The Research of Biology Coupling Characteristics on the Shells of Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The surface morphologies, structures and materials of Haliotis discus hannai Ino shells were qualitatively studied by means of a stereoscopic microscope，a field emission scanning electronic microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer, and abrasive particle wear was qualitatively and quantitatively studied by means of a pin-on-disc apparatus. The results showed that the outer layer surface of Haliotis discus hannai Ino shells was non-smooth and had some strumae or similar parallel convex wave. The shells of Haliotis discus hannai Ino are polycrystalline composites of calcium carbonate and proteins and glycoproteins and consist of the periostracum, prismatic and nacreous layers with calcite in the outer prismatic layer and aragonite in the inner nacreous layer. Nacreous layer is a natural composite comprised of calcium carbonate in the aragonite polymorph with organic macromolecules sandwiched in between, and the coupling of platelet interlocks and organic materials makes nacreous layer to be strong and tough.The abrasive particle wear tests showed that the abrasion resistance was different on the different parts of the shells, and the left of the shells possessed the highest abrasion resistance and the abrasion resistance of the shells was the lowest on the edge of the right. The nacreous layer possessed higher abrasion resistance than prismatic layer because of the coupling of structure and materials of nacreous layer. Key words: Haliotis discus hannai Ino shells; morphology; structure; materials; anti-wear; biological character; couplin

皱纹盘鲍内脏脂质对人肝癌细胞HepG2脂质调节作用研究

本研究探讨了皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)内脏脂质(Haliotis discus hannai visceral lipid,HDHL)对人肝癌细胞HepG2的脂质代谢的影响,对HDHL脂肪酸成分、HepG2细胞活性、细胞内胆固醇和甘油三酯含量以及脂肪...海洋公益性行业科研专项(201405016

Tasas de crecimiento de Haliotis rufescens y Haliotis discus hannai en cultivos en estanques en el sur de Chile (41,5°S)

The increased activity of aquaculture in Chile involves cultivation of salmonids, oysters mussels and other species such, and to a lesser extent species such as red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and Japanese abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth rate of Haliotis rufescens and Haliotis discus hannai fed with different pellet based diets with Macrocystis sp. and Ulva sp., grown in ponds for 13 months. The results for both species denoted that there was an increase in length and biomass during experimental period, existing low growth rates during the austral winter (July-September) and increase during the austral summer (December-January). Results are consistent with descriptions of literature that there is high rate of growth during the summer and using diet of brown algae. From the economic standpoint abalone farming would be an economically viable activity for local aquaculture, considering the water quality and food requirements.El incremento de las actividades de acuicultura en Chile involucra principalmente cultivo de salmónidos, ostiones, algas, mitílidos y otras especies, y en menor escala especies como los abalones rojo (Haliotis rufescens) y japonés (Haliotis discus hannai). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento de Haliotis rufescens y Haliotis discus hannai alimentados con diferentes dietas a base de pellet Macrocystis sp. y Ulva sp., cultivados en estanques durante 13 meses. Los resultados para ambas especies denotaron que hubo incremento en longitud y biomasa durante el periodo experimental, existiendo bajas tasas de crecimiento durante invierno austral (julio-septiembre) e incremento durante el verano austral (diciembreenero). Los resultados concuerdan con las descripciones de la literatura en que hay altas tasas de crecimiento durante el verano usando dieta a base de algas pardas. Desde el punto de vista económico el cultivo de abalones sería una actividad económicamente viable para la acuicultura local, si se considera los requerimientos de calidad de agua y alimentació

Aquaculture-oriented genetic researches in abalone: Current status and future perspective

Basic genetic and cytogenetic information including polymorphic DNA markers, chromosomes and genome size was summarized to get insights into phylogenetic or systematic relationship among abalone species belonging to the genus Haliotis. Hybridization, triploidization and genetic mapping were also briefly reviewed as aquaculture-oriented genetic techniques to improve growth and other commercially important traits. Cryopreservation and other biotechnologies potentially applicable on genetic improvement were also briefly mentioned as supporting tools for efficient breeding of abalone strains.Keywords: Chromosome, DNA markers, genetic map, genome size, Haliotis, hybrid, polyploidy, selectionAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(26), pp. 4044-4052, 26 June, 201

Genetic Characterization of Five Hatchery Populations of the Pacific Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) Using Microsatellite Markers

The Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, is a popular food in Eastern Asia. Aquacultural production of this species has increased because of recent resource declines, the growing consumption, and ongoing government-operated stock release programs. Therefore, the genetic characterization of hatchery populations is necessary to maintain the genetic diversity of this species and to develop more effective aquaculture practices. We analyzed the genetic structures of five cultured populations in Korea using six microsatellite markers. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 15 to 64, with an average of 23.5. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.797 and 0.904, respectively. The inbreeding coefficient FIS ranged from 0.054 to 0.184 (mean FIS = 0.121 ± 0.056). The genetic differentiation across all populations was low but significant (overall FST = 0.009, P < 0.01). Pairwise multilocus FST tests, estimates of genetic distance, and phylogenetic and principal component analyses did not show a consistent relationship between geographic and genetic distances. These results could reflect extensive aquaculture, the exchange of breeds and eggs between hatcheries and/or genetic drift due to intensive breeding practices. Thus, for optimal resource management, the genetic variation of hatchery stocks should be monitored and inbreeding controlled within the abalone stocks that are being released every year. This genetic information will be useful for the management of both H. discus hannai fisheries and the aquaculture industry

cDNA cloning and mRNA expression of heat shock protein 70 gene in blood clam Tegillarca granosa against heavy metals challenge

In this study, the full-length heat shock protein 70 of Tegillarca granosa was cloned from cDNA library by rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE). The open reading frame (ORF) of heat shock protein 70 was 1968 bp, and it encoded a protein of 655 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 71.48 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.25. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis showed that the heat shock protein 70 of T. granosa shared high similarity with other species, supporting that it is a new member of heat shock protein family. Western blot analysis revealed that the generated polyclonal antibodies could specially detect native protein from whole cell lysate of T. granosa. The spatial distribution confirmed that the heat shock protein 70 was abundant in visceral mass, gill and haemocytes, and weakly in foot, mantle and adductor. Heavy metal pollutes such as lead (Pb2+), cadmium (Cd2+) and copper (Cu2+) could induce the gene expression in similar manners by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The present results indicate that heat shock protein 70 of T. granosa may be involved in environmental pollution challenges and should be considered as one of T. granosa promising molecular marker candidates.Keywords: Tegillarca granosa, heat shock protein 70, heavy metals, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(18), pp. 2341-235

Effects of the formulated diet on growth performance and resistance of juvenile abalone [Haliotis discus (Reeve, 1846)] subjected to various stress condition

본 연구에서는 전복용 배합사료내 어분 및 해조류 대체원으로서 각각 발효대두박 및 생미강 사용에 따른 전복의 성장 및 다양한 스트레스에 대한 내성을 평가하였다. 마리당 평균 4.3 g의 전복 84,000마리를 무작위로 선별하여 12개의 5 ton 유수식 수조에 7,000마리씩 각각 수용하였다. 총 4종류의 실험사료를 준비하였다. 대조구(Standard) 사료는 주요 단백질원으로 어분 14% 및 발효대두박 25%를 첨가하였으며, 주요 탄수화물원으로 소맥분 20%를 첨가하였고, 25%의 해조류를 첨가하였다. 어분 50%를 발효대두박으로 대체한 실험사료(FM50), 어분 50%와 해조류 50%를 각각 발효대두박과 생미강으로 대체한 실험사료(FM50 + MA50) 및 어분 50%와 해조류 100%를 각각 발효대두박과 생미강으로 대체한 실험사료(FM50 + MA100)를 준비하였다. 실험사료의 효능을 평가하기 위하여 자연산 먹이인 미역(Undaria pinnatifida)과 다시마(Laminaria japonica)를 공급하는 실험구를 두었으며, 모든 사료는 2반복구를 두었다. 16주간의 사육실험 종료후 생존한 전복을 대상으로 하여 다양한 스트레스 조건(공기 노출, 염분 급변화, 수온 급변화)에 노출시 전복의 누적폐사율을 측정하였다. 전복의 체중증가와 일일성장률은 배합사료를 공급한 모든 실험구(Standard, FM50, FM50 + MA50, FM50 + MA100)에서 자연산 먹이를 공급한 실험구(Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica)보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 염분 급변화와 수온 급변화에 대한 전복의 누적폐사율은 자연산 먹이를 공급한 실험구에서 배합사료를 공급한 모든 실험구에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 전복의 성장에 있어서 배합사료를 공급한 실험구에서 자연산 먹이를 공급한 실험구보다 우수하게 나타났으며, 또한 공기 노출을 제외한 다양한 스트레스에 대한 내성도 자연산먹이를 공급한 실험구보다 배합사료를 공급한 실험구에서 높게 나타났다.| Performance and stress resistance of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus) fed formulated diets substituting fish meal (FM) and macroalgae (MA) with soybean meal and rice bran, respectively, was compared with the MA under various stress conditions. Four experimental diets (Standard, FM50, FM50 + MA50 and FM50 + MA100 diets) were prepared in duplicate. The dry MA (Undaria pinnatifida and Laminaria japonica) were also prepared to compare with the effects of formulated diets on the performance of abalone to achieve the industry standard. Eighty four thousand juvenile abalone were distributed into twelve 5 ton tanks (7,000 abalone per tank). The diets were fed to abalone once a day to satiation. At the end of the 16-week feeding trial, abalone were subjected to the various stress (air exposure, sudden salinity and temperature changes) conditions and cumulative mortality was monitored. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed the all formulated diets were higher than the dry MA. The cumulative mortality of abalone fed the MA was higher than that of abalone fed the all formulated diets at the end of observation after sudden salinity and temperature changes. In conclusion, the well-formulated diets produced better growth performance of abalone over the dry MA. Abalone subjected to the various stress conditions after being fed with all formulated diets, except for abalone fed with the Standard, FM50 and FM50 + MA50 diets after air exposure, were more resistant than those fed the MA.Contents i List of Tables ii List of Figures iii Abstract (in Korean) iv I. Experiment 1 Abstract 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Materials and methods 5 2.1. Preparation of abalone and rearing conditions 5 2.2. Preparation of the experimental diets 5 2.3. Growth measurements 7 2.4. Proximate analysis of abalone flesh and water stability of nutrients in the diets 7 2.5. Stress resistance of abalone subjected to the various stress conditions 8 2.6. Statistical analysis 9 3. Results 10 3.1. Water stability of the experimental diets 10 3.2. Growth performance of abalone 15 3.3. Proximate composition of the soft body of abalone 15 3.4. Cumulative mortality of abalone subjected to various stress conditions 19 4. Discussion 23 II. Conclusion 29 III. Acknowledgements 30 IV. References 31Maste

