413 research outputs found
Generalized Catalan Numbers and Some Divisibility Properties
I investigate the divisibility properties of generalized Catalan numbers by ex-
tending known results for ordinary Catalan numbers to their general case. First, I define the general Catalan numbers and provide a new derivation of a known formula. Second, I show several combinatorial representations of generalized Catalan numbers and survey bijections across these representation. Third, I extend several divisibility results proved by Koshy. Finally, I prove conditions under which sufficiently large primes form blocks of divisibility and indivisibility of the generalized Catalan numbers, extending a known result by Alter and Kubota
pq-Catalan numbers and squarefree binomial coefficients
AbstractIn this paper, we consider the generalized Catalan numbers F(s,n)=1(s−1)n+1(snn), which we call s-Catalan numbers. For p prime, we find all positive integers n such that pq divides F(pq,n), and also determine all distinct residues of F(pq,n)(modpq), q⩾1. As a byproduct we settle a question of Hough and the late Simion on the divisibility of the 4-Catalan numbers by 4. In the second part of the paper we prove that if pq⩽99999, then (pqn+1n) is not squarefree for n⩾τ1(pq) sufficiently large (τ1(pq) computable). Moreover, using the results of the first part, we find n<τ1(pq) (in base p), for which (pqn+1n) may be squarefree. As consequences, we obtain that (4n+1n) is squarefree only for n=1,3,45, and (9n+1n) is squarefree only for n=1,4,10
What power of two divides a weighted Catalan number?
Given a sequence of integers b = (b_0,b_1,b_2,...) one gives a Dyck path P of
length 2n the weight
wt(P) = b_{h_1} b_{h_2} ... b_{h_n},
where h_i is the height of the ith ascent of P. The corresponding weighted
Catalan number is
C_n^b = sum_P wt(P),
where the sum is over all Dyck paths of length 2n. So, in particular, the
ordinary Catalan numbers C_n correspond to b_i = 1 for all i >= 0. Let xi(n)
stand for the base two exponent of n, i.e., the largest power of 2 dividing n.
We give a condition on b which implies that
xi(C_n^b) = xi(C_n).
In the special case b_i=(2i+1)^2, this settles a conjecture of Postnikov
about the number of plane Morse links. Our proof generalizes the recent
combinatorial proof of Deutsch and Sagan of the classical formula for xi(C_n).Comment: Fixed reference
On divisibility of Narayana numbers by primes
Using Kummer's Theorem, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a
Narayana number to be divisible by a given prime. We use this to derive certain
properties of the Narayana triangle.Comment: 5 pages, see related papers at http://www.math.msu.edu/~saga
Factors of binomial sums from the Catalan triangle
By using the Newton interpolation formula, we generalize the recent
identities on the Catalan triangle obtained by Miana and Romero as well as
those of Chen and Chu. We further study divisibility properties of sums of
products of binomial coefficients and an odd power of a natural number. For
example, we prove that for all positive integers ,
, and any nonnegative integer , the expression
is either an integer or a half-integer. Moreover,
several related conjectures are proposed.Comment: 15 pages, final versio
The normal distribution is -infinitely divisible
We prove that the classical normal distribution is infinitely divisible with
respect to the free additive convolution. We study the Voiculescu transform
first by giving a survey of its combinatorial implications and then
analytically, including a proof of free infinite divisibility. In fact we prove
that a subfamily Askey-Wimp-Kerov distributions are freely infinitely
divisible, of which the normal distribution is a special case. At the time of
this writing this is only the third example known to us of a nontrivial
distribution that is infinitely divisible with respect to both classical and
free convolution, the others being the Cauchy distribution and the free
1/2-stable distribution.Comment: AMS LaTeX, 29 pages, using tikz and 3 eps figures; new proof
including infinite divisibility of certain Askey-Wilson-Kerov distibution
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