Energy Harvesting Aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

This paper considers energy efficiency of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Many routing protocols for sensor network have been proposed, some of them tried to cope with the ad-hoc nature while some others focus on improving the energy efficiency. We propose an Energy Harvesting Aware Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV-EHA) that not only inherits the advantage of existing AODV in dealing with WSN's ad hoc nature, but also make use of the energy harvesting capability of the sensor nodes in the network, which is very meaningful to the data transmission in the environmental and military applications under consideration. Simulations results show the proposed routing protocol has advantages over competing routing protocols in terms of energy cost for data packet delivery

Energy-aware routing protocols in wireless sensor networks

Saving energy and increasing network lifetime are significant challenges in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Energy-aware routing protocols have been introduced for WSNs to overcome limitations of WSN including limited power resources and difficulties renewing or recharging sensor nodes batteries. Furthermore, the potentially inhospitable environments of sensor locations, in some applications, such as the bottom of the ocean, or inside tornados also have to be considered. ZigBee is one of the latest communication standards designed for WSNs based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The ZigBee standard supports two routing protocols, the Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), and the cluster-tree routing protocols. These protocols are implemented to establish the network, form clusters, and transfer data between the nodes. The AODV and the cluster-tree routing protocols are two of the most efficient routing protocols in terms of reducing the control message overhead, reducing the bandwidth usage in the network, and reducing the power consumption of wireless sensor nodes compared to other routing protocols. However, neither of these protocols considers the energy level or the energy consumption rate of the wireless sensor nodes during the establishment or routing processes. (Continues...)

Reducing energy consumption in mobile ad-hoc sensor networks

PhD ThesisRecent rapid development of wireless communication technologies and portable mobile devices such as tablets, smartphones and wireless sensors bring the best out of mobile computing, particularly Mobile Ad-hoc Sensor Networks (MASNETs). MASNETs are types of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) that are designed to consider energy in mind because they have severe resource constraints due to their lack of processing power, limited memory, and bandwidth as in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Hence, they have the characteristics, requirements, and limitations of both MANETs and WSNs. There are many potential applications of MASNETs such as a real-time target tracking and an ocean temperature monitoring. In these applications, mobility is the fundamental characteristic of the sensor nodes, and it poses many challenges to the routing algorithm. One of the greatest challenge is to provide a routing algorithm that is capable of dynamically changing its topology in the mobile environment with minimal consumption of energy. In MASNETs, the main reason of the topology change is because of the movement of mobile sensor nodes and not the node failure due to energy depletion. Since these sensor nodes are limited in power supply and have low radio frequency coverage, they easily lose their connection with neighbours, and face diffi culties in updating their routing tables. The switching process from one coverage area to another consumes more energy. This network must be able to adaptively alter the routing paths to minimize the effects of variable wireless link quality, topological changes, and transmission power levels on energy consumption of the network. Hence, nodes prefer to use as little transmission power as necessary and transmit control packets as infrequently as possible in energy constrained MASNETs. Therefore, in this thesis we propose a new dynamic energy-aware routing algorithm based on the trans- mission power control (TPC). This method effectively decreases the average percentage of packet loss and reduces the average total energy consumption which indirectly pro- long the network lifetime of MASNETs. To validate the proposed protocol, we ran the simulation on the Avrora simulator and varied speed, density, and route update interval of mobile nodes. Finally, the performance of the proposed routing algorithm was measured and compared against the basic Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing algorithm in MASNETs.The Ministry of Education of Malaysia: The Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

