CRAY mini manual. Revision D

This document briefly describes the use of the CRAY supercomputers that are an integral part of the Supercomputing Network Subsystem of the Central Scientific Computing Complex at LaRC. Features of the CRAY supercomputers are covered, including: FORTRAN, C, PASCAL, architectures of the CRAY-2 and CRAY Y-MP, the CRAY UNICOS environment, batch job submittal, debugging, performance analysis, parallel processing, utilities unique to CRAY, and documentation. The document is intended for all CRAY users as a ready reference to frequently asked questions and to more detailed information contained in the vendor manuals. It is appropriate for both the novice and the experienced user

Computerized Hittite Cuneiform Sign Recognition and Knowledge-Based System Application Examples

The Hittites had lived in Anatolia more than 4000 years ago. The Hittite language is one of the oldest and may be the only one still readable and grammar rules are known member of Indo-European language family. The Hittites had a cuneiform script of their own written on soft clay pads or tablets. Tablets made durable and permanent by baking them after writing with some tools. That is why they could endure for thousands of years buried in the ground. The study of Hittite language has been made manually on the Hittite cuneiform tablets. Unfortunately, field scientists have read and translated only a relatively small number of unearthed tablets. Many more tablets are still waiting under and over ground in Anatolia for reading and translation into various languages. To read and translate the cuneiform signs, using computeraided techniques would be a significant contribution not only to Anatolian and Turkish but also to human history. In this paper, recognition of Hittite cuneiform signs by using computer based image-processing techniques is reported. Additionally, uses of data-mining applications are also included in the paper. Most importantly, the authors also demonstrated feasibility of an expert system on the Hittite cuneiform script

Fourth Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Space Applications

Proceedings of a conference held in Huntsville, Alabama, on November 15-16, 1988. The Fourth Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Space Applications brings together diverse technical and scientific work in order to help those who employ AI methods in space applications to identify common goals and to address issues of general interest in the AI community. Topics include the following: space applications of expert systems in fault diagnostics, in telemetry monitoring and data collection, in design and systems integration; and in planning and scheduling; knowledge representation, capture, verification, and management; robotics and vision; adaptive learning; and automatic programming

DOE/ORNL heat pump design model, overview and application to R-22 alternatives

This computer program is a public-domain system design tool for application to air-to-air heat pumps. The main aspects of the program are reviewed with emphasis on the newest features of the current fifth-generation version (Mark V) and an upcoming more fully HFC-capable release (Mark VI). Current model predictions are compared to test data for a leading HFC alternative to HCFC-22 in heat pumps. Examples are shown of some user interfaces that have been recently developed for the program. To demonstrate the design capabilities of the model for R-22 alternatives, a refrigerant-side optimization was conducted to find the best balance of heat transfer versus pressure drop for HCFC R-22, HFCs R-134a and R-410A, and the natural refrigerant propane. COP was maximized while refrigerant charge and tube size were minimized. Independent design parameters were fraction of total area in the outdoor coil, tube diameter and number of circuits for each heat exchanger, and condenser subcooling. Heat exchanger design tradeoffs are discussed for a heat pump relative to air conditioners and heating-only units. A design optimized for heating-only operation is presented

First Annual Workshop on Space Operations Automation and Robotics (SOAR 87)

Several topics relative to automation and robotics technology are discussed. Automation of checkout, ground support, and logistics; automated software development; man-machine interfaces; neural networks; systems engineering and distributed/parallel processing architectures; and artificial intelligence/expert systems are among the topics covered

