A survey on OFDM-based elastic core optical networking

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technology that has been widely adopted in many new and emerging broadband wireless and wireline communication systems. Due to its capability to transmit a high-speed data stream using multiple spectral-overlapped lower-speed subcarriers, OFDM technology offers superior advantages of high spectrum efficiency, robustness against inter-carrier and inter-symbol interference, adaptability to server channel conditions, etc. In recent years, there have been intensive studies on optical OFDM (O-OFDM) transmission technologies, and it is considered a promising technology for future ultra-high-speed optical transmission. Based on O-OFDM technology, a novel elastic optical network architecture with immense flexibility and scalability in spectrum allocation and data rate accommodation could be built to support diverse services and the rapid growth of Internet traffic in the future. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on OFDM-based elastic optical network technologies, including basic principles of OFDM, O-OFDM technologies, the architectures of OFDM-based elastic core optical networks, and related key enabling technologies. The main advantages and issues of OFDM-based elastic core optical networks that are under research are also discussed

Off-line and in-operation optical core networks planning

The ever increasing IP traffic volume has finally brought to light the high inefficiency of current wavelength-routed over rigid-grid optical networks in matching the client layer requirements. Such an issue results in the deployment of large-size, expensive and power-consuming Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) layers to perform the required grooming/aggregation functionality. To deal with this problem, the emerging flexgrid technology, allowing for reduced size frequency grids, is being standardized. Flexgrid optical networks divide the spectrum into frequency slots providing finer granularity than rigid networks based on Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). To find a feasible allocation, new Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) algorithms for flexgrid optical networks need to be designed and evaluated. Furthermore, due to the flexibility of flexible optical networks, the aggregation functions and statistical multiplexing can be partially located in the optical layer. In addition, given the special characteristics of flexible optical networks, the traditional mechanisms for protection and recovery must be reformulated. Optical transport platforms are designed to facilitate the setting up and tearing down of optical connections (lightpaths). Combining remotely configurable optical cross-connects (OXCs) with a control plane provides the capability of automated lightpath set-up for regular provisioning, and real-time reaction to the failures, being thus able to reduce Operational Expenditures (OPEX). However, to exploit existing capacity, increase dynamicity, and provide automation in future networks, current management architectures, utilizing legacy Network Management Systems (NMS) need to be radically transformed. This thesis is devoted to design optical networks and to devise algorithms to operate them. Network design objective consists of: i. Analyzing the cost implications that a set of frequency slot widths have on the Capital Expenditures (CAPEX) investments required to deploy MPLS-over-flexgrid networks; ii. Studying recovery schemes, where a new recovery scheme specifically designed for flexgrid-based optical networks is proposed. As for network operation, we focus on: i. Studying provisioning, where two provisioning algorithms are proposed: the first one targets at solving the RSA problem in flexgrid networks, whereas the second one studies provisioning considering optical impairments in translucent DWDM networks; ii. Getting back to the recovery problem, we focus on algorithms to cope with restoration in dynamic scenarios. Several algorithms are proposed for both single layer and multilayer networks to be deployed in the centralized Path Computation Element (PCE); iii. One of the main problems in flexgrid networks is spectrum defragmentation. In view of that, we propose an algorithm to reallocate already established optical connections so as to make room for incoming requests. This algorithm is extended with elasticity to deal with time-varying traffic. The above algorithms are firstly implemented and validated by using simulation, and finally experimentally assessed in real test-beds. In view of PCE architectures do