An altruistic cross-layer recovering mechanism for ad hoc wireless networks

Video streaming services have restrictive delay and bandwidth constraints. Ad hoc networks represent a hostile environment for this kind of real-time data transmission. Emerging mesh networks, where a backbone provides more topological stability, do not even assure a high quality of experience. In such scenario, mobility of terminal nodes causes link breakages until a new route is calculated. In the meanwhile, lost packets cause annoying video interruptions to the receiver. This paper proposes a new mechanism of recovering lost packets by means of caching overheard packets in neighbor nodes and retransmit them to destination. Moreover, an optimization is shown, which involves a video-aware cache in order to recover full frames and prioritize more significant frames. Results show the improvement in reception, increasing the throughput as well as video quality, whereas larger video interruptions are considerably reduced. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Arce Vila, P.; Guerri Cebollada, JC. (2015). An altruistic cross-layer recovering mechanism for ad hoc wireless networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. 15(13):1744-1758. doi:10.1002/wcm.2459S174417581513Li J Blake C De Couto DSJ Lee HI Morris R Capacity of ad hoc wireless networks Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networks (MobiCom) 2001 61 69Akyildiz, I. F., & Xudong Wang. (2005). A survey on wireless mesh networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 43(9), S23-S30. doi:10.1109/mcom.2005.1509968Hsu, C.-J., Liu, H.-I., & Seah, W. K. G. (2011). Opportunistic routing – A review and the challenges ahead. Computer Networks, 55(15), 3592-3603. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2011.06.021Huang, X., Zhai, H., & Fang, Y. (2008). Robust cooperative routing protocol in mobile wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 7(12), 5278-5285. doi:10.1109/t-wc.2008.060680Wieselthier, J. E., Nguyen, G. D., & Ephremides, A. (2001). Mobile Networks and Applications, 6(3), 251-263. doi:10.1023/a:1011478717164Clausen T Jacquet P Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), IETF RFC 3626 2003 http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3626.txtMarina, M. K., & Das, S. R. (2006). Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 6(7), 969-988. doi:10.1002/wcm.432Zhou X Lu Y Ma HG Routing improvement using multiple disjoint paths for ad hoc networks International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks (IFIP) 2006 1 5Fujisawa H Minami H Yamamoto M Izumi Y Fujita Y Route selection using retransmission packets for video streaming on ad hoc networks IEEE Conference on Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS) 2006 607 610Badis H Agha KA QOLSR multi-path routing for mobile ad hoc networks based on multiple metrics: bandwidth and delay IEEE 59th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) 2004 2181 2184Wu Z Wu J Cross-layer routing optimization for video transmission over wireless ad hoc networks 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications Networks and Mobile Computing (WiCOM) 2010 1 6Schier, M., & Welzl, M. (2012). Optimizing Selective ARQ for H.264 Live Streaming: A Novel Method for Predicting Loss-Impact in Real Time. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 14(2), 415-430. doi:10.1109/tmm.2011.2178235Nikoupour M Nikoupour A Dehghan M A cross-layer framework for video streaming over wireless ad-hoc networks 3rd International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM) 2008 340 345Yamamoto R Miyoshi T Distributed retransmission method using neighbor terminals for ad hoc networks Proceedings of the 14th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC) 2008 1 5Gravalos I Kokkinos P Varvarigos EA Multi-criteria cooperative energy-aware routing in wireless ad-hoc networks Proceedings of the 9th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) 2013 387 393Abid, R. M., Benbrahim, T., & Biaz, S. (2010). IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks for Last-Mile Internet Access: An Open-Source Real-World Indoor Testbed Implementation. Wireless Sensor Network, 02(10), 725-738. doi:10.4236/wsn.2010.210088Yen, Y.-S., Chang, R.-S., & Wu, C.-Y. (2011). A seamless handoff scheme for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 13(2), 157-169. doi:10.1002/wcm.1102Liangzhong Yin, & Guohong Cao. (2006). Supporting cooperative caching in ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 5(1), 77-89. doi:10.1109/tmc.2006.15Biswas S Morris R ExOR: opportunistic multi-hop routing for wireless networks Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM 2005 133 144Chachulski S Jennings M Katti S Katabi D Trading structure for randomness in wireless opportunistic routing Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM 2007 169 180Kohler E Handley M Floyd S Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), IETF RFC 4340 2006 http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4340.txtSchierl, T., Ganger, K., Hellge, C., Wiegand, T., & Stockhammer, T. (2006). SVC-based multisource streaming for robust video transmission in mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 13(5), 96-103. doi:10.1109/wc-m.2006.250365Iera, A., Molinaro, A., Paratore, S. Y., Ruggeri, G., & Zurzolo, A. (2011). Making a mesh router/gateway from a smartphone: Is that a practical solution? Ad Hoc Networks, 9(8), 1414-1429. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2011.03.00

