Viewpoints on emergent semantics

Authors include:Philippe Cudr´e-Mauroux, and Karl Aberer (editors), Alia I. Abdelmoty, Tiziana Catarci, Ernesto Damiani, Arantxa Illaramendi, Robert Meersman, Erich J. Neuhold, Christine Parent, Kai-Uwe Sattler, Monica Scannapieco, Stefano Spaccapietra, Peter Spyns, and Guy De Tr´eWe introduce a novel view on how to deal with the problems of semantic interoperability in distributed systems. This view is based on the concept of emergent semantics, which sees both the representation of semantics and the discovery of the proper interpretation of symbols as the result of a self-organizing process performed by distributed agents exchanging symbols and having utilities dependent on the proper interpretation of the symbols. This is a complex systems perspective on the problem of dealing with semantics. We highlight some of the distinctive features of our vision and point out preliminary examples of its applicatio

Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey

As we are moving towards the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of sensors deployed around the world is growing at a rapid pace. Market research has shown a significant growth of sensor deployments over the past decade and has predicted a significant increment of the growth rate in the future. These sensors continuously generate enormous amounts of data. However, in order to add value to raw sensor data we need to understand it. Collection, modelling, reasoning, and distribution of context in relation to sensor data plays critical role in this challenge. Context-aware computing has proven to be successful in understanding sensor data. In this paper, we survey context awareness from an IoT perspective. We present the necessary background by introducing the IoT paradigm and context-aware fundamentals at the beginning. Then we provide an in-depth analysis of context life cycle. We evaluate a subset of projects (50) which represent the majority of research and commercial solutions proposed in the field of context-aware computing conducted over the last decade (2001-2011) based on our own taxonomy. Finally, based on our evaluation, we highlight the lessons to be learnt from the past and some possible directions for future research. The survey addresses a broad range of techniques, methods, models, functionalities, systems, applications, and middleware solutions related to context awareness and IoT. Our goal is not only to analyse, compare and consolidate past research work but also to appreciate their findings and discuss their applicability towards the IoT.Comment: IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials Journal, 201

SMILE: smart monitoring intelligent learning engine. An ontology-based context-aware system for supporting patients subjected to severe emergencies

Remote healthcare has made a revolution in the healthcare domain. However, an important problem this field is facing is supporting patients who are subjected to severe emergencies (as heart attacks) to be both monitored and protected while being at home. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework with the main objectives of: 1) emergency handling through monitoring patients, detecting emergencies and insuring fast emergency responses; 2) preventing an emergency from happening in the first place through protecting patients by organising their lifestyles and habits. To achieve these objectives, we propose a layered middleware. Our context model combines two modelling methods: probabilistic modelling to capture uncertain information and ontology to ease knowledge sharing and reuse. In addition, our system uses a two-level reasoning approach (ontology-based reasoning and Bayesian-based reasoning) to manage both certain and uncertain contextual parameters in an adaptive manner. Bayesian network is learned from ontology. Moreover, to ensure a more sophisticated decision-making for service presentation, influence diagram and analytic hierarchy process are used along with regular probabilistic rules (confidence level) and basic semantic logic rules

Treatment of imprecision in data repositories with the aid of KNOLAP

Traditional data repositories introduced for the needs of business processing, typically focus on the storage and querying of crisp domains of data. As a result, current commercial data repositories have no facilities for either storing or querying imprecise/ approximate data. No significant attempt has been made for a generic and applicationindependent representation of value imprecision mainly as a property of axes of analysis and also as part of dynamic environment, where potential users may wish to define their “own” axes of analysis for querying either precise or imprecise facts. In such cases, measured values and facts are characterised by descriptive values drawn from a number of dimensions, whereas values of a dimension are organised as hierarchical levels. A solution named H-IFS is presented that allows the representation of flexible hierarchies as part of the dimension structures. An extended multidimensional model named IF-Cube is put forward, which allows the representation of imprecision in facts and dimensions and answering of queries based on imprecise hierarchical preferences. Based on the H-IFS and IF-Cube concepts, a post relational OLAP environment is delivered, the implementation of which is DBMS independent and its performance solely dependent on the underlying DBMS engine

