Historical background and constraints of a grapevine germplasm foundation in Hajdú-Bihar county, Eastern Hungary

The historical background of Debrecen linked to viticulture and wine-making stands mainly on the lack of drinkable water, the necessity of drinkable liquid during wartime and epidemics. The special character of the city evolved together with the changing lives of citizens and the increasing trade importance of the city. Period of Turkish occupation gave impetus to the formation of the 11 vine gardens of the settlement. After the devastation of rootmite and peronospora ‘Kadarica’ and ‘Nagy burgundy’ (‘Blaufrankish’), in smaller proportion - on lower sites – ‘Cabernet’ were planted. As white varieties ‘Ezerjó’, ‘Olasz Rizling’, ‘Kövidinka’, ‘white Mustos’, in smaller proportion ‘Szlankamenka’, ‘Erdei’, ‘Szilvaner’, ‘Mézesfehér’, ‘Bakar’, ‘Veltelini’ (red), ‘Fehér burgundi’ (? white burdunder), ‘Rajnai rizling’, ‘Red Tramini’, ‘Furmint’, ‘Muscat Lunel’, ‘Járdovány’ and ‘Juh-fark’ were planted. After the Trianon treaty in 1920, 2/3rd of Hungary was cut away. Érmellék wine region was also cut in two, thus Debrecen broke away from its wine region. Legal regulations after the World War II. (1959) referred back to variety application advised in 1924 for “place suitable for good wine production, not included in any wine region”, like Debrecen listing ’Ezerjó’, ’Mézesfehér’, ’Olaszrizling’, ’Bánáti rizling’, ’Furmint’, ’Hárslevelű’, ’Kövidinka’, Kecskemét virága’, ’Piros szlankamenka’,’Pozsonyi fehér’; ’Kadarka’, ’Oportó’ and ’Kékfrankos’ (Blaufrankish). The political changes of 1990 and Hungary’s admission to the Eurepoean Union almost annihilated the wine production of Debrecen. However little gardens conserved historic varieties which could date back even to many centuries. Through a local magazine a collecting work was announced pointing to gather ancient local (Vitis vinifera conv. pontica) varieties forming a genebank, established on the experimental station of the University of Debrecen. In 2014, about 112 items were collected (accessions). As a 2nd round of the work, with a more detailed and precise work, further 81 items were put into the reservatum. The latter represent single stuck collection, whereas the first ones are to be studied az mixed items. Most notable accession names (ACENAME) of the work are: ‘Fehér gohér’, ‘Veres gohér’, ‘Fekete gohér’, ‘Kék gohér’, ‘Erdei’, ‘Ezerjó’, ‘Kűbeli’, ‘Rizling’, ‘Mézes fehér’, ‘Dinka’, ‘Madling’, ‘Bakator’ and ‘Kadarka’. Simulteneously with the strenghening and morphological description of conserved stucks genetic identification of the items is being elaborated. Database comprising FAO/IPGRI multi-crop passport descriptors and OIV Primary descriptor priority list are to be published on-line in between the development of the platform

BÖLCSÉSZTANÁROK PUBLIKÁCIÓI A DEBRECENI SZEMLE HASÁBJAIN

A Tisza István Tudományos Társaság szervezte azt a kornak megfelelő tudományos színvonalú folyóiratot, mely 1927-től 1944-ig 19 számot adott közre és szerzői elsősorban debreceni egyetemi oktatók, középiskolai tanárok, szakírók, vidéken dolgozó értelmiségiek, országos hírű tudósok és írók voltak. A doktori disszertációmban szereplő bölcsésztanárok többsége a Debreceni Szemle – mint a város tudományos életének egyik legjelentősebb fóruma – hasábjain rendszeresen publikált. A lapot két egyetemi tanár, Hankiss János és Milleker Rezső szerkesztették. Minden második szám társadalmi, illetve természettudományos tematikát ölelt fel. Kezdetben évente tízszer, később tizenkétszer, majd a háborús években ismét tízszer vagy annál is ritkábban jelent meg, míg 1944-ben megszűnt, és csak sok évvel később indult újra. A Város támogatásával jelent meg a folyóirat, ám tematikája mégsem szűkült regionálissá, pedig azt tekintette elsőrendű feladatának. Ezen kívül a Debreceni Egyetem és a Társaság működtette viszonylag magas példányszámban, melynek 1932-től hivatalosan a szemléje lett, s az maradt megszűnéséig

The Population Structure in the Royal Borough of Debrecen from the Beginnings to the Trianon’s Peace Treaty