Energy-Efficient Multi-Level and Distance-Aware Clustering Mechanism for WSNs

[EN] Most sensor networks are deployed at hostile environments to sense and gather specific information. As sensor nodes have battery constraints, therefore, the research community is trying to propose energyefficient solutions for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to prolong the lifetime of the network. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient multi-level and distance-aware clustering (EEMDC) mechanism for WSNs. In this mechanism, the area of the network is divided into three logical layers, which depends upon the hop-count-based distance from the base station. The simulation outcomes show that EEMDC is more energy efficient than other existing conventional approaches.This work has been partially supported by the 'Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion', through the 'Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2008-2011' in the 'Subprograma de Proyectos de Investigacion Fundamental', project TEC2011-27516, and by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, through the PAID-15-11 multidisciplinary projectsMehmood, A.; Khan, S.; Shams, B.; Lloret, J. (2015). Energy-Efficient Multi-Level and Distance-Aware Clustering Mechanism for WSNs. International Journal of Communication Systems. 28(5):972-989. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.2720S972989285Sendra, S., Lloret, J., Garcia, M., & Toledo, J. F. (2011). Power Saving and Energy Optimization Techniques for Wireless Sensor Neworks (Invited Paper). Journal of Communications, 6(6). doi:10.4304/jcm.6.6.439-459Bri D Garcia M Lloret J Dini P Real deployments of wireless sensor networks Third International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2009) 2009 8 23GUI, L., VAL, T., & WEI, A. (2011). A Novel Two-Class Localization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 3(3). doi:10.5296/npa.v3i3.863Rajeswari, A., & P.T, K. (2011). A Novel Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Spatial Correlation Based Collaborative Medium Access Control Combined with Hybrid MAC. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 3(4). doi:10.5296/npa.v3i4.1296Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Tomás, J., & Boronat, F. (2008). GBP-WAHSN: A Group-Based Protocol for Large Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 23(3), 461-480. doi:10.1007/s11390-008-9147-6Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Bri, D., & Diaz, J. (2009). A Cluster-Based Architecture to Structure the Topology of Parallel Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 9(12), 10513-10544. doi:10.3390/s91210513LEHSAINI, M., GUYENNET, H., & FEHAM, M. (2010). Cluster-based Energy-efficient k-Coverage for Wireless Sensor Networks. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 2(2). doi:10.5296/npa.v2i2.325Liu, G., Xu, B., & Chen, H. (2011). Decentralized estimation over noisy channels in cluster-based wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 25(10), 1313-1329. doi:10.1002/dac.1308Cheng, L., Chen, C., Ma, J., & Shu, L. (2011). Contention-based geographic forwarding in asynchronous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 25(12), 1585-1602. doi:10.1002/dac.1325Wang, X., & Qian, H. (2011). Hierarchical and low-power IPv6 address configuration for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 25(12), 1513-1529. doi:10.1002/dac.1318Zhang, D., Yang, Z., Raychoudhury, V., Chen, Z., & Lloret, J. (2013). An Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol Using Movement Trends in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks. The Computer Journal, 56(8), 938-946. doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxt028Chen, J.-S., Hong, Z.-W., Wang, N.-C., & Jhuang, S.-H. (2010). Efficient Cluster Head Selection Methods for Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Networks, 5(8). doi:10.4304/jnw.5.8.964-970Peiravi, A., Mashhadi, H. R., & Hamed Javadi, S. (2011). An optimal energy-efficient clustering method in wireless sensor networks using multi-objective genetic algorithm. International Journal of Communication Systems, 26(1), 114-126. doi:10.1002/dac.1336Zeynali, M., Mollanejad, A., & Khanli, L. M. (2011). Novel hierarchical routing protocol in wireless sensor network. Procedia Computer Science, 3, 292-300. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2010.12.050Heinzelman W Chandrakasan A Balakrishnan H Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) 2000 3005 3014Wang, A., Yang, D., & Sun, D. (2012). A clustering algorithm based on energy information and cluster heads expectation for wireless sensor networks. