Radio resource management techniques for QoS provision in 5G networks

Premi extraordinari doctorat UPC curs 2017-2018. Àmbit d’Enginyeria de les TICAs numerous mobile applications and over-the-top (OTT) services emerge and mobile Internet connectivity becomes ubiquitous, the provision of high quality of service (QoS) is more challenging for mobile network operators (MNOs). Research efforts focus on the development of innovative resource management techniques and have introduced the long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) communication standard. Novel business models make the growth of network capacity sustainable by enabling MNOs to combine their resources. The fifth generation (5G) mobile networks will involve technologies and business stakeholders with different capabilities and demands that may affect the QoS provision, requiring efficient radio resource sharing. The need for higher network capacity has introduced novel technologies that improve resource allocation efficiency. Direct connectivity among user equipment terminals (UEs) circumventing the LTE-A infrastructure alleviates the network overload. Part of mobile traffic is offloaded to outband device-to-device (D2D) connections (in unlicensed spectrum) enabling data exchange between UEs directly or via UEs-relays. Still, MNOs need additional spectrum resources and infrastructure. The inter-operator network sharing concept has emerged motivating the adoption of virtualization that enables network slicing, i.e., dynamic separation of resources in virtual slices (VSs). VSs are managed in isolation by different tenants using software defined networking and encompass core and radio access network resources allocated periodically to UEs. When UEs access OTT applications, flows with different QoS demands and priorities determined by OTT service providers (OSPs) are generated. OSPs’ policies should be considered in VS allocation. The coexisting technologies, business models and stakeholders require sophisticated radio resource management (RRM) techniques. To that end, RRM is performed in a complex ecosystem. When D2D communication involves data concurrently downloaded by the mobile network, QoS may be affected by LTE-A network parameters (resource scheduling policy, downlink channel conditions). It is also affected by the relay selection, as UEs may not be willing to help unknown UE pairs and UEs’ social ties in mobile applications may influence willingness for D2D cooperation. Thus, effective medium access control (MAC) mechanisms should coordinate D2D transmissions employing advanced techniques, e.g., network coding (NC). When UEs access OTT applications, OSPs’ policies are not considered by MNOs in RRM and OSPs cannot apply flow prioritization. Network neutrality issues also arise when OSPs claim resources from MNOs aiming to minimize grade of service (GoS). OSPs’ intervention may delay flows’ accommodation due to the time required for OSP-MNO interaction and the time the flows spent waiting for resources. This thesis proposes novel solutions to the RRM issues of outband D2D communication and VS allocation for OSPs in 5G networks. We present a cooperative D2D MAC protocol that leverages the opportunities for NC in D2D communication under the influence of LTE-A network parameters and its throughput performance analysis. The protocol improves D2D throughput and energy efficiency, especially for UEs with better downlink channel conditions. We next introduce social awareness in D2D MAC design and present a social-aware cooperative D2D MAC protocol that employs UEs’ social ties to promote the use of friendly relays reducing the total energy consumption. Motivated by the lack of approaches for OSP-oriented RRM, we present a novel flow prioritization algorithm based on matching theory that applies OSPs’ policies respecting the network neutrality and the analysis of its GoS and delay performance. The algorithm maintains low overhead and delay without affecting fairness among OSPs. Our techniques highlight the QoS improvement induced by the joint consideration of different technologies and business stakeholders in RRM design.A medida que varias aplicaciones móviles y servicios over-the-top (OTT) surgen y el Internet móvil se vuelve ubicua, la prestación de alta calidad de servicio (QoS) es desafiante para los operadores de red móvil (MNOs). Los estudios de investigación se enfocan en técnicas innovadoras para la gestión de recursos de red y han resultado en la especificación del estándar de comunicación long term evolution advanced (LTE-A). Modelos comerciales nuevos hacen que el crecimiento de la capacidad de red sea sostenible al permitir que MNOs combinen sus recursos. La quinta generación (5G) de redes móviles implicará tecnologías y partes comerciales interesadas con varias habilidades y demandas que pueden afectar la provisión de QoS y demandan la gestión eficaz de recursos de radio. La necesidad de capacidad de red más alta ha introducido tecnologías que hacen más eficiente la asignación de recursos. La conectividad directa entre terminales de equipos de usuarios (UEs) eludiendo la infraestructura LTE-A alivia la sobrecarga de red. Parte del tráfico es dirigido a conexiones de dispositivo a dispositivo (D2D) outband permitiendo la comunicación de UEs directamente o con relés. Los MNOs necesitan nuevos recursos de espectro e infraestructura. El intercambio de recursos entre MNOs ha surgido motivando la adopción de virtualización que realiza la segmentación de red i.e., la separación dinámica de recursos en trozos virtuales (VSs). Los VSs son administrados de forma aislada por inquilinos diferentes con software defined networking y abarcan recursos de red core y radio access asignadas periódicamente a UEs. Cuando UEs usan aplicaciones OTT, flujos de aplicación con demandas y prioridades definidas por proveedores de servicios OTT (OSPs) se generan. Las políticas de OSPs deben ser integradas en la asignación de VSs. La coexistencia de varias tecnologías y partes comerciales demanda técnicas sofisticadas de gestión de recursos radio (RRM). Con ese fin, la RRM se realiza en un ecosistema complejo. Si la comunicación D2D involucra datos descargados simultáneamente por la red móvil, los parámetros de red LTE-A (política de scheduling de recursos, condiciones de canal downlink) afectan el QoS. La selección de relés afecta el rendimiento porque los UEs no desean siempre ayudar a UEs desconocidos. Las relaciones sociales de los UEs en aplicaciones móviles pueden determinar la voluntad para la comunicación cooperativa D2D. Por lo tanto, mecanismos de control de acceso al medio (MAC) deben coordinar las transmisiones D2D con técnicas avanzadas ej., codificación de red. Si los UEs usan servicios OTT, las políticas de OSPs no son consideradas en RRM y los OSPs no emplean flujos prioritarios. Problemas de neutralidad de red surgen cuando los OSPs reclaman recursos de MNOs para minimizar el grado de servicio (GoS). La intervención de OSPs puede causar retraso en el servicio de flujos debido a la interacción OSP-MNO y el tiempo requerido para que los flujos reciban recursos. Esta tesis presenta soluciones nuevas para los problemas RRM de comunicación D2D outband y asignación de VSs a OSPs en redes 5G. Proponemos un protocolo D2D MAC cooperativo que explota las oportunidades de NC bajo la influencia de parámetros de red LTE-A y su análisis de rendimiento. El protocolo mejora el rendimiento y la eficiencia energética especialmente para UEs con mejores condiciones de canal downlink. Introducimos la conciencia social en el D2D MAC y proponemos un protocolo que utiliza relaciones sociales de UEs para elegir relés-amigos y reduce el consumo de energía. Dada la falta de técnicas que aborden el problema RRM de OSPs presentamos un algoritmo que aplique políticas de OSPs y respete la neutralidad usando la teoría de matching, y su análisis de GoS y retraso. El algoritmo induce bajo coste y retraso sin afectar la imparcialidad entre OSPs. Estas técnicas demuestran la mejora de QoS gracias a la consideración de tecnologas y partes comerciales diferentes en RRM.Award-winningPostprint (published version

