Design and Optimization of a 4x4 Directional Microstrip Patch Antenna

فى هده الورقة صمم هوائي الشرايحة  4*4  لاستخدامها فى الصناعة والعلوم ومواد التردد .وصمم الهوائي عند تردد 9.3جيجا هيرتز فى حزمة ترددات الاكس ومادة مقاومة للحرارة من الزجاج المنسوج  وبسمك 1.6  ملم وثابت عزل 4.4  .والهدف الاساس هو الحصول على اقصى اتجاهية مع افضل كسب واقل فقد.واستخدمنا برنامج محاكاة الترددات العالية  واداة التحسين  لمحاكاة الموجات الكهرومغناطيسيات وللحصول على افضل اداة . فى البداية صممت2*2  سلسلة هوائي الشرايح الصغيرة مع  استخدام اداة  التحسين باقل فقد  -12.6 ديسيبل وكسب  9 دسيبل بينما  نتائج هوائي الشرايح الصغيرة 4*4 كانت بفقد -13.9 ديسيبل وكسب 6 دسيبل. صنع هوائي 2*2  للشرايح الصغيرة و اختبر اداءه فى المعملIn this paper, the proposed 4×4 microstrip patch is designed for the industrial, scientific, and material( ISM ) frequency X - band. The antenna is designed at 9.3 GHz in X - band and FR4 material that have thichness1.6 mm and dielectric constant 4.4. Our aim is to obtain a high directivity with better gain and reduced losses. We used in this project (HFSS) commercial software to obtain EM simulation. We did an optimization tool to obtain our goal. We started by designing a 2×2 array of microstrip antenna after that we extended it to 4×4 a rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The simulation result after the optimization for 2×2 is S11= -12.6 dB the gain is 9 dB and for 4×4 microstrip array is  S11= - 13.9 dB and the gain is 6 dB. The design of a 2x2 microstrip array has been manufactured and tested in the laboratory. Further, we will extend it to16×16 array of microstrip antenna&nbsp

A 2X2 MIMO Patch Antenna for Multi-Band Applications

In this paper, a Multiple Input Multiple Output (2x2MIMO)  patch antenna for  multiband applications has been proposed. It has been designed using groups of rings nearby the stepped cut at four corners of the patch and a separation in mid slot. This modification is proposed in order to increase the resonant frequencies and reduce the mutual coupling. The proposed 2x2 MIMO patch antenna is simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST), fabricated and tested. With such small geometrical dimensions, the proposed antenna is suitable for LTE (1.8 GHz), WiFi (2.4 GHz), and WiMax (3.5 GHz, 5.2 GHz and 5.5 GHz) application

Design and Optimization of a 2.4 GHz Antenna Array for Energy Harvesting

In this paper, a 2.4GHz antenna array for wireless power transfer (WPT) was designed and optimized for energy harvesting using MATLAB Software. Antennas are essential communication tools in energy harvesting systems as such; they are used to transmit and receive signals. The designed antenna is a 2 x 4 microstrip array. The choice of the microstrip antenna stems from the fact that, it is a class of patch antenna which satisfies all low-level conditions for Radio frequency (RF) transmission. Array antennas are deployed to maximize the overall gain, improve signal reception and achieve excellent performance. The antenna specifications were used in the analysis of the antenna formulations. The simulation result obtained shows satisfactory parameters for energy harvesting. The maximum gain was improved from 17.0 dbi to 17.5 dbi after optimization. The reflection co-efficient was also maintained above a magnitude of -26.2db. The antenna also recorded low correlation co-efficient. With the growth of self-sustaining devices, antenna arrays for energy harvesting provides an innovative solution for ecofriendly technologies.&nbsp

Design Of Rectangular With 3 Slot Microstrip Antenna For Application Lte 2.1 Ghz

A rapid development of telecommunications technology, and over time, the existing network technologies continue to be developed. To create the latest technology called Long Term Evolution (LTE). With the technology that has a high transmission speed, of course, required new devices that can operate on this network. Antennas are needed on these networks is an antenna that is small and easily integrated. In this case, the right antenna to be used is the microstrip antenna. In this paper, which will be designed antenna is an antenna feed line rectangle shapes that can operate at a frequency of 2.1 GHz