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 38(3), 662-671. doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2011.11.017Gou H Yoo Y An energy balancing LEACH algorithm for wireless sensor networks Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG) 2010Ding, P., Holliday, J., & Celik, A. (2005). Distributed Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 322-339. doi:10.1007/11502593_25Bandyopadhyay S Coyle E An energy-efficient hierarchical clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks The 32nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Communication (INFOCOM 2003) 2003Jarry, A., Leone, P., Nikoletseas, S., & Rolim, J. (2011). Optimal data gathering paths and energy-balance mechanisms in wireless networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 9(6), 1036-1048. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.11.003Zhu, Y., Wu, W., Pan, J., & Tang, Y. (2010). An energy-efficient data gathering algorithm to prolong lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications, 33(5), 639-647. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2009.11.008Khamfroush H Saadat R Khademzadeh A Khamfroush K Lifetime increase for wireless sensor networks using cluster-based routing International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology-Spring Conference (IACSIT-SC 2009) 2009Li, H., Liu, Y., Chen, W., Jia, W., Li, B., & Xiong, J. (2013). COCA: Constructing optimal clustering architecture to maximize sensor network lifetime. Computer Communications, 36(3), 256-268. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2012.10.006Aslam N Phillips W Robertson W Sivakumar S A multi-criterion optimization technique for energy efficient cluster formation in wireless sensor networks 4th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, (CCNC 2007) 2007 650 654Yi, S., Heo, J., Cho, Y., & Hong, J. (2007). PEACH: Power-efficient and adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol for wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications, 30(14-15), 2842-2852. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2007.05.034Yong, Z., & Pei, Q. (2012). A Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Algorithm Based on Distance and Residual Energy for Wireless Sensor Networks. Procedia Engineering, 29, 1882-1888. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.231Chuan-Chi W A minimum transmission energy consumption routing protocol for user-centric wireless networks 2011 1143 1148Kumar, D., Aseri, T. C., & Patel, R. B. (2009). EEHC: Energy efficient heterogeneous clustered scheme for wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications, 32(4), 662-667. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2008.11.025Kim KT Moon SS Tree-Based Clustering (TBC) for energy efficient wireless sensor networks IEEE 24th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA) 2010 680 685Yu, J., Qi, Y., Wang, G., & Gu, X. (2012). A cluster-based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks with nonuniform node distribution. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 66(1), 54-61. doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2011.05.002Ye M Li C Wu J EECS: an Energy Efficient Clustering Scheme in wireless sensor networks 24th IEEE International Performance on Computing, and Communications Conference 2005 535 540Gautama N Lee W Pyun J Dynamic clustering and distance aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks PE-WASUN'09 2009Heinzelman, W. B., Chandrakasan, A. P., & Balakrishnan, H. (2002). An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 1(4), 660-670. doi:10.1109/twc.2002.804190Lai, W. K., Fan, C. S., & Lin, L. Y. (2012). Arranging cluster sizes and transmission ranges for wireless sensor networks. Information Sciences, 183(1), 117-131. doi:10.1016/j.ins.2011.08.029Pantazis, N. A., Vergados, D. J., Vergados, D. D., & Douligeris, C. (2009). Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks using sleep mode TDMA scheduling. Ad Hoc Networks, 7(2), 322-343. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2008.03.006OMNeT++ Community Documentation and Tutorials of omnet++ http://www.omnetpp.org/Castallia Documentation and Tutorials of Castalia Simulator for WSN and BAN http://castalia.research.nicta.com.au/index.php/en/Research Group on Computer Networks and Multimedia Communication UFPA - Brazil Download-Leach-v2-for-Castalia http://www.gercom.ufpa.br/index.php?option=com_filecabinet&view=files&id=1&Itemid=31&lang=p