프로그래밍 언어 런타임에서의 응용프로그램 시작 가속을 위한 최적화

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2015. 8. 문수묵.자바나 자바스크립트와 같은 프로그래밍 언어를 수행하는 런타임 환경은 응용프로그램의 이식성을 장점으로 하여 임베디드 소프트웨어 플랫폼으로써 널리 사용되고 있다. 자바 응용프로그램은 바이트코드의 형태로 배포되어 디지털 텔레비전이나 안드로이드 플랫폼에서 동작하며 자바스크립트는 소스 코드 형태로 웹 플랫폼에서 수행된다. 그러나 프로그래밍 언어 런타임에 의한 이식성은 본질적으로 성능 문제를 야기할 수 있는데, 하드웨어가 아닌 인터프리터와 같은 소프트웨어에 의해 응용프로그램의 바이트코드나 소스 코드를 수행하기 때문이다. 따라서 더 나은 성능을 얻기 위해 수행 중 바이트코드나 소스 코드를 기계어로 번역하는 적시 컴파일러나 inline caching과 같이 반복 수행되는 동작에 특화된 최적화를 프로그래밍 언어 런타임에 적용하기도 한다. 한편, 임베디드 시스템에서 동작하는 자바 응용프로그램이나 웹페이지의 로딩 중 수행되는 자바스크립트는 안정된 상태에서의 동작보다는 급격한 변화를 수반하는 시작 과정의 행태가 더 두드러진다. 따라서 비교적 짧은 수행시간을 가지고, 동일한 동작을 반복하는 경향이 낮으며, 수행시간에서의 비중이 높은 핫스팟이 드문 특징을 가진다. 그러나 핫스팟에 효과적인 적시 컴파일러나 반복되는 동작에 특화된 최적화는 이와 같은 응용프로그램 시동의 행태에 대하여 성능을 향상시키기 어려울 수 밖에 없다. 이 논문을 통하여 기존의 방식 보다 정교하게 추정한 수행시간을 근거로 작동하는 핫스팟 감지 기법을 제안함으로써 핫스팟이 불분명한 상황에서 자바 적시 컴파일러에 의한 수행 속도의 향상을 꾀하었다. 그 결과 응용프로그램 시작의 행태를 보이는 벤치마크 프로그램의 첫번째 수행시간을 기존의 HotSpot 자바 가상머신의 핫스팟 감지 기법 대비 약 10% 가속화할 수 있었다. 그리고 실제 응용프로그램으로서 디지털 방송에 의해 배포된 Xlet의 시작에 걸리는 수행시간 역시 약 7%가 개선되었다. 또한, 자바스크립트 적시 컴파일러에서 생성되는 기계어의 용량을 줄이기 위하여 축소된 명령어 집합에 최적화된 기계어를 생성하는 기법을 제안하였다. 이를 통하여 약 29%에 해당하는 기계어의 크기를 줄일 수 있었고, 이 결과는 웹페이지 자바스크립트의 시작 과정에서 수행되는 대량의 자바스크립트에서 더욱 효과적일 수 있다. 그리고 적시 컴파일러만을 사용하여 자바스크립트를 수행하는 환경에서 웹페이지 자바스크림트 시작 속도의 성능 저하가 나타남을 발견하였고, 이를 개선하기 위하여 인터프리터 수행을 기반으로 선택적 컴파일을 시도함으로써 적시 컴파일러에 의한 성능 저하를 최소화 하였다. 마지막으로 웹페이지 자바스크립트 시작의 수행 행태에 대하여 분석을 실시한 결과, 빈번하게 발생하는 객체에 대한 접근을 가속화할 수 있는 바이트코드 수준의 최적화를 제안한다. 인터프리터 수행에 적시 컴파일러를 추가로 적용하여도 웹페이지 자바스크립트 시작의 성능 향상은 없었던 반면, 제안한 바이트코드 수준의 최적화는 수행시간을 약 3% 가속화함으로써 웹페이지 자바스크립트 시작에 더 효과적인 것을 확인할 수 있었다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Hot Spot Detection 1 1.2 Memory Consumption of JIT Compiled Code 4 1.3 Web Page JavaScript Performance with JITC 5 Chapter 2. Enhanced Hot Spot Detection 8 2.1 Previous Approaches to Hot Spot Detection 8 2.1.1 Simple Heuristic 8 2.1.2 Hot Heuristic 9 2.1.3 Static Analysis Heuristic 10 2.2 Flow-Sensitive Runtime Estimation 11 2.3 Static-FSRE for First-Invocation Compilation 15 2.4 Merged Heuristic of Dynamic and Static FSRE 18 2.4.1 Threshold of FSRE 18 2.4.2 Merged Heuristic 19 2.5 Experimental Results 19 2.5.1 Benchmark Results 19 2.5.1.1 Experimental Environment 19 2.5.1.2 Evaluation Heuristics 20 2.1.1.3 Performance of the Five Heuristics 21 2.1.1.4 Preciseness of Hot Spot Detection 23 2.1.1.5 Hot Spot Detection Time 28 2.1.1.6 Hot Spot Detection Overhead 29 2.5.2 Digital TV Java Xlet Results 31 2.5.2.1 DTV Environment and Java Xlet application 31 2.5.2.2 Heuristic Adjustments 33 2.5.2.3 Performance Improvement and Comparison 33 Chapter 3. Code Size Optimization for JITC 40 3.1 JavaScript JITC in SFX and Thumb2 40 3.1.1 JavaScript and Execution Semantics 40 3.1.2 SquirrelFish Extreme and the Bytecode 41 3.1.3 SFX JITC Architecture 43 3.1.4 JITC Code Generation for Thumb2 45 3.2 SFX JITC Optimizations for Thumb2 45 3.2.1 Code Generation with Register Re-map 45 3.2.2 Constant Pool Aggregation 46 3.2.3 Patching PC-relative Branches 49 3.3 Experimental Result 52 3.3.1 Experimental Environment 52 3.3.2 Code Size Result 52 3.3.3 Performance Result 55 Chapter 4. Selective JITC for Web Page JavaScript 56 4.1 JavaScript and SFX JITC 56 4.1.1 JavaScript and Interaction with DOM 56 4.1.2 SFX JITC and Its Architecture 59 4.1.3 Benchmark JavaScript and Web Page JavaScript 62 4.2 Selective JITC for the SFX 64 4.2.1 Selective JITC 64 4.2.2 Selective JITC Implementation for the SFX 65 4.3 Experimental Result 66 4.3.1 Experiment Environment 66 4.3.2 Web Page JavaScript and SunSpider Benchmark 66 4.3.3 Web page JavaScript Execution Time 71 4.3.4 Comparison to Benchmark Execution Time 73 4.3.5 Evaluation of the Selective JITC Heuristic 74 4.3.6 Discussions 76 Chapter 5. Bytecode Level Optimizations 78 5.1 Analysis on Web Page JavaScript Execution 78 5.2 Overhead in Property Accesses 82 5.3 Super-Bytecode Construction (SBC) 85 5.4 Bytecode Chaining (BC) 86 5.5 Experimental Evaluation 87 5.5.1 Performance Result 88 5.5.2 Performance Analysis 89 5.5.2.1 Optimized Runtime Services with SBC 89 5.5.2.2 Removed Runtime Services with BC 90 Chapter 6. Related Work 92 Chapter 7. Conclusion 94 Bibliography 97 Abstract 103Docto