Evaluating Human-Language Model Interaction

Many real-world applications of language models (LMs), such as writing assistance and code autocomplete, involve human-LM interaction. However, most benchmarks are non-interactive in that a model produces output without human involvement. To evaluate human-LM interaction, we develop a new framework, Human-AI Language-based Interaction Evaluation (HALIE), that defines the components of interactive systems and dimensions to consider when designing evaluation metrics. Compared to standard, non-interactive evaluation, HALIE captures (i) the interactive process, not only the final output; (ii) the first-person subjective experience, not just a third-party assessment; and (iii) notions of preference beyond quality (e.g., enjoyment and ownership). We then design five tasks to cover different forms of interaction: social dialogue, question answering, crossword puzzles, summarization, and metaphor generation. With four state-of-the-art LMs (three variants of OpenAI's GPT-3 and AI21 Labs' Jurassic-1), we find that better non-interactive performance does not always translate to better human-LM interaction. In particular, we highlight three cases where the results from non-interactive and interactive metrics diverge and underscore the importance of human-LM interaction for LM evaluation.Comment: Authored by the Center for Research on Foundation Models (CRFM) at the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI

Semantic metadata for supporting exploratory OLAP

Cotutela Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya i Aalborg UniversitetOn-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) is an approach widely used for data analysis. OLAP is based on the multidimensional (MD) data model where factual data are related to their analytical perspectives called dimensions and together they form an n-dimensional data space referred to as data cube. MD data are typically stored in a data warehouse, which integrates data from in-house data sources, and then analyzed by means of OLAP operations, e.g., sales data can be (dis)aggregated along the location dimension. As OLAP proved to be quite intuitive, it became broadly accepted by non-technical and business users. However, as users still encountered difficulties in their analysis, different approaches focused on providing user assistance. These approaches collect situational metadata about users and their actions and provide suggestions and recommendations that can help users' analysis. However, although extensively exploited and evidently needed, little attention is paid to metadata in this context. Furthermore, new emerging tendencies call for expanding the use of OLAP to consider external data sources and heterogeneous settings. This leads to the Exploratory OLAP approach that especially argues for the use of Semantic Web (SW) technologies to facilitate the description and integration of external sources. With data becoming publicly available on the (Semantic) Web, the number and diversity of non-technical users are also significantly increasing. Thus, the metadata to support their analysis become even more relevant. This PhD thesis focuses on metadata for supporting Exploratory OLAP. The study explores the kinds of metadata artifacts used for the user assistance purposes and how they are exploited to provide assistance. Based on these findings, the study then aims at providing theoretical and practical means such as models, algorithms, and tools to address the gaps and challenges identified. First, based on a survey of existing user assistance approaches related to OLAP, the thesis proposes the analytical metadata (AM) framework. The framework includes the definition of the assistance process, the AM artifacts that are classified in a taxonomy, and the artifacts organization and related types of processing to support the user assistance. Second, the thesis proposes a semantic metamodel for AM. Hence, Resource Description Framework (RDF) is used to represent the AM artifacts in a flexible and re-usable manner, while the metamodeling abstraction level is used to overcome the heterogeneity of (meta)data models in the Exploratory OLAP