu veranschaulichen. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Methode zur Beurteilung von Spannungsqualität in Verteilungsnetzen wirkungsvoll anwendbar ist und zu besserer Genauigkeit bei Simulationen führt. Durch die Filterungseigenschaft der Spektralanalyse wurde eine bessere Selektivität der Analyse erreicht als bei herkömmlichen Methoden der Spannungsqualitätsanalyse. Das ist besonders bei Verteilungsnetzen von Vorteil, bei denen ungünstige Verhältnisse bezüglich Spannungs– und Stromqualität, hervorgerufen durch niedrige Kurzschlussleistungen und eine Vielzahl von Störquellen in den Verteilungsnetzen, entstehen. &nbsp

Електромагнітна сумісність у системах електропостачання

The textbook is devoted to electromagnetic processes connected both with conducted and field electromagnetic interferences. Special attention is paid to interharmonic electromagnetic interference. Questions of electromagnetic compatibility in power networks with wind electric sets, problems of voltage dips and voltage impulses are considered. Active filters are considered as a specific problem of electromagnetic compatibility. Influence of electromagnetic fields on biosphere, of electromagnetic ecology, economic and legal problems of electromagnetic compatibility are presented

Methods for improving stability and power quality in networks with high levels of power electronics

Advanced power electronics are essential to the development of fully active electric power systems. There are, however, potential problems that can arise when high levels of power-electronic systems are distributed throughout a network. Most importantly, power electronics can degrade the quality of the power that is delivered by utility companies; furthermore, they can cause instabilities that lead to complete failures. New "smart" power systems are highly dynamic, meaning that a regulated converter thought to be stable under ideal conditions could easily become unstable for reasons well outside of the designer's control. This thesis addresses the issue of improving power quality in networks with high levels of power electronics. The core concept presented here is an effective on-line approach for the estimation of network impedance, a time-varying quantity that plays a key role in reducing power quality. Real-time information about the network impedance at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) can produce more stable power converters and pave the way for new measurement techniques that help to monitor power quality. This thesis also examines the application of network impedance measurements for producing model-based adaptive controllers that allow power-electronic systems to remain stable when connected to "non-stiff" networks. This work can be applied in any system that is heavily dependent on power electronics, including terrestrial "Smart Grids," all-electric ships, aircraft, and spacecraft

Investigación sobre la flexibilidad de la demanda en redes eléctricas inteligentes: control directo de cargas

