A New Design of Ultra-Flattened Near-zero Dispersion PCF Using Selectively Liquid Infiltration

The paper report new results of chromatic dispersion in Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) through appropriate designing of index-guiding triangular-lattice structure devised, with a selective infiltration of only the first air-hole ring with index-matching liquid. Our proposed structure can be implemented for both ultra-low and ultra-flattened dispersion over a wide wavelength range. The dependence of dispersion parameter of the PCF on infiltrating liquid indices, hole-to-hole distance and air-hole diameter are investigated in details. The result establishes the design to yield a dispersion of 0+-0.15ps/ (nm.km) in the communication wavelength band. We propose designs pertaining to infiltrating practical liquid for near-zero ultra-flat dispersion of D=0+-0.48ps/ (nm.km) achievable over a bandwidth of 276-492nm in the wavelength range of 1.26 {\mu}m to 1.80{\mu}m realization.Comment: 6 pages, 13 figures, 1 tabl

Femtosecond Laser Micromachining of Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors and Devices

Research and development in photonic micro/nano structures functioned as sensors and devices have experienced significant growth in recent years, fueled by their broad applications in the fields of physical, chemical and biological quantities. Compared with conventional sensors with bulky assemblies, recent process in femtosecond (fs) laser three-dimensional (3D) micro- and even nano-scale micromachining technique has been proven an effective and flexible way for one-step fabrication of assembly-free micro devices and structures in various transparent materials, such as fused silica and single crystal sapphire materials. When used for fabrication, fs laser has many unique characteristics, such as negligible cracks, minimal heat-affected-zone, low recast, high precision, and the capability of embedded 3D fabrication, compared with conventional long pulse lasers. The merits of this advanced manufacturing technique enable the unique opportunity to fabricate integrated sensors with improved robustness, enriched functionality, enhanced intelligence, and unprecedented performance. Recently, fiber optic sensors have been widely used for energy, defense, environmental, biomedical and industry sensing applications. In addition to the well-known advantages of miniaturized in size, high sensitivity, simple to fabricate, immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and resistance to corrosion, all-optical fiber sensors are becoming more and more desirable when designed with characteristics of assembly free and operation in the reflection configuration. In particular, all-optical fiber sensor is a good candidate to address the monitoring needs within extreme environment conditions, such as high temperature, high pressure, toxic/corrosive/erosive atmosphere, and large strain/stress. In addition, assembly-free, advanced fiber optic sensors and devices are also needed in optofluidic systems for chemical/biomedical sensing applications and polarization manipulation in optical systems. Different fs laser micromachining techniques were investigated for different purposes, such as fs laser direct ablating, fs laser irradiation with chemical etching (FLICE) and laser induced stresses. A series of high performance assembly-free, all-optical fiber sensor probes operated in a reflection configuration were proposed and fabricated. Meanwhile, several significant sensing measurements (e.g., high temperature, high pressure, refractive index variation, and molecule identification) of the proposed sensors were demonstrated in this dissertation as well. In addition to the probe based fiber optic sensors, stress induced birefringence was also created in the commercial optical fibers using fs laser induced stresses technique, resulting in several advanced polarization dependent devices, including a fiber inline quarter waveplate and a fiber inline polarizer based on the long period fiber grating (LPFG) structure

Liquid Crystal Materials And Tunable Devices For Optical Communications

In this dissertation, liquid crystal materials and devices are investigated in meeting the challenges for photonics and communications applications. The first part deals with polymer-stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC) materials and devices. Three polymer-stabilized liquid crystal systems are developed for optical communications. The second part reports the experimental investigation of a novel liquid-crystal-infiltrated photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and explores its applications in fiber-optic communications. The curing temperature is found to have significant effects on the PSLC performance. The electro-optic properties of nematic polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) at different curing temperatures are investigated experimentally. At high curing temperature, a high contrast, low drive voltage, and small hysteresis PNLC is obtained as a result of the formed large LC micro-domains. With the help of curing temperature effect, it is able to develop PNLC based optical devices with highly desirable performances for optical communications. Such high performance is generally considered difficult to realize for a PNLC. In fact, the poor performance of PNLC, especially at long wavelengths, has hindered it from practical applications for optical communications for a long time. Therefore, the optimal curing temperature effect discovered in this thesis would enable PSLCs for practical industrial applications. Further more, high birefringence LCs play an important role for near infrared photonic devices. The isothiocyanato tolane liquid crystals exhibit a high birefringence and low viscosity. The high birefringence LC dramatically improves the PSLC contrast ratio while keeping a low drive voltage and fast response time. A free-space optical device by PNLC is experimentally demonstrated and its properties characterized. Most LC devices are polarization sensitive. To overcome this drawback, we have investigated the polymer-stabilized cholesteric LC (PSCLC). Combining the curing temperature effect and high birefringence LC, a polarization independent fiber-optical device is realized with over 30 dB attenuation, ~12 Vrms drive voltage and 11/28 milliseconds (rise/decay) response times. A polymer-stabilized twisted nematic LC (PS TNLC) is also proposed as a variable optical attenuator for optical communications. By using the polarization control system, the device is polarization independent. The polymer network in a PS TNLC not only results in a fast response time (0.9/9 milliseconds for rise/decay respectively), but also removes the backflow effect of TNLC which occurs in the high voltage regime