context. Third, focusing on the schema as a fundamental metadata artifact for enabling OLAP, the thesis addresses some important challenges on constructing an MD schema on the SW using RDF. It provides the algorithms, method, and tool to construct an MD schema over statistical linked open data sets. Especially, the focus is on enabling that even non-technical users can perform this task. Lastly, the thesis deals with queries as the second most relevant artifact for user assistance. In the spirit of Exploratory OLAP, the thesis proposes an RDF-based model for OLAP queries created by instantiating the previously proposed metamodel. This model supports the sharing and reuse of queries across the SW and facilitates the metadata preparation for the assistance exploitation purposes. Finally, the results of this thesis provide metadata foundations for supporting Exploratory OLAP and advocate for greater attention to the modeling and use of semantics related to metadata.El processament analític en línia (OLAP) és una tècnica àmpliament utilitzada per a l'anàlisi de dades. OLAP es basa en el model multi-dimensional (MD) de dades, on dades factuals es relacionen amb les seves perspectives analítiques, anomenades dimensions, i conjuntament formen un espai de dades n-dimensional anomenat cub de dades. Les dades MD s'emmagatzemen típicament en un data warehouse (magatzem de dades), el qual integra dades de fonts internes, les quals posteriorment s'analitzen mitjançant operacions OLAP, per exemple, dades de vendes poden ser (des)agregades a partir de la dimensió ubicació. Un cop OLAP va ser provat com a intuïtiu, va ser ampliament acceptat tant per usuaris no tècnics com de negoci. Tanmateix, donat que els usuaris encara trobaven dificultats per a realitzar el seu anàlisi, diferents tècniques s'han enfocat en la seva assistència. Aquestes tècniques recullen metadades situacionals sobre els usuaris i les seves accions, i proporcionen suggerències i recomanacions per tal d'ajudar en aquest anàlisi. Tot i ésser extensivament emprades i necessàries, poca atenció s'ha prestat a les metadades en aquest context. A més a més, les noves tendències demanden l'expansió d'ús d'OLAP per tal de considerar fonts de dades externes en escenaris heterogenis. Això ens porta a la tècnica d'OLAP exploratori, la qual es basa en l'ús de tecnologies en la web semàntica (SW) per tal de facilitar la descripció i integració d'aquestes fonts externes. Amb les dades essent públicament disponibles a la web (semàntica), el nombre i diversitat d'usuaris no tècnics també incrementa signifícativament. Així doncs, les metadades per suportar el seu anàlisi esdevenen més rellevants. Aquesta tesi doctoral s'enfoca en l'ús de metadades per suportar OLAP exploratori. L'estudi explora els tipus d'artefactes de metadades utilitzats per l'assistència a l'usuari, i com aquests són explotats per proporcionar assistència. Basat en aquestes troballes, l'estudi preté proporcionar mitjans teòrics i pràctics, com models, algorismes i eines, per abordar els reptes identificats. Primerament, basant-se en un estudi de tècniques per assistència a l'usuari en OLAP, la tesi proposa el marc de treball de metadades analítiques (AM). Aquest marc inclou la definició del procés d'assistència, on els artefactes d'AM són classificats en una taxonomia, i l'organització dels artefactes i tipus relacionats de processament pel suport d'assistència a l'usuari. En segon lloc, la tesi proposa un meta-model semàntic per AM. Així doncs, s'utilitza el Resource Description Framework (RDF) per representar els artefactes d'AM d'una forma flexible i reusable, mentre que el nivell d'abstracció de metamodel s'utilitza per superar l'heterogeneïtat dels models de (meta)dades en un context d'OLAP exploratori. En tercer lloc, centrant-se en l'esquema com a artefacte fonamental de metadades per a OLAP, la tesi adreça reptes importants en la construcció d'un esquema MD en la SW usant RDF. Proporciona els algorismes, mètodes i eines per construir un esquema MD sobre conjunts de dades estadístics oberts i relacionats. Especialment, el focus rau en permetre que usuaris no tècnics puguin realitzar aquesta tasca. Finalment, la tesi tracta amb