5.8 GHz circularly polarized rectangular microstrip antenna arrays simulation for point-to-point application

In this paper, the design and simulation of rectangular microstrip antenna arrays for improving antenna gain is performed for point-to-point application. The circular polarization is proposed to restrict the limitation of linear polarization which is less reliable in base station antenna. The circular polarization antenna is made to allow the receiver constantly to receive the power at any wave angle and make the transmission between two antennas are more constant. The proposed design is composed of four elements microstrip antenna with an array configuration operating at 5.8 GHz. Each element is constructed from four truncated arrays radiating elements and an inclined slot on each patch which capable to achieve circular polarized capability. The design of the 2x1 and 2x2 of rectangular microstrip array antenna was implemented from the design of single rectangular patch antenna as the basic building element. The designed 2x1 and 2x2 array were fed by microstrip transmission line which applied a technique of quarter wave impedance matching. The antenna design was etched on Rogers RT 5880 substrate with 2.1 and 1.53 mm of dielectric constant and thickness respectively. All the designed structure were simulated in CST software. The main results of the designed antennas were compared in terms of gain, axial ratio and return loss. Based on the return loss simulation results, the designed antennas resonated exactly at the desired resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz which indicates good antenna designs. Compared to the single patch antenna having an antenna gain of 8.26 dB, the 2x1 and 2x2 arrays achieved a gain of 10.24 dB and 13.29 dB respectively. The results show that the designed rectangular microstrip antenna arrays have an improved gain performance over the single patch antenna

Design and Implementation of 60 GHz Cavity Backed Patch Antennas

As the lower range of radio frequency spectrum become more cluttered and the demand for faster data rates and greater bandwidth grows, next generation wireless technology is pushed to innovate and provide needed resources. Major technology companies such as Samsung, intel, Qualcomm Inc. and Google have been investing at millimeter-wave band frequencies to address this imminent need. The fifth generation of telecommunication technology could be perceived as a paradigm shift in the way we see and think about wireless communication. This next generation technology is intended to enable other up and coming industries and services such as internet of things (IOT), telemedicine and wearable devices. Antennas are the critical component in realizing any of the wireless systems in these emerging applications. This thesis investigates design and simulation of 60 GHz microstrip patch antennas, in single and array arrangements. A few single patch antennas and 2x2 patch arrays were designed to operate at 60 GHz. The needed feed network for the studied antennas were also developed using microwave design techniques and transmission line theory followed by fullwave simulations to achieve matching at the excitation ports. First, a cavity-backed patch antenna is designed and optimized to maintain and improve the operational characteristics of a single radiating element. Next, via-fence strategy used for implementation of cavity was employed in array design. Extensive fullwave simulations and design trials revealed that at 60GHz, due to comparable dimensions of the microstrip feed network with those of the radiating elements, the overall antenna system radiation performance is impacted. Hence, a second feed strategy using coaxial probe is utilized for new design iterations of single microstrip patch and 2x2 patch array. For these final designs the feed is via the vertical mount coaxial cable with center pin extended through the antenna substrate. This eliminated the need for a lengthy microstrip transmission line feed and reduced the amount of impedance fluctuations. Cavity backing strategy and via fencing were also included and optimized for these designs to optimize the antenna performance. It was concluded that cavity backing is the most practical approach for antenna system design at 60GHz which was able to improve the front to back lobe ratio of the patch antenna. This feature is very important in applications requiring confinement of radiation in only half space and directing it away from the user such as in health monitoring devices. Finally, the fabrication process is discussed in detail which involves exporting the design layout from an electromagnetic field solver to another CAD tool to generate fabrication files and define the different components and layers. The connectors and launch pins needed for prototyping have been identified for future fabrication and testing

Design and Measurement of a Millimeter-wave 2D Beam Switching Planar Antenna Array

A millimeter-wave 2-D beam switching microstrip patch antenna array excited by a 4x4 substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) Modified Butler Matrix is designed and experimentally evaluated in this thesis. A novel architecture is introduced for the Butler Matrix feed network to give designers a choice for phase shifter location to pursue a smaller circuit area. In addition, it enables the designer to control the BM phased outputs for achieving a set of desired 2-D beam directions, e.g., ϕ0=45°, 135°, 225°, and 315° at θ0=45°, with a passive beam switching network for a given array geometry. Full-wave simulation results show when the so designed 4x4 Butler Matrix feeds a 2x2 planar patch antenna array, 4-quadrant beam switching is achieved. To meet the goal of providing a low cost small footprint solution, the presented Modified Butler Matrix features straight SIW phase shifter using periodic apertures. The Modified Butler Matrix is fabricated on a single layer Rogers RO4350B substrate, achieving a circuit area of 222.5 mm2, which is a 54% improvement over previously published 60 GHz results. The fully-integrated antenna array system is created by development of a new SIW to planar patch antenna transition structure which maintains a total antenna frontend area of 333 mm2, just 42% of the area of the next closest SIW 2-D beam switching publication at 60 GHz. For verification of beam switching via over the air (OTA) measurements at 60 GHz, a benchtop anechoic chamber with proper transmitter and receiver antenna positioners is designed and fabricated using in-house maker laboratory resources. 2-D beam steering is proved in the intended 4 quadrants of radiation space at ϕ0=50°, 140°, 220°, and 300° and θ0=30±5° demonstrating meeting the design specifications with a very good margin. As well, for each switched beam the gain of antenna array was measured to be between 4.8 to 6 dBi at 60 GHz which is within 1dB deviation from the simulated results