Integrated polarizers based on tapered highly birefringent photonic crystal fibers

COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPFINANCIADORA DE ESTUDOS E PROJETOS - FINEPThis paper proposes and demonstrates the creation of sections with a high polarization dependent loss (PDL) in a commercial highly birefringent (polarization maintaining) photonic crystal fiber (PCF), via tapering with pressure applied to the holes. The tapers had a 1-cm-long uniform section with a 66% scale reduction, in which the original microstructure aspect ratio was kept by the pressure application. The resulting waveguides show polarizing action across the entire tested wavelength range, 1510-1600 nm, with a peak PDL of 35.3 dB/cm (c.f. ∼1 dB/cm for a typical commercial polarizing fiber). The resulting structure, as well as its production, is extremely simple, and enable a small section with a high PDL to be obtained in a polarization maintaining PCF, meaning that the polarization axes in the polarizing and polarization maintaining sections are automatically aligned. © 2014 Optical Society of America.This paper proposes and demonstrates the creation of sections with a high polarization dependent loss (PDL) in a commercial highly birefringent (polarization maintaining) photonic crystal fiber (PCF), via tapering with pressure applied to the holes. The tapers had a 1-cm-long uniform section with a 66% scale reduction, in which the original microstructure aspect ratio was kept by the pressure application. The resulting waveguides show polarizing action across the entire tested wavelength range, 1510-1600 nm, with a peak PDL of 35.3 dB/cm (c.f. similar to 1 dB/cm for a typical commercial polarizing fiber). The resulting structure, as well as its production, is extremely simple, and enable a small section with a high PDL to be obtained in a polarization maintaining PCF, meaning that the polarization axes in the polarizing and polarization maintaining sections are automatically aligned.22151776917775COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPFINANCIADORA DE ESTUDOS E PROJETOS - FINEPCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPFINANCIADORA DE ESTUDOS E PROJETOS - FINEPSem informaçãoSem informaçãoSem informação0.1.06.1177.00Chraplyvy, A.R., High-capacity lightwave transmission experiments (1999) Bell Labs Tech. J., 4 (1), pp. 230-245Bock, W.J., Chen, J., Eftimov, T., Urbanczyk, W., A photonic crystal fiber sensor for pressure measurements (2006) IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 55 (4), pp. 1119-1123Bergh, R.A., Lefevre, H.C., Shaw, H.J., An overview of fiber-optic gyroscopes (1984) J. Lightwave Technol., 2 (2), pp. 91-107Jacobsen, W., Mayfield, J., Fournier, P., Bolte, D., Elmaola, H., Wang, C.H., Drenzek, G., Soufiane, A., (2013) Single-polarization Fiber, , Verrillon Inc., US Patent 8, 369, 672 B2Nolan, D.A., Berkey, G.E., Li, M.J., Chen, X., Wood, W.A., Zenteno, L.A., Single-polarization fiber with a high extinction ratio (2004) Opt. Lett., 29 (16), pp. 1855-1857Russell, P., Photonic crystal fibers (2006) J. Lightwave Technol., 24 (12), pp. 4729-4749Saitoh, K., Koshiba, M., Single-polarization single-mode photonic crystal fibers (2003) IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 15 (10), pp. 1384-1386Ju, J., Jin, W., Demokan, M.S., Design of single-polarization single-mode photonic crystal fiber at 1.30 and 1.55 μm (2006) J. Lightwave Technol., 24 (2), pp. 825-830Zhang, F., Zhang, M., Liu, X., Ye, P., Design of wideband single-polarization single-mode photonic crystal fiber (2007) J. Lightwave Technol., 25 (5), pp. 1184-1189Chen, M.Y., Sun, B., Zhang, Y.K., Broadband single-polarization operation in square-lattice photonic crystal fibers (2010) J. Lightwave Technol., 28 (10), pp. 1443-1446Serrão, V.A., Franco, M.A.R., A new approach to obtain single-polarization hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (2013) Proc. SPIE 8794, Fifth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, 879428Kubota, H., Kawanishi, S., Koyanagi, S., Tanaka, M., Yamaguchi, S., Absolutely single polarization photonic crystal fiber (2004) IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 16 (1), pp. 182-184Statkiewicz-Barabach, G., Olszewski, J., Napiorkowski, M., Golojuch, G., Martynkien, T., Tarnowski, K., Urbanczyk, W., Thienpont, H., Polarizing photonic crystal fiber with lowindex inclusion in the core (2010) J. Opt., 12 (7), p. 075402Zheng, X., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Han, T., Tai, B., Tunable single-polarization single mode photonic crystal fiber based on liquid infiltrating (2011) IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 23, pp. 709-711Espinel, A.V.Y., Franco, M.A.R., Cordeiro, C.M.B., Tunable single-polarization single-mode microstructure polymer optical fiber (2011) J. Lightwave Technol., 29 (16), pp. 2372-2378Qian, W., Zhao, C.L., Wang, Y., Chan, C.C., Liu, S., Jin, W., Partially liquid-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber polarizer (2011) Opt. Lett., 36 (16), pp. 3296-3298Sodré Jr., A.C., Nascimento Jr., A.R., Franco, M.A.R., Oliveira, I., Serrão, V.A., Fragnito, H.L., Numerical and experimental analysis of polarization properties from hybrid PCFs across different photonic bandgaps (2012) Opt. Fiber Technol., 18 (6), pp. 462-469Romagnoli, P., Biazoli, C.R., Franco, M.A.R., Cordeiro, C.M.B., De Matos, C.J.S., Generation of polarizing sections in highly birefringent photonic crystal fibers via post-processing (2013) CLEO:2013, , Optical Society of America, paper JTu4A.12Birks, T.A., Li, Y.W., The shape of fiber tapers (1992) J. Lightwave Technol., 10 (4), pp. 432-438Ju, J., Jin, W., Yang, Y., Introduction of birefringence into photonic crystal fibers (2011) Proc. SPIE 7753, 21st International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, 77536JMalitson, I.H., Interspecimen comparison of the refractive index of fused silica (1965) J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55 (10), pp. 1205-1209Gerosa, R.M., Spadoti, D.H., Menezes, L.S., De Matos, C.J.S., In-fiber modal Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on the locally post-processed core of a photonic crystal fiber (2011) Opt. Express, 19 (4), pp. 3124-3129The authors thank CAPES, Mackpesquisa, INCT Fotonicom (CNPq and FAPESP) and FINEP (SIA Project- proc. 0.1.06.1177.00) for financial support