not facilitate network reconfiguration, we propose a control and management architecture to allow the network to be dynamically operated; network resources can be made available by reconfiguring and/or re-optimizing the network on demand and in real-time. We call that as in-operation network planning. It shall be mentioned that part of the work reported in this thesis has been done within the framework of several European and National projects, namely STRONGEST (FP7-247674), IDEALIST (FP7-ICT-2011-8), and GEANT (FP7-238875) funded by the European Commission, and ENGINE (TEC2008-02634) and ELASTIC (TEC2011-27310) funded by the Spanish Science Ministry.El volumen creciente del tráfico IP, finalmente, ha puesto de manifiesto la alta ineficiencia de las redes ópticas actuales de grid rígido basadas en WDM en la adecuación a los requisitos de capa de cliente. Dicho problema genera que se deba desplegar una red con capas MPLS de gran tamaño, costosa y de alto consumo energético para poder realizar la funcionalidad de agregación requerida. Para hacer frente a este problema, la tecnología flexgrid emergente, que permite grids con frecuencias de menor tamaño, está siendo estandarizada. Las redes ópticas flexgrid dividen el espectro en slots de frecuencia, lo que proporciona una granularidad más fina en comparación a las redes rígidas basadas en WDM. Para encontrar una asignación factible, nuevos algoritmos de enrutamiento y asignación de espectro (RSA) para redes ópticas flexgrid deben ser diseñados y evaluados. Además, debido a la flexibilidad de las redes ópticas flexibles, las funciones de agregación y de multiplexación estadística pueden ser parcialmente situadas en la capa óptica. Asimismo, dadas las características especiales de las redes ópticas flexibles, los mecanismos tradicionales de protección y recuperación deben reformularse. Las plataformas de transporte ópticas están diseñadas para facilitar la creación y destrucción de conexiones ópticas. La combinación de OXCs configurables remotamente con un plano de control, proporciona la capacidad de crear conexiones automáticamente para el aprovisionamiento habitual, y la reacción en tiempo real a los fallos, para así poder reducir el OPEX. Sin embargo, para aprovechar la capacidad existente, aumentar la dinamicidad y proporcionar automatización a las redes del futuro, las arquitecturas actuales de gestión, que utilizan sistemas legados de NMS, necesitan ser transformadas de manera radical. Esta tesis está dedicada al diseño de redes ópticas y a la creación de algoritmos para operarlas. El objetivo de diseño de red se compone de: 1. El análisis de las implicancias en el costo que tiene un conjunto de slots de frecuencia en el CAPEX necesario para implementar redes MPLS-over-flexgrid; 2. El estudio de esquemas de recuperación, donde se propone un nuevo esquema de recuperación diseñado específicamente para las redes ópticas basadas en flexgrid. En cuanto a la operación de la red: 1. El estudio de aprovisionamiento, donde se proponen dos algoritmos de aprovisionamiento: el primero de ellos tiene como objetivo solucionar el problema de RSA en redes flexgrid, mientras que el segundo estudia aprovisionamiento considerando la degradación óptica en redes WDM translúcidas; 2. Volviendo al problema de la recuperación, nos centramos en algoritmos de restauración para escenarios dinámicos. Se proponen varios algoritmos, tanto para redes mono-capa como multi-capa, que serán desplegados en un PCE centralizado; 3. Uno de los principales problemas en las redes flexgrid es la desfragmentación del espectro. Para ello, se propone un algoritmo para reasignar las conexiones ópticas ya establecidas con el fin de hacer espacio a las entrantes. Este algoritmo se extiende con elasticidad para ser utilizado en escenarios con tráfico variable en el tiempo. Los algoritmos anteriores son primero implementados y validados utilizando simulación, y finalmente son evaluados experimentalmente en testbeds reales. En vista de que las arquitecturas de PCE no facilitan la reconfiguración de la red, proponemos una arquitectura de control y gestión para permitir que la red pueda ser operada de forma dinámica; hacer que los recursos de la red estén disponibles mediante reconfiguración y/o re-optimización de la red bajo demanda y en tiempo real. A eso lo llamamos planificación en operación de la red. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis se ha realizado en el marco de proyectos europeos y nacionales: STRONGEST (FP7-247674), IDEALIST (FP7-2011-8), y GEANT (FP7-238875) financiados por la CE, y ENGINE (TEC2008-02634) y ELASTIC (TEC2011-27310) financiados por el MINEC

