To pay or not to pay? Citizens' views on taxation in local authorities in Tanzania

Widespread tax evasion reflected in persistent public resistance to pay is seen as part of the problem of raising local government revenues in Tanzania. Dealing with the policy problem of revenue enhancement and tax evasion requires some understanding of the factors underlying the individual's decision whether to pay or evade taxes. However, the views of taxpayers are to a large extent ignored in this policy debate. What are the experiences, priorities, and recommendations of Tanzanian citizens with respect to payment of taxes and fees? What do people feel they get in return for taxes paid? And what do they consider to be the major challenges to improving the present system? Based on data from a recently conducted citizen survey, this paper presents the perceptions of ordinary people on local government taxation.Taxation Tax evasion Tax collection Local government Tanzania

Changing roles of health insurers in France, Germany, and the Netherlands:any lessons to learn from Bismarckian systems?

Bismarckian health systems are mainly governed by social health insurers, but their role, status, and power vary across countries and over time. We compare the role of health insurers in three distinct social health insurance systems in improving health systems' efficiency. In France, insurers work together as a single payer within a highly regulated context. Although this gives insurers substantial bargaining power, collective negotiations with providers are highly political and do not provide appropriate incentives for efficiency. Both Germany and the Netherlands have introduced competition among insurers to foster efficiency. However, the rationale of insurer competition in Germany is unclear because contracts are mostly concluded at a collective level and individual insurers have little power to influence health system efficiency. In the Netherlands, insurer competition is substantially more effective, but primarily focused on price and cost containment. In all three countries, the role of insurers has been transforming slowly to respond to common challenges of assuring care quality and continuity for an ageing population. To assure sustainability, they need to ensure that care providers cooperate with the same quality and efficiency objectives, but their capacity to do so has been limited by insufficient support to enforce public information on provider quality.</p

To Intervene or Not to Intervene? Positions of the Member States Towards the Article 18 of the European Border and Coast Guard Proposal

The paper is focused on how the “migration crisis” starting in 2015 in Europe have reshaped the attitude to the European level of border protection. The basic question is how different are the competences of European Border and Coast Guard Agency (EBCG) from the previous FRONTEX and what was the role sovereignty played in it. The paper has a character of a qualitative study where the authors compare the proposal for EBCG, mainly its Article 18 establishing the “right to intervene” in the proposal, with the final version of the document and analyzes the position of the Member states based on their posititions within the Council to the parts of the proposal that were most connected to sovereignty. The analysis is based on data collection from officials from various member states that were part of the negotiations. Apart from this “hidden agenda” the authors also analyze public statements by high-ranking government officials that often commented on the proposal

Accurate Profiling of Microbial Communities from Massively Parallel Sequencing using Convex Optimization

We describe the Microbial Community Reconstruction ({\bf MCR}) Problem, which is fundamental for microbiome analysis. In this problem, the goal is to reconstruct the identity and frequency of species comprising a microbial community, using short sequence reads from Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS) data obtained for specified genomic regions. We formulate the problem mathematically as a convex optimization problem and provide sufficient conditions for identifiability, namely the ability to reconstruct species identity and frequency correctly when the data size (number of reads) grows to infinity. We discuss different metrics for assessing the quality of the reconstructed solution, including a novel phylogenetically-aware metric based on the Mahalanobis distance, and give upper-bounds on the reconstruction error for a finite number of reads under different metrics. We propose a scalable divide-and-conquer algorithm for the problem using convex optimization, which enables us to handle large problems (with $\sim10^6$ species). We show using numerical simulations that for realistic scenarios, where the microbial communities are sparse, our algorithm gives solutions with high accuracy, both in terms of obtaining accurate frequency, and in terms of species phylogenetic resolution.Comment: To appear in SPIRE 1

Information system support in construction industry with semantic web technologies and/or autonomous reasoning agents

Information technology support is hard to find for the early design phases of the architectural design process. Many of the existing issues in such design decision support tools appear to be caused by a mismatch between the ways in which designers think and the ways in which information systems aim to give support. We therefore started an investigation of existing theories of design thinking, compared to the way in which design decision support systems provide information to the designer. We identify two main strategies towards information system support in the early design phase: (1) applications for making design try-outs, and (2) applications as autonomous reasoning agents. We outline preview implementations for both approaches and indicate to what extent these strategies can be used to improve information system support for the architectural designer

Positivity to cocaine and/or benzoylecgonine in confirmation analyses for on-road tests in Spain

Producción CientíficaWe are using real-life data in order to determine the prevalence of driving with the presence of cocaine and/or benzoylecgonine (BZE), their concentrations, and their use in combination with other drugs. This study assessed data on Spanish drivers with confirmed drug-positive results recorded by the Spanish National Traffic Agency from 2011–2016. Frequencies of positivity for cocaine and/or BZE and concentration of such substances were obtained. Comparisons and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Drivers who tested positive for cocaine and/or BZE accounted for 48.59% of the total positive results for drugs. In positive cases for both cocaine and BZE, other substances were detected in 81.74%: delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (68.19%), opioids (20.78%) and amphetamine-like substances (16.76%). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the frequency of cocaine and/or BZE positive cases decreased with age (OR:0.97) and were less likely among women (OR:0.63). Concentrations (ng/mL) of cocaine (249.30) and BZE (137.90) were higher when both substances were detected together than when detected alone. Positivity to cocaine represented an important proportion among Spanish drivers who tested positive for drugs, and polysubstance use was especially observed in more than 8 out of 10 positive cases for cocaine and/or BZE.Instituto de Salud Carlos III y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) - (RD16/0017/0006