Photonic crystal fibers for sensing applications

Photonic crystal fibers are a kind of fiber optics that present a diversity of new and improved features beyond what conventional optical fibers can offer. Due to their unique geometric structure, photonic crystal fibers present special properties and capabilities that lead to an outstanding potential forsensing applications. A review of photonic crystal fiber sensors is presented. Two different groups of sensors are detailed separately: physical and biochemical sensors, based on the sensor measured parameter. Several sensors have been reported until the date, and more are expected to be developed due to the remarkable characteristics such fibers can offer.The authors are grateful to the Spanish Government project TEC2010-20224-C02-01

Hybrid photonic-crystal fiber

This article offers an extensive survey of results obtained using hybrid photonic-crystal fibers (PCFs) which constitute one of the most active research fields in contemporary fiber optics. The ability to integrate novel and functional materials in solid-and hollow-core PCFs through various postprocessing methods has enabled new directions toward understanding fundamental linear and nonlinear phenomena as well as novel application aspects, within the fields of optoelectronics, material and laser science, remote sensing, and spectroscopy. Here the recent progress in the field of hybrid PCFs is reviewed from scientific and technological perspectives, focusing on how different fluids, solids, and gases can significantly extend the functionality of PCFs. The first part of this review discusses the efforts to develop tunable linear and nonlinear fiber-optic devices using PCFs infiltrated with various liquids, glasses, semiconductors, and metals. The second part concentrates on recent and state-of-the-art advances in the field of gas-filled hollow-core PCFs. Extreme ultrafast gas-based nonlinear optics toward light generation in the extreme wavelength regions of vacuum ultraviolet, pulse propagation, and compression dynamics in both atomic and molecular gases, and novel soliton-plasma interactions are reviewed. A discussion of future prospects and directions is also included