consultes com el segon artefacte més rellevant per l'assistència a usuari. En l'esperit d'OLAP exploratori, la tesi proposa un model basat en RDF per consultes OLAP instanciant el meta-model prèviament proposat. Aquest model suporta el compartiment i reutilització de consultes sobre la SW i facilita la preparació de metadades per l'explotació de l'assistència. Finalment, els resultats d'aquesta tesi proporcionen els fonaments en metadades per suportar l'OLAP exploratori i propugnen la major atenció al model i ús de semàntica relacionada a metadades.On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) er en bredt anvendt tilgang til dataanalyse. OLAP er baseret på den multidimensionelle (MD) datamodel, hvor faktuelle data relateres til analytiske synsvinkler, såkaldte dimensioner. Tilsammen danner de et n-dimensionelt rum af data kaldet en data cube. Multidimensionelle data er typisk lagret i et data warehouse, der integrerer data fra forskellige interne datakilder, og kan analyseres ved hjælp af OLAPoperationer. For eksempel kan salgsdata disaggregeres langs sted-dimensionen. OLAP har vist sig at være intuitiv at forstå og er blevet taget i brug af ikketekniske og orretningsorienterede brugere. Nye tilgange er siden blevet udviklet i forsøget på at afhjælpe de problemer, som denne slags brugere dog stadig står over for. Disse tilgange indsamler metadata om brugerne og deres handlinger og kommer efterfølgende med forslag og anbefalinger, der kan bidrage til brugernes analyse. På trods af at der er en klar nytteværdi i metadata (givet deres udbredelse), har stadig ikke været meget opmærksomhed på metadata i denne kotekst. Desuden lægger nye fremspirende teknikker nu op til en udvidelse af brugen af OLAP til også at bruge eksterne og uensartede datakilder. Dette har ført til Exploratory OLAP, en tilgang til OLAP, der benytter teknologier fra Semantic Web til at understøtte beskrivelse og integration af eksterne kilder. Efterhånden som mere data gøres offentligt tilgængeligt via Semantic Web, kommer flere og mere forskelligartede ikketekniske brugere også til. Derfor er metadata til understøttelsen af deres dataanalyser endnu mere relevant. Denne ph.d.-afhandling omhandler metadata, der understøtter Exploratory OLAP. Der foretages en undersøgelse af de former for metadata, der benyttes til at hjælpe brugere, og af, hvordan sådanne metadata kan udnyttes. Med grundlag i disse fund søges der løsninger til de identificerede problemer igennem teoretiske såvel som praktiske midler. Det vil sige modeller, algoritmer og værktøjer. På baggrund af en afdækning af eksisterende tilgange til brugerassistance i forbindelse med OLAP præsenteres først rammeværket Analytical Metadata (AM). Det inkluderer definition af assistanceprocessen, en taksonomi over tilhørende artefakter og endelig relaterede processeringsformer til brugerunderstøttelsen. Dernæst præsenteres en semantisk metamodel for AM. Der benyttes Resource Description Framework (RDF) til at repræsentere AM-artefakterne på en genbrugelig og fleksibel facon, mens metamodellens abstraktionsniveau har til formål at nedbringe uensartetheden af (meta)data i Exploratory OLAPs kontekst. Så fokuseres der på skemaet som en fundamental metadata-artefakt i OLAP, og afhandlingen tager fat i vigtige udfordringer i forbindelse med konstruktionen af multidimensionelle skemaer i Semantic Web ved brug af RDF. Der præsenteres algoritmer, metoder og redskaber til at konstruere disse skemaer sammenkoblede åbne statistiske datasæt. Der lægges særlig vægt på, at denne proces skal kunne udføres af ikke-tekniske brugere. Til slut tager afhandlingen fat i forespørgsler som anden vigtig artefakt inden for bruger-assistance. I samme ånd som Exploratory OLAP foreslås en RDF-baseret model for OLAP-forespørgsler, hvor førnævnte metamodel benyttes. Modellen understøtter deling og genbrug af forespørgsler over Semantic Web og fordrer klargørelsen af metadata med øje for assistance-relaterede formål. Endelig leder resultaterne af afhandlingen til fundamenterne for metadata i støttet Exploratory OLAP og opfordrer til en øget opmærksomhed på modelleringen og brugen af semantik i forhold til metadataPostprint (published version

