Non-destructive Testing in Civil Engineering

This Special Issue, entitled “Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering”, aims to present to interested researchers and engineers the latest achievements in the field of new research methods, as well as the original results of scientific research carried out with their use—not only in laboratory conditions but also in selected case studies. The articles published in this Special Issue are theoretical–experimental and experimental, and also show the practical nature of the research. They are grouped by topic, and the main content of each article is briefly discussed for your convenience. These articles extend the knowledge in the field of non-destructive testing in civil engineering with regard to new and improved non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, their complementary application, and also the analysis of their results—including the use of sophisticated mathematical algorithms and artificial intelligence, as well as the diagnostics of materials, components, structures, entire buildings, and interesting case studies

Développement d’une procédure non intrusive basée sur la propagation des ondes élastiques pour l’évaluation de l’état des structures en béton enfouies du réseau de distribution d’Hydro-Québec

Depuis l’automne 2011, des travaux de recherches ont été réalisés par le groupe de recherche en géotechnique de l’Université de Sherbrooke afin de développer une méthode d’inspection non-destructive permettant l’évaluation de l’état de dégradation du toit des structures enfouies du réseau de distribution d’Hydro-Québec (chambre de raccordement). En plus d’être non-destructive, la méthode développée se doit d’être réalisable depuis la surface du sol et donc ne pas nécessiter d’accès direct à la structure. Cette thèse explique en détail le processus de recherche réalisé depuis l’automne 2013 qui a mené au développement d’un outil permettant de faire l’inspection d’une structure souterraine à l’aide de l’étude de la propagation des ondes élastiques dans le sol. Premièrement, un survol de l’état des connaissances montre que les méthodes géophysiques peuvent offrir une alternative intéressante aux méthodes d’inspections traditionnelles. Cette revue montre également que la propagation des ondes élastiques peut être simulée à l’aide de différentes méthodes analytiques, semi-analytiques et numériques. Deuxièmement, il est montré que les algorithmes utilisés dans cette thèse permettent l’identification et la séparation dans le domaine vitesse-fréquence de différents groupes d’ondes présents dans divers types de signaux sismiques. Ces algorithmes permettent également le calcul de l’énergie et des vitesses de groupe et de phase des différents groupes d’ondes identifiés. Troisièmement, la méthode de la matrice de propagation et des simulations numériques en 2D montrent que l’énergie et les vitesses de propagation du mode fondamental des ondes de Rayleigh varient en fonction de la profondeur d’une structure souterraine. Il est notamment montré que la présence d’une structure souterraine agit comme un guide d’onde entrainant une variation importante de la vitesse de groupe près d’une fréquence nommée phase d’Airy. Des simulations numériques en 2D réalisées sur des structures dont la surface comporte des anomalies permet de montrer que la présence de ces dernières entraîne des variations importantes de l’énergie et des vitesses de propagations des ondes élastiques calculées à partir de la variation de l’accélération verticale mesurée à la surface du modèle. Ces observations ont mené à l’élaboration d’un protocole d’inspection qui a par la suite été testée sur de vraies structures construites sur le site expérimental de l’IREQ. Ces essais sur le site expérimental ont permis de confirmer que la profondeur et l’état de dégradation de la surface du toit d’une structure souterraine affectent l’énergie et la vitesse de propagation des ondes élastiques. Quatrièmement, des simulations numériques en 3D ont été réalisées afin d’améliorer le protocole d’inspection et d’évaluer l’effet de la présence du puits d’accès reliant la structure à la surface du terrain. Ces simulations ont permis de développer un nouveau protocole d’inspection et de montrer que la présence du puits d’accès n’empêche pas la détection d’anomalies présentes à la surface d’une structure. L’efficacité de ce nouveau protocole a également été validée en réalisant de nouveaux essais sur le site expérimental de l’IREQ. Finalement, il est montré que la présence d’un revêtement rigide à la surface du sol n’empêche pas la caractérisation du profil souterrain se trouvant sous un revêtement rigide lorsque la source se trouve directement en contact avec le sol

The application of air-coupled ultrasonic systems and signal processing to the interrogation of concrete

This thesis describes the application of ultrasound to the interrogation of concrete for the retrieval of quantitative information. In particular the use of air-coupled ultrasound is applied for the first time with recent improvement in ultrasonic technology making this possible. Broadband capacitance transducers are used in tandem with pulse compression to deliver and receive ultrasonic signals with greatly improved SNR’s. Pulse compression involves the cross correlation of a chirp signal to record accurate ultrasonic time of flights. This metric is used to makes structural inferences about concrete and to compare contact and non-contact ultrasonic systems. This comparison reveals that concrete strength estimation from ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), alone is inaccurate. Other metrics such as aggregate content and humidity should also be considered. A study in to the effect of humidity on the UPV is presented and a correction factor obtained that normalises UPV around a humidity that could be considered normal to a temperate climate. Images of reinforcement bars embedded in concrete are presented using the pulse compression technique. Time-frequency (t-f) analysis is applied to ultrasonic chirp signals. Extensive simulation is carried out and a comparison between three different methods presented. This ensures accurate tracking of the ultrasonic chirp signals, which allows for frequency scattering to be examined. T-f analysis is then applied to real ultrasonic signals and it is shown how frequencies spectrums of received chirps can be de-noised using the Hough transform. Images of embedded defects are then presented. The Superheterodyne technique is then described and applied to concrete interrogation. Although not overly successful it is shown how energy distributions of received tone burst signals vary with time and the need for further work is discussed