High Performance Silicon Photonic Interconnected Systems

Advances in data-driven applications, particularly artificial intelligence and deep learning, are driving the explosive growth of computation and communication in today’s data centers and high-performance computing (HPC) systems. Increasingly, system performance is not constrained by the compute speed at individual nodes, but by the data movement between them. This calls for innovative architectures, smart connectivity, and extreme bandwidth densities in interconnect designs. Silicon photonics technology leverages mature complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) manufacturing infrastructure and is promising for low cost, high-bandwidth, and reconfigurable interconnects. Flexible and high-performance photonic switched architectures are capable of improving the system performance. The work in this dissertation explores various photonic interconnected systems and the associated optical switching functionalities, hardware platforms, and novel architectures. It demonstrates the capabilities of silicon photonics to enable efficient deep learning training. We first present field programmable gate array (FPGA) based open-loop and closed-loop control for optical spectral-and-spatial switching of silicon photonic cascaded micro-ring resonator (MRR) switches. Our control achieves wavelength locking at the user-defined resonance of the MRR for optical unicast, multicast, and multiwavelength-select functionalities. Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are necessary for the control of the switch. We experimentally demonstrate the optical switching functionalities using an FPGA-based switch controller through both traditional multi-bit DAC/ADC and novel single-wired DAC/ADC circuits. For system-level integration, interfaces to the switch controller in a network control plane are developed. The successful control and the switching functionalitiesachieved are essential for system-level architectural innovations as presented in the following sections. Next, this thesis presents two novel photonic switched architectures using the MRR-based switches. First, a photonic switched memory system architecture was designed to address memory challenges in deep learning. The reconfigurable photonic interconnects provide scalable solutions and enable efficient use of disaggregated memory resources for deep learning training. An experimental testbed was built with a processing system and two remote memory nodes using silicon photonic switch fabrics and system performance improvements were demonstrated. The collective results and existing high-bandwidth optical I/Os show the potential of integrating the photonic switched memory to state-of-the-art processing systems. Second, the scaling trends of deep learning models and distributed training workloads are challenging network capacities in today’s data centers and HPCs. A system architecture that leverages SiP switch-enabled server regrouping is proposed to tackle the challenges and accelerate distributed deep learning training. An experimental testbed with a SiP switch-enabled reconfigurable fat tree topology was built to evaluate the network performance of distributed ring all-reduce and parameter server workloads. We also present system-scale simulations. Server regrouping and bandwidth steering were performed on a large-scale tapered fat tree with 1024 compute nodes to show the benefits of using photonic switched architectures in systems at scale. Finally, this dissertation explores high-bandwidth photonic interconnect designs for disaggregated systems. We first introduce and discuss two disaggregated architectures leveraging extreme high bandwidth interconnects with optically interconnected computing resources. We present the concept of rack-scale graphics processing unit (GPU) disaggregation with optical circuit switches and electrical aggregator switches. The architecture can leverage the flexibility of high bandwidth optical switches to increase hardware utilization and reduce application runtimes. A testbed was built to demonstrate resource disaggregation and defragmentation. In addition, we also present an extreme high-bandwidth optical interconnect accelerated low-latency communication architecture for deep learning training. The disaggregated architecture utilizes comb laser sources and MRR-based cross-bar switching fabrics to enable an all-to-all high bandwidth communication with a constant latency cost for distributed deep learning training. We discuss emerging technologies in the silicon photonics platform, including light source, transceivers, and switch architectures, to accommodate extreme high bandwidth requirements in HPC and data center environments. A prototype hardware innovation - Optical Network Interface Cards (comprised of FPGA, photonic integrated circuits (PIC), electronic integrated circuits (EIC), interposer, and high-speed printed circuit board (PCB)) is presented to show the path toward fast lanes for expedited execution at 10 terabits. Taken together, the work in this dissertation demonstrates the capabilities of high-bandwidth silicon photonic interconnects and innovative architectural designs to accelerate deep learning training in optically connected data center and HPC systems

Ecology-based planning. Italian and French experimentations

This paper examines some French and Italian experimentations of green infrastructures’ (GI) construction in relation to their techniques and methodologies. The construction of a multifunctional green infrastructure can lead to the generation of a number of relevant bene fi ts able to face the increasing challenges of climate change and resilience (for example, social, ecological and environmental through the recognition of the concept of ecosystem services) and could ease the achievement of a performance-based approach. This approach, differently from the traditional prescriptive one, helps to attain a better and more fl exible land-use integration. In both countries, GI play an important role in contrasting land take and, for their adaptive and cross-scale nature, they help to generate a res ilient approach to urban plans and projects. Due to their fl exible and site-based nature, GI can be adapted, even if through different methodologies and approaches, both to urban and extra-urban contexts. On one hand, France, through its strong national policy on ecological networks, recognizes them as one of the major planning strategies toward a more sustainable development of territories; on the other hand, Italy has no national policy and Regions still have a hard time integrating them in already existing planning tools. In this perspective, Italian experimentations on GI construction appear to be a simple and sporadic add-on of urban and regional plans