NUTRITION REQUIREMENT OF CULTURED ABALONE POST LARVAE AND JUVENILES: A REVIEW

Abalone aquaculture attracts wide attention nowadays because of its high market value and depleted of wild stocks. China and Japan are the main producer of abalone from aquaculture followed by other countries such as New Zealand, Australia and US. Most of cultured abalone are temperate species but considerable research efforts have been made to culture tropical abalone in the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. Most of abalone culture still depends on natural food but recent studies have been conducted to develop artificial diet for abalone. This will not only reduce wild harvest of macrolagae but also develop high nutrition diet at low cost. Successful abalone aquaculture is determined by correct nutrition supplement in the diet. As other cultured animal, abalone requires balanced nutrition of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamins, and minerals. As herbivores, abalone can utilize carbohydrate efficiently as energy source and thus only requires low level of protein (range from 27%—40%). Lipid requirements range from 3%—5% while some minerals such as calcium and phosphorus in artificial feed are only needed in small amount, 0.5% of calcium in diets and 0.7% of phosphorus in the diet can improve the growth rate of abalone. There is not available information of vitamin upplementation in the diet but it is suggested that natural food meets the requirement

Two New and Two Poorly Known Species of Ancistrum (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia, Thigmotrichida) Parasitizing Marine Molluscs from Chinese Coastal Waters of the Yellow Sea

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE FERTILIZATION SUCCESS IN LABORATORY HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI AND HALIOTIS GIGANTEA

In this study, effects of sperm concentration and gamete age on fertilization success of Haliotis discus hannai (D) X H. gigantea (G) were investigated. Results showed that the fertilization rates of heterologous crosses H. discus hannai female x H. gigantea male (DG) and H. gigantec female X H. discus hannai male (GD) were consistently lower than those of homospecific groups H. discus hannai female x H. discus hannai male (DD) and H. gigame female X H. gigantea male (GG). In sperm concentration experiments, the sperm concentrations that yielded maximum fertilization rates with the least abnormality in subsequent development were 4.66 X 10(7) sperm/mL for the DG cross and 2.6 x 10(7) sperm/mL for the reciprocal cross GD. In gamete age experiments, the optimal fertilization rates were achieved in heterologous crosses when freshly spawned ova were fertilized with sperm that were released within 0.5 h. Furthermore, in heterospecific crosses, when ova were fertilized 10 min after being spawned, fertilization rates declined significantly with increasing ova age. It is suggested to use fresh gametes and higher sperm concentrations for hybridization between H. discus hannai and H. gigantea