Emotional elicitation in the laboratory: a review from the stimuli perception paradigm

La inducción emocional es necesaria a la hora de diseñar experimentos y estudiar el efecto de las emociones sobre distintos procesos cognitivos. Existen paradigmas para llevar a cabo esta tarea que incluyen distintos tipos de estímulos que varían en función al sistema sensorial que los percibe. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar las herramientas metodológicas confeccionadas para inducción de emociones en contexto de laboratorio basada en la percepción de estímulos emocionales. Utilizando distintas bases de datos (ScienceDirect, EMBASE, PsycINFO, WOS) se encontraron más de 30 bases de estímulos realizadas durante la última década. Predominan los conjuntos de estímulos estáticos visuales, como las imágenes o palabras. Se remarca el creciente desarrollo de estímulos dinámicos, como fragmentos de videos y sonidos. Por último, se describen modalidades de presentación basadas en el olfato y en el tacto y se presenta una lista con los conjuntos y sus adaptaciones más recientes.Emotional induction is necessary when it comes to designing experiments and studying the effect of emotions on different cognitive processes. There are different paradigms to carry out this task, for example, emotional induction based on perception of stimuli. The aim of this work was to review the methodological tools made for induction of emotions in the laboratory context based on the perception of emotional stimuli. Through a bibliographic search using different databases (ScienceDirect, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science) it was found with more than 30 stimulus bases made during the last decade. The sets of visual static stimuli such as images or words predominate. Second, the growing development of dynamic stimuli such as fragments of videos and sounds is highlighted. Finally, although they appear less frequently in the literature, there is a few olfactory and haptic stimuli.Fil: Tonini, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Palermo. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Departamento de Psicología. Centro de Investigación y Posgrados; ArgentinaFil: Irrazabal, Natalia Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Palermo. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Departamento de Psicología. Centro de Investigación y Posgrados; Argentin

Metaphor: window to the native speakers' mind

This paper looks at the importance of learning and understanding metaphor among second language learners. It begins with a brief overview of the Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativity theory. It provides further discussion of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Andrew Goatly (2000) and CharterisBlack’s (2011) framework on conceptual metaphor. Discussion of these theories will highlight the critical roles played by metaphor in everyday basic communication to convey complex idea and persuasion. Failure to recognize and understand metaphor will be detrimental to L2 learners’ proficiency and hinder their ability to communicate effectively. L2 learners may also overlook important information or overemphasize trivia. The ability to recognize and understand metaphor will help L2 learners communicate effectively with the native speakers and this will provides first-hand second language cultural experience to the learners

COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Acceptance in Ethnic Minority Individuals in the United Kingdom: a mixed-methods study using Protection Motivation Theory

Background: Uptake of the COVID-19 booster vaccine among ethnic minority individuals has been lower than in the general population. However, there is little research examining the psychosocial factors that contribute to COVID-19 booster vaccine hesitancy in this population.Aim: Our study aimed to determine which factors predicted COVID-19 vaccination intention in minority ethnic individuals in Middlesbrough, using Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, in addition to demographic variables.Method: We used a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected using an online survey. Qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews. 64 minority ethnic individuals (33 females, 31 males; mage = 31.06, SD = 8.36) completed the survey assessing PMT constructs, COVID-19conspiracy beliefs and demographic factors. 42.2% had received the booster vaccine, 57.6% had not. 16 survey respondents were interviewed online to gain further insight into factors affecting booster vaccineacceptance.Results: Multiple regression analysis showed that perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 was a significant predictor of booster vaccination intention, with higher perceived susceptibility being associated with higher intention to get the booster. Additionally, COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs significantly predictedintention to get the booster vaccine, with higher conspiracy beliefs being associated with lower intention to get the booster dose. Thematic analysis of the interview data showed that barriers to COVID-19 booster vaccination included time constraints and a perceived lack of practical support in the event ofexperiencing side effects. Furthermore, there was a lack of confidence in the vaccine, with individuals seeing it as lacking sufficient research. Participants also spoke of medical mistrust due to historical events involving medical experimentation on minority ethnic individuals.Conclusion: PMT and conspiracy beliefs predict COVID-19 booster vaccination in minority ethnic individuals. To help increase vaccine uptake, community leaders need to be involved in addressing people’s concerns, misassumptions, and lack of confidence in COVID-19 vaccination

Evaluating and Validating Emotion Elicitation Using English and Arabic Movie Clips on a Saudi Sample

With the advancement of technology in both hardware and software, estimating human affective states has become possible. Currently, movie clips are used as they are a widely-accepted method of eliciting emotions in a replicable way. However, cultural differences might influence the effectiveness of some video clips to elicit the target emotions. In this paper, we describe several sensors and techniques to measure, validate and investigate the relationship between cultural acceptance and eliciting universal expressions of affect using movie clips. For emotion elicitation, a standardised list of English language clips, as well as an initial set of Arabic video clips are used for comparison. For validation, bio-signal devices to measure physiological and behavioural responses associated with emotional stimuli are used. Physiological and behavioural responses are measured from 29 subjects of Arabic background while watching the selected clips. For the six emotions’ classification, a multiclass SVM (six-class) classifier using the physiological and behavioural measures as input results in a higher recognition rate for elicited emotions from Arabic video clips (avg. 60%) compared to the English video clips (avg. 52%). These results might reflect that using video clips from the subjects’ culture is more likely to elicit the target emotions. Besides measuring the physiological and behavioural responses, an online survey was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the selected video clips in eliciting the target emotions. The online survey, having on average 220 respondents for each clip, supported the findings

Tune your brown clustering, please

Brown clustering, an unsupervised hierarchical clustering technique based on ngram mutual information, has proven useful in many NLP applications. However, most uses of Brown clustering employ the same default configuration; the appropriateness of this configuration has gone predominantly unexplored. Accordingly, we present information for practitioners on the behaviour of Brown clustering in order to assist hyper-parametre tuning, in the form of a theoretical model of Brown clustering utility. This model is then evaluated empirically in two sequence labelling tasks over two text types. We explore the dynamic between the input corpus size, chosen number of classes, and quality of the resulting clusters, which has an impact for any approach using Brown clustering. In every scenario that we examine, our results reveal that the values most commonly used for the clustering are sub-optimal