In recent decades, the European Union has made decisive efforts to maintain its global leadership in renewable energies to meet climate change targets resulting from international agreements. There is a deliberate intention to reduce the usage of non-renewable energy sources and promote the exploitation of renewable generation at all levels as shown by energy production data within the Eurozone. The electricity sector illustrates a successful implementation of these energy policies: The electricity coming from combustible fuels was at historical lows in 2018, accounting for 83.6 % of the electricity generated from this source in 2008. By contrast, the pool of renewables reached almost 170 % of the 2008 production. Against this background, power systems worldwide are undergoing deep-seated changes due to the increasing penetration of these variable renewable energy sources and distributed energy resources that are intermittent and stochastic in nature. Under these conditions, achieving a continuous balance between generation and consumption becomes a challenge and may jeopardize the system stability, which points out the need of making the power system flexible enough as a response measure to this trend. This Ph.D. thesis researches one of the principal mechanisms providing flexibility to the power system: The demand-side management, seen from both the demand response and the energy efficiency perspectives. Power quality issues as a non-negligible part of energy efficiency are also addressed. To do so, several strategies have been deployed at a double level. In the residential sector, a direct load control strategy for smart appliances has been developed under a real-time pricing demand response scheme. This strategy seeks to minimize the daily cost of energy in presence of diverse energy resources and appliances. Furthermore, a spread spectrum technique has also been applied to mitigate the highfrequency distortion derived from the usage of LED technology lighting systems instead of traditional ones when energy efficiency needs to be improved. In the industrial sector, a load scheduling strategy to control the AC-AC power electronic converter in charge of supporting the electric-boosted glass melting furnaces has been developed. The benefit is two-fold: While it contributes to demand flexibility by shaving the peaks found under conventional control schemes, the power quality issues related to the emission of subharmonics are also kept to a minimum. Concerning the technologies, this Ph.D. thesis provides smart solutions, platforms, and devices to carry out these strategies: From the application of the internet of things paradigm to the development of the required electronics and the implementation of international standards within the energy industry.En las últimas décadas, la Unión Europea ha realizado esfuerzos decisivos para mantener su liderazgo mundial en energías renovables con el fin de cumplir los objetivos de cambio climático resultantes de los acuerdos internacionales. Muestra una intención deliberada de reducir el uso de fuentes de energía no renovable y promover la explotación de la generación renovable a todos los niveles, como demuestran los datos de producción de energía en la eurozona. El sector de la electricidad ilustra un caso de éxito de estas políticas energéticas: la electricidad procedente de combustibles fósiles estaba en mínimos históricos en 2018, representando el 83,6 % de la electricidad generada a partir de esta fuente en 2008; en cambio, el grupo de renovables alcanzó casi el 170 % de la producción de 2008. En este contexto, los sistemas eléctricos de todo el mundo están experimentando profundos cambios debido a la creciente penetración de estas fuentes de energía renovable y de recursos energéticos distribuidos que son de naturaleza variable, intermitente y estocástica. En estas condiciones, lograr un equilibrio continuo entre generación y consumo se convierte en un reto y puede poner en peligro la estabilidad del sistema, lo que señala la necesidad de flexibilizar el sistema eléctrico como medida de respuesta a esta tendencia. Esta tesis doctoral investiga uno de los principales mecanismos que proporcionan flexibilidad al sistema eléctrico: la gestión de la demanda vista tanto desde la perspectiva de la respuesta a la demanda como de la eficiencia energética. También se abordan los problemas de calidad de suministro entendidos como parte no despreciable de la eficiencia energética. Para ello, se han desplegado varias estrategias a un doble nivel. En el sector residencial, se ha desarrollado una estrategia basada en el control directo de cargas para los electrodomésticos inteligentes siguiendo un esquema de respuesta a la demanda con precios en tiempo real. Esta estrategia busca minimizar el coste diario de la energía en presencia de diversos recursos energéticos y electrodomésticos. Además, también se ha aplicado una técnica de espectro ensanchado para mitigar la distorsión de alta frecuencia derivada del uso de sistemas de iluminación con tecnología LED, empleados para la mejora de la eficiencia energética frente a las tecnologías convencionales. En el sector industrial, se ha desarrollado una estrategia de planificación de cargas para controlar el convertidor AC-AC de los hornos de fundición de vidrio con soporte eléctrico. El beneficio es doble: mientras que se contribuye a la flexibilidad de la demanda al eliminar los picos encontrados en los esquemas de control convencionales, también se reducen al mínimo los problemas de calidad de suministro relacionados con la emisión de subarmónicos. En cuanto a las tecnologías, esta tesis doctoral aporta soluciones, plataformas y dispositivos inteligentes para llevar a cabo estas estrategias: desde la aplicación del paradigma del internet de las cosas hasta el desarrollo de la electrónica necesaria y la implementación de estándares internacionales dentro de la industria energética

Deterministic algorithm for selective shunt active power compensators according to IEEE Std. 1459

ABSTRACT: This paper proposes a deterministic algorithm to scale the reference currents of a shunt active power compensator (SAPC) based on IEEE Std. 1459 power decomposition when SAPC maximum output compensating current is going to be exceeded. The selective SAPC is proposed to improve power quality and energy efficiency in power networks by means of the cancelation or reduction of the non-efficient powers (Q1+, SU1, SeN). The non-efficient powers can be reduced in six possible sequences according to the priority of compensation. When SAPC maximum output current capacity is exceeded, the proposed algorithm limits the SAPC output compensating currents and the non-efficient currents can only be partially reduced in the power network. The reduction of the non-efficient powers depends on the selected compensation sequence. Experimental results for several compensation sequences demonstrate the appropriate operation of the selective SAPC using the proposed scaling algorithm