From dangerous citizens to foreign criminals: effects on human rights and state sovereignty of recent international and European responses to the terrorist threat

The so-called “terrorist diaspora” of Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) to their countries of residence after the defeat of Daesh is a primary concern not only for European countries, but also for the international community as a whole. Some studies have been focused on the causes of this phenomenon and its effects. However, less attention has been paid to the effects of counter-terrorism measures. Since Resolution 1373, the United Nations Security Council has been developing a binding global framework against terrorism, and Resolution 2178 is the icing on this cake. This framework, accepted by many regional organizations such as the European Union and the Council of Europe, forces States to adopt measures against FTFs in areas of criminal, administrative and civil law. Firstly, these measures affect individuals because of the restrictions imposed on certain fundamental rights, such as privacy or freedom of movement. Secondly, a radical interpretation of these measures followed by its unilateral adoption can cause anarchy in the international relations between the States of origin of FTFs and the States of destination. For instance, measures preventing the movement of terrorists can be translated into the expulsion of residents or nationality deprivation, driving them to countries with less capabilities to deal with this risk. A strategy which, at the end, will increase instability in a globalised world. For these reasons, this paper proposes that the global and European frameworks against FTFs should be used as a tool to coordinate efforts, and not as a justification to defend short-term national security interests to the detriment of long-term international security.La denominada «diáspora» de combatientes terroristas extranjeros (CTE) a sus países de residencia tras la derrota del Daesh es una preocupación no sólo para los Estados europeos, sino también para la comunidad internacional en su conjunto. Varios estudios se han centrado en las causas de este fenómeno y sus efectos. Sin embargo, menos atención se ha prestado a los efectos de las medidas antiterroristas adoptadas. Desde la Resolución 1373, el Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas ha desarrollado un marco global de lucha contra el terrorismo, y la Resolución 2178 es la guinda de este papel. Este marco, aceptado por múltiples organizaciones regionales como la Unión Europea y el Consejo de Europa, obliga a los Estados a adoptar diversas medidas contra los CTE en materia de derecho penal, administrativo y civil. En primer lugar, estas medidas afectan a los individuos ya que imponen restricciones en ciertos derechos fundamentales, tales como el derecho a la libertad o a la libre circulación. En segundo lugar, una interpretación radical de estas medidas seguidas de una adopción unilateral puede causar la anarquía en las relaciones internacionales entre los Estados de origen de los CTE y los Estados de destino. Por ejemplo, las medidas que buscan prevenir la circulación de terroristas pueden traducirse en la expulsión de residentes o en la revocación de su nacionalidad, guiándolos hacia países con menos capacidades para lidiar con este riesgo. Una estrategia que, al final, incrementará la inestabilidad en un mundo globalizado. Por estas razones, este estudio propone que el marco global y europeo contra los CTE debe ser utilizado como una herramienta para coordinar esfuerzos, y no como una justificación para defender intereses de seguridad nacional a corto plazo en detrimento de la seguridad internacional a largo plazo

Older people maintaining mental health well-being through resilience : an appreciative inquiry study in four countries

Aim. To explore the experience and strategies of mental health well-being through resilience in older people across the four participating countries. Background. While there is increasing evidence of the way older people maintain physical well-being, there has not been the same emphasis when examining the ways in which older people enhance their resilience and so promote mental health well-being. Design. An Appreciative Inquiry approach was used. Method. A convenience sample of 58 people over the age of 65 years from Australia, UK, Germany, and South Africa were interviewed. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results. Participants described their experiences of mental health well-being in relation to: social isolation and loneliness; social worth; self-determination; and security. Strategies utilised include promoting resilience by maintaining community connections and relationships, keeping active, and emotional, practical and spiritual coping. Conclusion. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining mental health well-being through resilience. Although there were some variations between countries, these strategies for maintaining well-being transcended culture and nation. Relevance to clinical practice. Listening to older people through research such as the current study will help to determine what help is needed and how healthcare and policy makers can assist

Learning from experience leading to engagement: for a Europe of religion and belief diversity

The Religious Diversity and Anti-Discrimination Training Program provides a remarkable opportunity for participants of all walks of life to share opinions, concerns and needs of a variety of very real and practical issues such as the role of religion in education, accommodating religious practice in the work place, adapting social services to religio-cultural needs and limitations, engaging minorities in community development, negotiating the use of public space, gender relations, etc. Not only do participants report that the training influences their own roles in local decision-making, but the issues which they raise can be very informative for policy-makers. This Policy Brief, based upon feedback gathered systematically from participants and trainers, provides new insights and ideas to European policy-makers on emerging issues and possible interventions that need to be considered.CEJ