Survey on the state-of-the-art in device-to-device communication: A resource allocation perspective

Device to Device (D2D) communication takes advantage of the proximity between the communicating devices in order to achieve efficient resource utilization, improved throughput and energy efficiency, simultaneous serviceability and reduced latency. One of the main characteristics of D2D communication is reuse of the frequency resource in order to improve spectral efficiency of the system. Nevertheless, frequency reuse introduces significantly high interference levels thus necessitating efficient resource allocation algorithms that can enable simultaneous communication sessions through effective channel and/or power allocation. This survey paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the state-of-the-art resource allocation algorithms in D2D communication underlaying cellular networks. The surveyed algorithms are evaluated based on heterogeneous parameters which constitute the elementary features of a resource allocation algorithm in D2D paradigm. Additionally, in order to familiarize the readers with the basic design of the surveyed resource allocation algorithms, brief description of the mode of operation of each algorithm is presented. The surveyed algorithms are divided into four categories based on their technical doctrine i.e., conventional optimization based, Non-Orthogonal-MultipleAccess (NOMA) based, game theory based and machine learning based techniques. Towards the end, several open challenges are remarked as the future research directions in resource allocation for D2D communication

Design Challenges for the Implementation of Smart Homes

Home automation for many years had faced challenges that limit its spreading around the world. These challenges caused by the high cost of Own such a home, inflexibility system (cannot be monitored outside the home) and issues to achieve optimal security. Our main objective is to design and implement a smart home model that is simple, affordable to the users. The proposed system provide flexibility to monitor the home, using the reliable cellular network. The user will be able what is inside the home when he /she is away from home. In addition to that, our model overcome the issue of the security by providing different sensors that detects smoke, gas, leakage of water and incases of burglary. Moreover, a camera will be available in the home to give a full view for the user when he/she is outside the home. The user will be informed by an application on his/she phone incase if there is a fire, water leakage and if someone break into the house. This will give the user a chance to take an action if such cases happened. Furthermore, the user can monitor the lighting system of the home, by giving the user a chance to turn the lights on and off remotely

Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications

Device-to-device (D2D) communications have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers in recent years. It is a promising technique for offloading local traffic from cellular base stations by allowing local devices, in physical proximity, to communicate directly with each other. Furthermore, through relaying, D2D is also a promising approach to enhancing service coverage at cell edges or in black spots. However, there are many challenges to realizing the full benefits of D2D. For one, minimizing the interference between legacy cellular and D2D users operating in underlay mode is still an active research issue. With the 5th generation (5G) communication systems expected to be the main data carrier for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigm, the potential role of D2D and its scalability to support massive IoT devices and their machine-centric (as opposed to human-centric) communications need to be investigated. New challenges have also arisen from new enabling technologies for D2D communications, such as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and blockchain technologies, which call for new solutions to be proposed. This edited book presents a collection of ten chapters, including one review and nine original research works on addressing many of the aforementioned challenges and beyond