Self-adaptive unobtrusive interactions of mobile computing systems

[EN] In Pervasive Computing environments, people are surrounded by a lot of embedded services. Since pervasive devices, such as mobile devices, have become a key part of our everyday life, they enable users to always be connected to the environment, making demands on one of the most valuable resources of users: human attention. A challenge of the mobile computing systems is regulating the request for users¿ attention. In other words, service interactions should behave in a considerate manner by taking into account the degree to which each service intrudes on the user¿s mind (i.e., the degree of obtrusiveness). The main goal of this paper is to introduce self-adaptive capabilities in mobile computing systems in order to provide non-disturbing interactions. We achieve this by means of an software infrastructure that automatically adapts the service interaction obtrusiveness according to the user¿s context. This infrastructure works from a set of high-level models that define the unobtrusive adaptation behavior and its implication with the interaction resources in a technology-independent way. Our infrastructure has been validated through several experiments to assess its correctness, performance, and the achieved user experience through a user study.This work has been developed with the support of MINECO under the project SMART-ADAPT TIN2013-42981-P, and co-financed by the Generalitat Valenciana under the postdoctoral fellowship APOSTD/2016/042.Gil Pascual, M.; Pelechano Ferragud, V. (2017). Self-adaptive unobtrusive interactions of mobile computing systems. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments. 9(6):659-688. https://doi.org/10.3233/AIS-170463S65968896Aleksy, M., Butter, T., & Schader, M. (2008). Context-Aware Loading for Mobile Applications. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12-20. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85693-1_3Y. Bachvarova, B. van Dijk and A. Nijholt, Towards a unified knowledge-based approach to modality choice, in: Proc. Workshop on Multimodal Output Generation (MOG), 2007, pp. 5–15.Barkhuus, L., & Dey, A. (2003). Is Context-Aware Computing Taking Control away from the User? Three Levels of Interactivity Examined. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 149-156. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-39653-6_12Bellotti, V., & Edwards, K. (2001). Intelligibility and Accountability: Human Considerations in Context-Aware Systems. Human–Computer Interaction, 16(2-4), 193-212. doi:10.1207/s15327051hci16234_05D. Benavides, P. Trinidad and A. Ruiz-Cortés, Automated reasoning on feature models, in: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, CAiSE’05, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2005, pp. 491–503.Bernsen, N. O. (1994). Foundations of multimodal representations: a taxonomy of representational modalities. Interacting with Computers, 6(4), 347-371. doi:10.1016/0953-5438(94)90008-6Bettini, C., Brdiczka, O., Henricksen, K., Indulska, J., Nicklas, D., Ranganathan, A., & Riboni, D. (2010). A survey of context modelling and reasoning techniques. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 6(2), 161-180. doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2009.06.002Blumendorf, M., Lehmann, G., & Albayrak, S. (2010). Bridging models and systems at runtime to build adaptive user interfaces. Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems - EICS ’10. doi:10.1145/1822018.1822022D.M. Brown, Communicating Design: Developing Web Site Documentation for Design and Planning, 2nd edn, New Riders Press, 2010.J. Bruin, Statistical Analyses Using SPSS, 2011, http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/whatstat/whatstat.htm#1sampt.J. Cámara, G. Moreno and D. Garlan, Reasoning about human participation in self-adaptive systems, in: SEAMS 2015, 2015, pp. 146–156.Campbell, A., & Choudhury, T. (2012). From Smart to Cognitive Phones. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 11(3), 7-11. doi:10.1109/mprv.2012.41Y. Cao, M. Theune and A. Nijholt, Modality effects on cognitive load and performance in high-load information presentation, in: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, IUI’09, ACM, New York, 2009, pp. 335–344.Chang, F., & Ren, J. (2007). Validating system properties exhibited in execution traces. Proceedings of the twenty-second IEEE/ACM international conference on Automated software engineering - ASE ’07. doi:10.1145/1321631.1321723H. Chen and J.P. Black, A quantitative approach to non-intrusive computing, in: Mobiquitous’08: Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems, ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering), ICST, Brussels, 2008, pp. 1–10.Chittaro, L. (2010). Distinctive aspects of mobile interaction and their implications for the design of multimodal interfaces. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces, 3(3), 157-165. doi:10.1007/s12193-010-0036-2Clerckx, T., Vandervelpen, C., & Coninx, K. (2008). Task-Based Design and Runtime Support for Multimodal User Interface Distribution. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 89-105. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92698-6_6Cook, D. J., & Das, S. K. (2012). Pervasive computing at scale: Transforming the state of the art. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 8(1), 22-35. doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2011.10.004Cornelissen, B., Zaidman, A., van Deursen, A., Moonen, L., & Koschke, R. (2009). A Systematic Survey of Program Comprehension through Dynamic Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 35(5), 684-702. doi:10.1109/tse.2009.28Czarnecki, K. (2004). Generative Software Development. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 321-321. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-28630-1_33M. de Sá, C. Duarte, L. Carriço and T. Reis, Designing mobile multimodal applications, in: Information Science Reference, 2010, pp. 106–136, Chapter 5.C. Duarte and L. Carriço, A conceptual framework for developing adaptive multimodal applications, in: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, IUI’06, ACM, New York, 2006, pp. 132–139.Evers, C., Kniewel, R., Geihs, K., & Schmidt, L. (2014). The user in the loop: Enabling user participation for self-adaptive applications. Future Generation Computer Systems, 34, 110-123. doi:10.1016/j.future.2013.12.010Fagin, R., Halpern, J. Y., & Megiddo, N. (1990). A logic for reasoning about probabilities. Information and Computation, 87(1-2), 78-128. doi:10.1016/0890-5401(90)90060-uFerscha, A. (2012). 20 Years Past Weiser: What’s Next? IEEE Pervasive Computing, 11(1), 52-61. doi:10.1109/mprv.2011.78Floch, J., Frà, C., Fricke, R., Geihs, K., Wagner, M., Lorenzo, J., … Scholz, U. (2012). Playing MUSIC - building context-aware and self-adaptive mobile applications. Software: Practice and Experience, 43(3), 359-388. doi:10.1002/spe.2116Gibbs, W. W. (2005). Considerate Computing. Scientific American, 292(1), 54-61. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0105-54Gil, M., Giner, P., & Pelechano, V. (2011). Personalization for unobtrusive service interaction. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 16(5), 543-561. doi:10.1007/s00779-011-0414-0Gil Pascual, M. (s. f.). Adapting Interaction Obtrusiveness: Making Ubiquitous Interactions Less Obnoxious. A Model Driven Engineering approach. doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/31660Haapalainen, E., Kim, S., Forlizzi, J. F., & Dey, A. K. (2010). Psycho-physiological measures for assessing cognitive load. Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing - Ubicomp ’10. doi:10.1145/1864349.1864395Hallsteinsen, S., Geihs, K., Paspallis, N., Eliassen, F., Horn, G., Lorenzo, J., … Papadopoulos, G. A. (2012). A development framework and methodology for self-adapting applications in ubiquitous computing environments. Journal of Systems and Software, 85(12), 2840-2859. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2012.07.052Hassenzahl, M. (2004). The Interplay of Beauty, Goodness, and Usability in Interactive Products. Human-Computer Interaction, 19(4), 319-349. doi:10.1207/s15327051hci1904_2Hassenzahl, M., & Tractinsky, N. (2006). User experience - a research agenda. Behaviour & Information Technology, 25(2), 91-97. doi:10.1080/01449290500330331Ho, J., & Intille, S. S. (2005). Using context-aware computing to reduce the perceived burden of interruptions from mobile devices. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI ’05. doi:10.1145/1054972.1055100Horvitz, E., Kadie, C., Paek, T., & Hovel, D. (2003). Models of attention in computing and communication. Communications of the ACM, 46(3), 52. doi:10.1145/636772.636798Horvitz, E., Koch, P., Sarin, R., Apacible, J., & Subramani, M. (2005). Bayesphone: Precomputation of Context-Sensitive Policies for Inquiry and Action in Mobile Devices. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 251-260. doi:10.1007/11527886_33Kephart, J. O., & Chess, D. M. (2003). The vision of autonomic computing. Computer, 36(1), 41-50. doi:10.1109/mc.2003.1160055Korpipaa, P., Malm, E.-J., Rantakokko, T., Kyllonen, V., Kela, J., Mantyjarvi, J., … Kansala, I. (2006). Customizing User Interaction in Smart Phones. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 5(3), 82-90. doi:10.1109/mprv.2006.49S. Lemmelä, A. Vetek, K. Mäkelä and D. Trendafilov, Designing and evaluating multimodal interaction for mobile contexts, in: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, ICMI’08, ACM, New York, 2008, pp. 265–272.Lim, B. Y. (2010). Improving trust in context-aware applications with intelligibility. Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference adjunct papers on Ubiquitous computing - Ubicomp ’10. doi:10.1145/1864431.1864491J.-Y. Mao, K. Vredenburg, P.W. Smith and T. Carey, User-centered design methods in practice: A survey of the state of the art, in: Proceedings of the 2001 Conference of the Centre for Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research, CASCON’01, IBM Press, 2001, p. 12.Maoz, S. (2009). Using Model-Based Traces as Runtime Models. Computer, 42(10), 28-36. doi:10.1109/mc.2009.336Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2003). Nine Ways to Reduce Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 43-52. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3801_6Motti, V. G., & Vanderdonckt, J. (2013). A computational framework for context-aware adaptation of user interfaces. IEEE 7th International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS). doi:10.1109/rcis.2013.6577709R. Murch, Autonomic Computing, IBM Press, 2004.Obrenovic, Z., Abascal, J., & Starcevic, D. (2007). Universal accessibility as a multimodal design issue. Communications of the ACM, 50(5), 83-88. doi:10.1145/1230819.1241668Patterson, D. J., Baker, C., Ding, X., Kaufman, S. J., Liu, K., & Zaldivar, A. (2008). Online everywhere. Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Ubiquitous computing - UbiComp ’08. doi:10.1145/1409635.1409645Pielot, M., de Oliveira, R., Kwak, H., & Oliver, N. (2014). Didn’t you see my message? Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI ’14. doi:10.1145/2556288.2556973Poppinga, B., Heuten, W., & Boll, S. (2014). Sensor-Based Identification of Opportune Moments for Triggering Notifications. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 13(1), 22-29. doi:10.1109/mprv.2014.15S. Ramchurn, B. Deitch, M. Thompson, D. De Roure, N. Jennings and M. Luck, Minimising intrusiveness in pervasive computing environments using multi-agent negotiation, in: Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services, MOBIQUITOUS 2004. The First Annual International Conference on, 2004, pp. 364–371.C. Roda, Human Attention and Its Implications for Human-Computer Interaction, Cambridge University Press, 2011.S. Rosenthal, A.K. Dey and M. Veloso, Using decision-theoretic experience sampling to build personalized mobile phone interruption models, in: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pervasive Computing, Pervasive 2011, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2011, pp. 170–187.E. Rukzio, K. Leichtenstern and V. Callaghan, An experimental comparison of physical mobile interaction techniques: Touching, pointing and scanning, in: 8th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, UbiComp 2006, Orange County, California, 2006.Serral, E., Valderas, P., & Pelechano, V. (2010). Towards the Model Driven Development of context-aware pervasive systems. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 6(2), 254-280. doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2009.07.006D. Siewiorek, A. Smailagic, J. Furukawa, A. Krause, N. Moraveji, K. Reiger, J. Shaffer and F.L. Wong, Sensay: A context-aware mobile phone, in: Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, ISWC’03, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, 2003, p. 248.Tedre, M. (2006). What should be automated? Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Human-centered multimedia - HCM ’06. doi:10.1145/1178745.1178753M. Valtonen, A.-M. Vainio and J. Vanhala, Proactive and adaptive fuzzy profile control for mobile phones, in: IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2009, PerCom, 2009, pp. 1–3.Vastenburg, M. H., Keyson, D. V., & de Ridder, H. (2007). Considerate home notification systems: a field study of acceptability of notifications in the home. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 12(8), 555-566. doi:10.1007/s00779-007-0176-xWarnock, D., McGee-Lennon, M., & Brewster, S. (2011). The Role of Modality in Notification Performance. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 572-588. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23771-3_43Weiser, M., & Brown, J. S. (1997). The Coming Age of Calm Technology. Beyond Calculation, 75-85. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0685-9_6Van Woensel, W., Gil, M., Casteleyn, S., Serral, E., & Pelechano, V. (2013). Adapting the Obtrusiveness of Service Interactions in Dynamically Discovered Environments. Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking, and Services, 250-262. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40238-8_2