FY 1986 scientific and technical reports, articles, papers and presentations

Formal NASA technical reports, papers published in technical journals, and presentations by Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) personnel in FY-86 are presented. Also included are papers of MSFC contractors

Models and evaluation of human-machine systems

"September 1993.""Prepared for: International Atomic Energy Association [sic], Wagramerstrasse 5, P. 0. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria."Part of appendix A and bibliography missingIncludes bibliographical referencesThe field of human-machine systems and human-machine interfaces is very multidisciplinary. We have to navigate between the knowledge waves brought by several areas of the human learning: cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, linguistics, ergonomy, control systems engineering, neurophysiology, sociology, computer sciences, among others. At the present moment, all these disciplines seek to be close each other to generate synergy. It is necessary to homogenize the different nomenclatures and to make that each one can benefit from the results and advances found in the other. Accidents like TMI, Chernobyl, Challenger, Bhopal, and others demonstrated that the human beings shall deal with complex systems that are created by the technological evolution more carefully. The great American writer Allan Bloom died recently wrote in his book 'The Closing of the American Mind' (1987) about the universities curriculum that are commonly separated in tight departments. This was a necessity of the industrial revolution that put emphasis in practical courses in order to graduate specialists in many fields. However, due the great complexity of our technological world, we feel the necessity to integrate again those disciplines that one day were separated to make possible their fast development. This Report is a modest trial to do this integration in a holistic way, trying to capture the best tendencies in those areas of the human learning mentioned in the first lines above. I expect that it can be useful to those professionals who, like me, would desire to build better human-machine systems in order to avoid those accidents also mentioned above

Effective applications of microcomputer-based management information and decision support systems for small and medium sized enterprises

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.Firstly, this thesis reviews the literature on the application of microcomputer-based Management Information Systems (MISs) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) to Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs). It is found that the hardware platform today is already sufficient for SMEs. However, information regarding successful implementation of MISs for SMEs is scarce and largely fragmented. DSS requires more focused and dedicated use of information to support managerial decision making. Unfortunately, the development of DSSs for SMEs is even more backward. Yet, there is an emerging need for SMEs today because business operations have become more sophisticated under intensified competition. With this scenario in mind, the author undertook intensive questionnaire and case surveys to find out the current development and trends for the effective applications of MISs and DSSs. In 1987, the author was awarded the Oshikawa Fellowship by Asian Productivity Organisation in Tokyo and started the present research. 446 completed questionnaire survey sheets from U.K. and Hang Kong have been received and analysed. 67 SMEs and related organisations in 6 developing/developed countries were also visited. This forms the knowledge for the development of expert systems (ES) for effective applications of MIS. The approach for DSS is based on a carefully selected business game which has most of the common business decision parameters. Intensive experiment with over 100 subjects was conducted in running the game, with an average time contribution of about 20 hours/person. The findings are again consolidated and structured into an ES. Longitudinal research was conducted in 5 representative SMEs. With the use of action learning and participation of the researcher, more in-depth firsthand information were obtained and analysed. These form part of the input to the ES as well. Both ES have been validated and further improved. The experimenters find these as keys to develop MIS/DSS for SMEs. A marketing plan is suggested to launch these two products so that they can become more easily available. Finally, recommendations are made on the effective use of the ES and for further development

Diseño de controladores dedicados a la lógica difusa

Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática. Octubre de 2006Bibliograf.: p. 297-30