Debrecen ili „kalvinski Rim”, kako se često naziva, danas je drugi po veličini mađarski grad i od 16. stoljeća sjedište je Protestanske crkve. Prihvaćanje nove vjeroispovijesti znatno je pridonijelo snaženju mađarskog jezika i književnosti na materinskom jeziku, a time i jačanju nacionalne svijesti koja je i danas vrlo svojstvena mađarskim protestantima, čak toliko da se gdjekad spominje i kao jedna od njihovih karakteristika. Druga znakovitost vezana uz Debrecen i protestante jest činjenica kako su katolici bili potisnuti ne samo iz javnoga života nego čak i iz grada. Dobivanje statusa slobodnoga grada od strane kralja Leopolda I. 1693. godine bilo je uvjetovano uz obvezu Debrecena da dopusti povratak katoličkoga svećenstva i crkvenog života u grad poslije dvoipolstoljetnog prisilnog izgnanstva. „Kalvinski Rim” pristao je na taj uvjet te je grad darovao zemljište na kojemu su redovnici pijaristi podigli današnju prvostolnu crkvu svete Ane. Unatoč burnoj prošlosti, grad koji Mađari često spominju samo kao „civis” ponajprije je zanimljiv po svome demografskom razvoju, napose glede vjerske strukture stanovništva koja se mijenjala kroz stoljeća. Danas je u Debrecenu među vjerujućima Protestantska crkva još uvijek dominantna, ali je razvidan porast katolika i posebice grkokatolika (unijata). Porast broja potonjih može se objasniti i blizinom Ukrajine i Rumunjske, u kojima na pograničnim područjima živi relativno visok broj grkokatolika, premda su stanovnici u objema zemljama uglavnom pravoslavci.Debrecen or the «Calvinist Rome» as usually called, is nowadays the second biggest city in Hungary and has been the centre of the Protestant Church since the 16th century. The acceptance of a new religion contributed significantly to strengthening of the Hungarian language and literature in mother tongue and national consciousness which is very present with the Hungarian Protestants to the extent that it is sometimes mentioned as their unique feature. Another feature linked with Debrecen and the Protestants is the fact that the Catholics were ousted not only from public life but from the town as well. The Royal Borough status by the king Leopold I in 1693 was conditioned by the obligation of the town to allow the return of Catholic clergy and ecclesiastical life to the town after two and half centuries of forced exile. The «Calvinist Rome» accepted this condition and the town provided for a construction site on which the Piarists built the today’s St Anne’s cathedral. In spite of tumultuous past the town that the Hungarians often refer to as ‘’civis’’, is interesting for its demographic development especially concerning the religious population structure which changed in course of the centuries. Nowadays the Debrecen Protestant church is believed to be dominant but the growth of Catholics is evident especially of Eastern-Rite Catholics (Uniats). The increase of the latter can be explained by a close vicinity of Ukraine and Romania where there is a great number of Greek-Catholics living in borderland area although inhabitants in both countries are mainly Eastern Orthodox Christians

His Soul Is Weeping inside That He Cannot Bury the Dead as before.” Plague and Rebellion in Debrecen (Hungary), 1739–1742

This is a historical anthropological study of a period of social and religious tensions in a Calvinist city in the Kingdom of Hungary in the first half of the 18th century. The last and greatest plague epidemic to devastate Hungary and Transylvania between cca. 1738 and 1743 led to a clash of different opinions and beliefs on the origin of the plague and ways of fighting it. Situated on the Great Hungarian Plain, the city of Debrecen saw not only frequent violations of the imposed lockdown measures among its inhabitants but also a major uprising in 1739. The author examines the historical sources (handwritten city records, written and printed regulations, criminal proceedings, and other documents) to be found in the Debrecen city archives, as well as the writings of the local Calvinist pastors published in the same town. The purpose of the study is to outline the main directions of interpretation concerning the plague and manifest in the urban uprising. According to the findings of the author, there was a stricter and chronologically earlier direction, more in keeping with local Puritanism in the second half of the 17th century, and there was also a more moderate and later one, more in line with the assumptions and expectations of late 18th-century medical science. While the former set of interpretations seems to have been founded especially on a so-called “internal” cure (i.e., religious piety and repentance), the latter proposed mostly “external” means (i.e., quarantine measures and herbal medicine) to avoid the plague and be rid of it. There seems to have existed, however, a third set of interpretations: that of folk beliefs and practices, i.e., sorcery and magic. According to the files, a number of so-called “wise women” also attempted to cure the plague-stricken by magical means. The third set of interpretations and their implied practices were not tolerated by either of the other two. The author provides a detailed micro-historical analysis of local events and the social and religious discourses into which they were embedded