Adaptive Cross-Layer Multipath Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

[EN] Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are generally created for temporary scenarios. In such scenarios, where nodes are in mobility, efficient routing is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose an adaptive and cross-layer multipath routing protocol for such changing scenarios. Our routing mechanisms operate keeping in view the type of applications. For simple applications, the proposed protocol is inspired from traditional on-demand routing protocols by searching shortest routes from source to destination using default parameters. In case of multimedia applications, the proposed mechanism considers such routes which are capable of providing more data rates having less packet loss ratio. For those applications which need security, the proposed mechanism searches such routes which are more secure in nature as compared to others. Cross-layer methodology is used in proposed routing scheme so as to exchange different parameters across the protocol stack for better decision-making at network layer. Our approach is efficient and fault tolerant in a variety of scenarios that we simulated and tested.The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this research group no. 037-1435-RG.Iqbal, Z.; Khan, S.; Mehmood, A.; Lloret, J.; Alrajeh, NA. (2016). Adaptive Cross-Layer Multipath Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Journal of Sensors. 2016:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5486437S1182016Abusalah, L., Khokhar, A., & Guizani, M. (2008). A survey of secure mobile Ad Hoc routing protocols. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 10(4), 78-93. doi:10.1109/surv.2008.080407Murthy, S., & Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. (1996). An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 1(2), 183-197. doi:10.1007/bf01193336Toh, C.-K. (1997). Wireless Personal Communications, 4(2), 103-139. doi:10.1023/a:1008812928561Pearlman, M. R., & Haas, Z. J. (1999). Determining the optimal configuration for the zone routing protocol. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 17(8), 1395-1414. doi:10.1109/49.779922ZHEN, Y., WU, M., WU, D., ZHANG, Q., & XU, C. (2010). Toward path reliability by using adaptive multi-path routing mechanism for multimedia service in mobile Ad-hoc network. The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications, 17(1), 93-100. doi:10.1016/s1005-8885(09)60431-3Sivakumar, R., Sinha, P., & Bharghavan, V. (1999). CEDAR: a core-extraction distributed ad hoc routing algorithm. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 17(8), 1454-1465. doi:10.1109/49.779926Zapata, M. G. (2002). Secure ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 6(3), 106-107. doi:10.1145/581291.581312Khan, S., & Loo, J. (2010). Cross Layer Secure and Resource-Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 62(1), 201-214. doi:10.1007/s11277-010-0048-ySharma, V., & Alam, B. (2012). Unicaste Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey. International Journal of Computer Applications, 51(14), 9-18. doi:10.5120/8108-1714Tarique, M., Tepe, K. E., Adibi, S., & Erfani, S. (2009). Survey of multipath routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 32(6), 1125-1143. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2009.07.002Shiwen Mao, Shunan Lin, Yao Wang, Panwar, S. S., & Yihan Li. (2005). Multipath video transport over ad hoc networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 12(4), 42-49. doi:10.1109/mwc.2005.1497857Li, Z., Chen, Q., Zhu, G., Choi, Y., & Sekiya, H. (2015). A Low Latency, Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 11(8), 946587. doi:10.1155/2015/946587Zheng, Z., Liu, A., Cai, L. X., Chen, Z., & Shen, X. (2016). Energy and memory efficient clone detection in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 15(5), 1130-1143. doi:10.1109/tmc.2015.2449847Dong, M., Ota, K., Liu, A., & Guo, M. (2016). Joint Optimization of Lifetime and Transport Delay under Reliability Constraint Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 27(1), 225-236. doi:10.1109/tpds.2015.2388482Hamrioui, S., Lorenz, P., Lloret, J., & Lalam, M. (2013). A Cross Layer Solution for Better Interactions Between Routing and Transport Protocols in MANET. Journal of Computing and Information Technology, 21(3), 137. doi:10.2498/cit.1002136Sanchez-Iborra, R., & Cano, M.-D. (2014). An approach to a cross layer-based QoE improvement for MANET routing protocols. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 6(3), 18. doi:10.5296/npa.v6i3.5827Cho, J.-H., Swami, A., & Chen, I.-R. (2011). A Survey on Trust Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 13(4), 562-583. doi:10.1109/surv.2011.092110.0008