Simple Mechanically Reconfigurable Patch Antennas

Reconfigurable antennas form an active subdivision of antenna and communications research primarily targeted at achieving reconfigurability in the RF, microwave, and millimeter-wave frequency regimes. Mechanical, all-electronic, material based, and optical methods are the most common approaches to achieve reconfigurability. Each method can overlap to create new and innovative approaches to enable device tunability. The sub-class of reconfigurable antennas are antennas that dynamically achieve an adaptable transformation of their frequency, radiation-pattern, polarization, and/or bandwidth characteristics to enable multiple dynamic functionalities. In this thesis, we designed new rectangular and triangular microstrip patch array antennas operating in the 5G midband at 5GHz. These patch antennas were designed and inspired by the Yagi-Uda antenna, where the driven and passive director or parasitic patches are the main elements. It was found that by increasing the number of parasitic elements, the antenna’s gain can be improved, despite some impedance mismatch. The triangular patch array with the best result was then selected to further investigate its reconfigurability capability using two simple mechanically reconfigurable approaches, i.e., 1) single-plane and 2) double-plane patch arrays, focusing on the radiation pattern, gain, and operating frequency, and other antenna performances. The single-side and double-side folded structures were examined in both approaches, while the folded feeding line and curvature folded substrate were also studied in the single-plane patch array. The results provided clear evidence that by folding the substrate at varying angles one can effectively manipulate the antenna\u27s radiation pattern, gain, and center operating frequency location. The impact varies with the degree of folding, signifying a direct relationship between the folding angle and the returning loss or S11 value. Three proposed microstrip array antennas, i.e., the single-plane patch antenna array, the triangle microstrip array, and the microstrip Yagi-Uda antenna array, were fabricated and tested. The simulation and measurement results are in good agreement

Design of novel radiating elements for SATCOM phased arrays in Ku-Band

The present thesis deals with the design of a planar antenna array for the communication between a civil aircraft (Dassault's Falcon) and an Inmarsat satellite. The final goal is to provide high speed Internet access in X/Ku-Band (8-12GHz / 12-18GHz), and possibly even in K/Ka- Band (18-27GHz / 17-40GHz). The study starts with the Ku-Band only, then evolves towards the transmission band and finishes with their Ka-Band counterparts. The main constraint of the thesis is that the final result should be a low profile antenna that will be easy to integrate below the fuselage of an aircraft. At the same time, the antenna has to provide a beam steering mechanism in order to track the position of the targetted satellite while the aircraft is moving. The usual way to achieve it is to implement some dedicated electronic chips below each radiating element of array. Dassault Aviation has its own alternate and more mechanical oriented solutions. Since the communication system is intended for top-notch business jets produced in small series, cost is not here a decisive criterion. This thesis assumes the existence of the beam-steering system and concentrates on a proof of concept and careful design of the antenna elements that will constitute the final array. They have to satisfy tight constraints in terms of size, return loss, mutual coupling with neighbors, efficiency, radiation pattern and dual circular polarization quality. Printed multilayer antennas have been retained as the best candidates, and themain parts of the thesis have been dedicated to their study. The thesis concludes with the presentation of an apparently completely unrelated and independant topic, namely the simulation of nanoscale 2D planar structures based on Graphene. The rationale for this last chapter is to provide a prospective study of the use of Graphene to create a variable capacitance. This component is always needed in the beamforming network of reconfigurable and scanning arrays. Our laboratory is developing a deep knowledge of the electromagnetic properties of Graphene-based devices and these varicaps could lead to very interesting applications in high frequencies, once the Graphene technology has definitely progressed. Thanks to electrostatics Green's functions, a variable capacitor based on Graphene has been simulated, and a Quantumeffect -the Quantum capacitance of Graphene- has been successfully tackled from a numerical point of view