Remote Sensing and Geosciences for Archaeology

This book collects more than 20 papers, written by renowned experts and scientists from across the globe, that showcase the state-of-the-art and forefront research in archaeological remote sensing and the use of geoscientific techniques to investigate archaeological records and cultural heritage. Very high resolution satellite images from optical and radar space-borne sensors, airborne multi-spectral images, ground penetrating radar, terrestrial laser scanning, 3D modelling, Geographyc Information Systems (GIS) are among the techniques used in the archaeological studies published in this book. The reader can learn how to use these instruments and sensors, also in combination, to investigate cultural landscapes, discover new sites, reconstruct paleo-landscapes, augment the knowledge of monuments, and assess the condition of heritage at risk. Case studies scattered across Europe, Asia and America are presented: from the World UNESCO World Heritage Site of Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa to heritage under threat in the Middle East and North Africa, from coastal heritage in the intertidal flats of the German North Sea to Early and Neolithic settlements in Thessaly. Beginners will learn robust research methodologies and take inspiration; mature scholars will for sure derive inputs for new research and applications

Ultrasonic Tomography for Detecting and Locating Defects in Concrete Structures

This thesis evaluates a particular ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT) system in order to determine its capabilities and limitations in locating defects in concrete structures; specifically tunnel linings, bridge decks, and pavements. The device, a phased-array ultrasonic tomography (UST) system that utilizes shear waves, is a significant advancement in NDT systems. Consequently, there is a need in structural engineering to verify new technologies by assessing their flaw-detecting capabilities in a variety of structural applications. The UST technique does not currently have a testing methodology that is field-ready. In order to develop a methodology, the system was evaluated based on its ability to detect simulated defects, then taken to the field to evaluate natural structural defects on public tunnels, pavements, and airport runways. Types of concrete defects the system is used to detect and localize include air- and water-filled voids, vertical cracks, horizontal delaminations, and abnormalities such as clay lumps. The device is also used to determine reinforcement depth and spacing as well as concrete thickness measurements. This research concludes that the UST system is exceptional at locating horizontal delaminations ranging from 0.05-2.0 mm (0.002-0.079 in.), and is able to differentiate between fully debonded and partially-bonded areas. Vertical cracks could only be detected once they begin to form parallel to the testing surface; however, omission of surface details was found to be a strong indicator of crack presence. Backwall surfaces up to a depth of 762 mm (30 in.) were successfully and accurately determined. Air- and water-filled voids as well as reinforcement details such as layout and depth were also successfully determined and located. With the exception of some medium-sized clay lumps (with a diameter of approximately 102 mm, or 4 in.) surrounding reinforcement, all clay lumps tested were also highly successful

Microwave Imaging of Brain Stroke:Contributions to Modeling and Inverse Problem Resolution

Brain stroke is an age-related illness which has become a major issue in our ageing societies. Early diagnosis and treatment are of high importance for the full recovery of the patient, as reminded in Anglo-Saxon countries by the abbreviation FAST (Face, Arm, Speech, Time) referring to both the four major visible signs and the necessity to act fast. In this respect, Computed Tomography (CT) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging are key diagnostic tools in clinical practice. Unfortunately, not only these modalities can neither be transported nor rapidly usable, which would allow early treatment (especially in rural environments), but also cannot be brought to the bedside of the patient to monitor the evolution of the disease. Microwave Imaging (MWI) is a potential candidate to provide fast and accurate diagnostic insights for brain stroke pathological states. The head of the patient is illuminated with low-power microwave waveforms (non-ionizing radiations), whose backscattered signals are used to generate either images of its internal structures, distributions, patterns and shapes (qualitative imaging) or directly its physical parameters such as the dielectric contrast and the permittivity values (quantitative imaging). The technology relies on the high sensitivity of microwaves on the water content of tissues to allow for the discrimination between pathological and healthy regions. This thesis focuses on both the forward modeling of the electromagnetic phenomena arising in biological tissues and the inverse scattering problem for imaging in the differential MWI (dMWI) scenario for brain stroke monitoring. It is intrinsically interdisciplinary as it requires knowledge in Biology, Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Engineering. In order to investigate the challenges arising in brain MWI, it is crucial to have accurate and efficient solvers to model electromagnetic (EM) fields at UHF/SHF-bands. The head is a distributed, heterogeneous, and lossy scatterer for which existing solvers are known to struggle at higher frequencies. Volume Integral Equation (VIE) formulations and MultiGrid (MG) approaches are investigated to find the actual solution of the field distributions for large scale problems. The EM modeling also permits to analyze the feasibility of brain MWI, which depends on the power transmission from the antennas towards the human brain. In order to estimate this transmission, simplified but still representative models, including intermediate layers -skin, fat, bone, and CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) - of the head, are proposed in the framework of simulations (analytical tools) and experimental validations (3D printed head phantom). For the imaging task, the physics of the EM scattering, leads to complex non-linear inverse scattering problems (consisting in retrieving from a set of field measurements the physical parameters which produced them) for which reliable assumptions and approximations must be found. For brain MWI, estimating and quantifying the degree of non-linearity allows for determining the scope of application of existing algorithms, for which different regularizers are applied. Modeling and inverse problem resolution for brain MWI investigated in the present work are ultimately meant to contribute to the development of a technology dedicated to brain stroke detection, differentiation, and monitoring