Environmental and territorial modelling for planning and design

[English]: Between 5th and 8th September 2018 the tenth edition of the INPUT conference took place in Viterbo, guests of the beautiful setting of the University of Tuscia and its DAFNE Department. INPUT is managed by an informal group of Italian academic researchers working in many fields related to the exploitation of informatics in planning. This Tenth Edition pursed multiple objectives with a holistic, boundary-less character, to face the complexity of today socio-ecological systems following a systemic approach aimed to problem solving. In particular, the Conference will aim to present the state of art of modeling approaches employed in urban and territorial planning in national and international contexts. Moreover, the conference has hosted a Geodesign workshop, by Carl Steinitz (Harvard Graduate School of Design) and Hrishi Ballal (on skype), Tess Canfield, Michele Campagna. Finally, on the last day of the conference, took place the QGIS hackfest, in which over 20 free software developers from all over Italy discussed the latest news and updates from the QGIS network. The acronym INPUT was born as INformatics for Urban and Regional Planning. In the transition to graphics, unintentionally, the first term was transformed into “Innovation”, with a fine example of serendipity, in which a small mistake turns into something new and intriguing. The opportunity is taken to propose to the organizers and the scientific committee of the next appointment to formalize this change of the acronym. This 10th edition was focused on Environmental and Territorial Modeling for planning and design. It has been considered a fundamental theme, especially in relation to the issue of environmental sustainability, which requires a rigorous and in-depth analysis of processes, a theme which can be satisfied by the territorial information systems and, above all, by modeling simulation of processes. In this topic, models are useful with the managerial approach, to highlight the many aspects of complex city and landscape systems. In consequence, their use must be deeply critical, not for rigid forecasts, but as an aid to the management decisions of complex systems.[Italiano]:Dal 5 all’8 settembre 2018 l’Università della Tuscia e il Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali - DAFNE hanno ospitato la decima edizione del Congresso Internazionale INPUT. INPUT è un gruppo informale di ricercatori accademici italiani che operano in molti settori connessi all’uso dell’informatica nella pianificazione. Questa decima edizione del Congresso ha perseguito obiettivi multipli con un carattere olistico, senza confini, per affrontare la complessità degli attuali sistemi socio-ecologici seguendo un approccio sistemico finalizzato alla risoluzione dei problemi. In particolare, la conferenza è stata orientata a presentare lo stato dell'arte degli approcci di modellazione impiegati nella pianificazione urbana e territoriale in contesti nazionali e internazionali. Inoltre, la conferenza ha ospitato un seminario di Geodesign, di Carl Steinitz (Harvard Graduate School of Design) e Hrishi Ballal (via skype), Tess Canfield e Michele Campagna. Infine, l'ultimo giorno della conferenza, si è svolto l’hackfest di QGIS, in cui oltre 20 sviluppatori di software open source provenienti da tutta Italia hanno discusso le ultime novità e gli aggiornamenti dalla rete QGIS. L'acronimo “INPUT” è nato come “INformatics per Urban and Regional Planning”. Nella transizione alla grafica, involontariamente, il primo termine è stato trasformato in "Innovazione", con un bell'esempio di serendipità, in cui un piccolo errore si trasforma in qualcosa di nuovo e intrigante

UAV-Enabled Surface and Subsurface Characterization for Post-Earthquake Geotechnical Reconnaissance

Major earthquakes continue to cause significant damage to infrastructure systems and the loss of life (e.g. 2016 Kaikoura, New Zealand; 2016 Muisne, Ecuador; 2015 Gorkha, Nepal). Following an earthquake, costly human-led reconnaissance studies are conducted to document structural or geotechnical damage and to collect perishable field data. Such efforts are faced with many daunting challenges including safety, resource limitations, and inaccessibility of sites. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) represent a transformative tool for mitigating the effects of these challenges and generating spatially distributed and overall higher quality data compared to current manual approaches. UAVs enable multi-sensor data collection and offer a computational decision-making platform that could significantly influence post-earthquake reconnaissance approaches. As demonstrated in this research, UAVs can be used to document earthquake-affected geosystems by creating 3D geometric models of target sites, generate 2D and 3D imagery outputs to perform geomechanical assessments of exposed rock masses, and characterize subsurface field conditions using techniques such as in situ seismic surface wave testing. UAV-camera systems were used to collect images of geotechnical sites to model their 3D geometry using Structure-from-Motion (SfM). Key examples of lessons learned from applying UAV-based SfM to reconnaissance of earthquake-affected sites are presented. The results of 3D modeling and the input imagery were used to assess the mechanical properties of landslides and rock masses. An automatic and semi-automatic 2D fracture detection method was developed and integrated with a 3D, SfM, imaging framework. A UAV was then integrated with seismic surface wave testing to estimate the shear wave velocity of the subsurface materials, which is a critical input parameter in seismic response of geosystems. The UAV was outfitted with a payload release system to autonomously deliver an impulsive seismic source to the ground surface for multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) tests. The UAV was found to offer a mobile but higher-energy source than conventional seismic surface wave techniques and is the foundational component for developing the framework for fully-autonomous in situ shear wave velocity profiling.PHDCivil EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145793/1/wwgreen_1.pd

Life Skills Education for Children with Special Needs In Order to Facilitate Vocational Skills

Children with special needs generally consist of children who experience delays and disruptions in their development so that require special handling to improve the ability of children with special needs. After conducting a survey at several extraordinary schools (SLB) in Makassar, it was found that the conventional delivery of materials from teachers resulted in an uncomfortable situation so that the students 'interest to learn a particular subject was very low, therefore a learning method was needed that could attract students' interest in following the lesson. Students hope to gain more knowledge and experience as study results, while teachers, on the other hand, expect that practical learning process can bring achievement in term of better cognitive, psychomotor, affective changes, and improvement of student life skill. After producing a Multimedia Based Learning model, this research carried out trial test on the developed product to several students of SLB (Sekolah Luar Biasa) in Makassar. It was found that the use of this Multimedia Based Learning Model by SLB students can develop their life skills such as personal skills, thinking skills, social skills, and vocational skills