MWAHCA: A Multimedia Wireless Ad Hoc Cluster Architecture

Wireless Ad hoc networks provide a flexible and adaptable infrastructure to transport data over a great variety of environments. Recently, real-time audio and video data transmission has been increased due to the appearance of many multimedia applications. One of the major challenges is to ensure the quality of multimedia streams when they have passed through a wireless ad hoc network. It requires adapting the network architecture to the multimedia QoS requirements. In this paper we propose a new architecture to organize and manage cluster-based ad hoc networks in order to provide multimedia streams. Proposed architecture adapts the network wireless topology in order to improve the quality of audio and video transmissions. In order to achieve this goal, the architecture uses some information such as each node's capacity and the QoS parameters (bandwidth, delay, jitter, and packet loss). The architecture splits the network into clusters which are specialized in specific multimedia traffic. The real system performance study provided at the end of the paper will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposal.Díaz Santos, JR.; Lloret, J.; Jimenez, JM.; Sendra, S. (2014). MWAHCA: A Multimedia Wireless Ad Hoc Cluster Architecture. Scientific World Journal. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/913046S2014Lacuesta, R., Lloret, J., Garcia, M., & Peñalver, L. (2010). A Spontaneous Ad Hoc Network to Share WWW Access. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2010(1). doi:10.1155/2010/232083Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Tomás, J., & Boronat, F. (2008). GBP-WAHSN: A Group-Based Protocol for Large Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 23(3), 461-480. doi:10.1007/s11390-008-9147-6Yu, J. Y., & Chong, P. H. J. (2005). A survey of clustering schemes for mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 7(1), 32-48. doi:10.1109/comst.2005.1423333Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Bri, D., & Diaz, J. (2009). A Cluster-Based Architecture to Structure the Topology of Parallel Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 9(12), 10513-10544. doi:10.3390/s91210513LEHSAINI, M., GUYENNET, H., & FEHAM, M. (2010). Cluster-based Energy-efficient k-Coverage for Wireless Sensor Networks. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 2(2). doi:10.5296/npa.v2i2.325Zhou, C., & Maxemchuk, N. (2011). Distributed Bottleneck Flow Control in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 3(1). doi:10.5296/npa.v3i1.576Zhang, R., Cai, L., Pan, J., & Shen, X. (Sherman). (2011). Resource management for video streaming in ad hoc networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 9(4), 623-634. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.08.012Tarique, M. (2010). ISSUES OF LONG-HOP AND SHORT-HOP ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 2(2). doi:10.5296/npa.v2i2.430Abdrabou, A., & Zhuang, W. (2009). Statistical QoS routing for IEEE 802.11 multihop ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 8(3), 1542-1552. doi:10.1109/twc.2008.080573Kandris, D., Tsagkaropoulos, M., Politis, I., Tzes, A., & Kotsopoulos, S. (2011). Energy efficient and perceived QoS aware video routing over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 9(4), 591-607. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.09.00

ETARP: An Energy Efficient Trust-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

his paper presents a new routing protocol called Secure and Energy Aware Routing Protocol (ETARP) designed for energy efficiency and security for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). ETARP attempts to deal with WSN applications operating in extreme environments such as the battleield. The key part of the routing protocol is route selection based on utility theory. The concept of utility is a novel approach to simultaneously factor energy eiciency and trustworthiness of routes in the routing protocol. ETARP discovers and selects routes on the basis of maximum utility with incurring additional cost in overhead compared to the commonAODV (Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector) routing protocol. Simulation results show that, in comparison to previously proposed routing protocols, namely, AODV-EHA and LTB-AODV (Light-Weight Trust-Based Routing Protocol), the proposed ETARP can keep the same security level while achieving more energy eiciency for data packet delivery

Fault tolerant mechanism for multimedia flows in wireless ad hoc networks based on fast switching paths

Multimedia traffic can be forwarded through a wireless ad hoc network using the available resources of the nodes. Several models and protocols have been designed in order to organize and arrange the nodes to improve transmissions along the network. We use a cluster-based framework, called MWAHCA architecture, which optimizes multimedia transmissions over a wireless ad hoc network. It was proposed by us in a previous research work. This architecture is focused on decreasing quality of service (QoS) parameters like latency, jitter, and packet loss, but other network features were not developed, like load balance or fault tolerance. In this paper, we propose a new fault tolerance mechanism, using as a base the MWAHCA architecture, in order to recover any multimedia flow crossing the wireless ad hoc network when there is a node failure. The algorithm can run independently for each multimedia flow. The main objective is to keep the QoS parameters as low as possible. To achieve this goal, the convergence time must be controlled and reduced. This paper provides the designed protocol, the analytical model of the algorithm, and a software application developed to test its performance in a real laboratory.This work has been partially supported by Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Next Generation Networks and Applications Group (NetGNA), Covilha Delegation, and by National Funding from the FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through the Pest-OE/EEI/LA0008/2013 Project.Díaz Santos, JR.; Lloret, J.; Jimenez, JM.; Sendra, S.; Rodrigues, JJPC. (2014). Fault tolerant mechanism for multimedia flows in wireless ad hoc networks based on fast switching paths. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2014:1-12. doi:10.1155/2014/361543S1122014Sendra, S., Lloret, J., Garcia, M., & Toledo, J. F. (2011). Power Saving and Energy Optimization Techniques for Wireless Sensor Neworks (Invited Paper). 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