Adaptive Network Densification with Small Cell Mobile Base Stations Carried by Vehicles

1noL'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmentopen676. INGEGNERIA ELETTRICAnopartially_openembargoed_20211014Mohammadnia, Foroog

Interference mitigation in D2D communication underlaying LTE-A network

The mobile data traffic has risen exponentially in recent days due to the emergence of data intensive applications, such as online gaming and video sharing. It is driving the telecommunication industry as well as the research community to come up with new paradigms that will support such high data rate requirements within the existing wireless access network, in an efficient and effective manner. To respond to this challenge, device-to-device (D2D) communication in cellular networks is viewed as a promising solution, which is expected to operate, either within the coverage area of the existing eNB and under the same cellular spectrum (in-band) or separate spectrum (out-band). D2D provides the opportunity for users located in close proximity of each other to communicate directly, without traversing data traffic through the eNB. It results in several transmission gains, such as improved throughput, energy gain, hop gain, and reuse gain. However, integration of D2D communication in cellular systems at the same time introduces new technical challenges that need to be addressed. Containment of the interference among D2D nodes and cellular users is one of the major problems. D2D transmission radiates in all directions, generating undesirable interference to primary cellular users and other D2D users sharing the same radio resources resulting in severe performance degradation. Efficient interference mitigation schemes are a principal requirement in order to optimize the system performance. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the existing interference mitigation schemes present in the open literature. Based on the subjective and objective analysis of the work available to date, it is also envisaged that adopting a multi-antenna beamforming mechanism with power control, such that the transmit power is maximized toward the direction of the intended D2D receiver node and limited in all other directions will minimize the interference in the network. This could maximize the sum throughput and hence, guarantees the reliability of both the D2D and cellular connections

Resource Allocation for D2D Communications Based on Matching Theory

PhDDevice-to-device (D2D) communications underlaying a cellular infrastructure takes advantage of the physical proximity of communicating devices and increasing resource utilisation. However, adopting D2D communications in complex scenarios poses substantial challenges for the resource allocation design. Meanwhile, matching theory has emerged as a promising framework for wireless resource allocation which can overcome some limitations of game theory and optimisation. This thesis focuses on the resource allocation optimisation for D2D communications based on matching theory. First, resource allocation policy is designed for D2D communications underlaying cellular networks. A novel spectrum allocation algorithm based on many-to-many matching is proposed to improve system sum rate. Additionally, considering the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements and priorities of di erent applications, a context-aware resource allocation algorithm based on many-to-one matching is proposed, which is capable of providing remarkable performance enhancement in terms of improved data rate, decreased packet error rate (PER) and reduced delay. Second, to improve resource utilisation, joint subchannel and power allocation problem for D2D communications with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is studied. For the subchannel allocation, a novel algorithm based on the many-to-one matching is proposed for obtaining a suboptimal solution. Since the power allocation problem is non-convex, sequential convex programming is adopted to transform the original power allocation problem to a convex one. The proposed algorithm is shown to enhance the network sum rate and number of accessed users. Third, driven by the trend of heterogeneity of cells, the resource allocation problem for NOMA-enhanced D2D communications in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is investigated. In such a scenario, the proposed resource allocation algorithm is able to closely approach the optimal solution within a limited number of iterations and achieves higher sum rate compared to traditional HetNets schemes. Thorough theoretical analysis is conducted in the development of all proposed algorithms, and performance of proposed algorithm is evaluated via comprehensive simulations. This thesis concludes that matching theory based resource allocation for D2D communications achieves near-optimal performance with acceptable complexity. In addition, the application of D2D communications in NOMA and HetNets can improve system performance in terms of sum rate and users connectivity

An optimal multitier resource allocation of cloud RAN in 5G using machine learning

The networks are evolving drastically since last few years in order to meetuser requirements. For example, the 5G is offering most of the available spec-trum under one umbrella. In this work, we will address the resource allocationproblem in fifth-generation (5G) networks, to be exact in the Cloud Radio AccessNetworks (C-RANs). The radio access network mechanisms involve multiplenetwork topologies that are isolated based on the spectrum bands and it shouldbe enhanced with numerous access technology in the deployment of 5G net-work. The C-RAN is one of the optimal technique to combine all the availablespectral bands. However, existing C-RAN mechanisms lacks the intelligence per-spective on choosing the spectral bands. Thus, C-RAN mechanism requires anadvanced tool to identify network topology to allocate the network resources forsubstantial traffic volumes. Therefore, there is a need to propose a frameworkthat handles spectral resources based on user requirements and network behav-ior. In this work, we introduced a new C-RAN architecture modified as multitierHeterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Networks in a 5G environment. This archi-tecture handles spectral resources efficiently. Based on the simulation analysis,the proposed multitier H-CRAN architecture with improved control unit innetwork management perspective enables augmented granularity, end-to-endoptimization, and guaranteed quality of service by 15 percentages over theexisting system

From MANET to people-centric networking: Milestones and open research challenges

In this paper, we discuss the state of the art of (mobile) multi-hop ad hoc networking with the aim to present the current status of the research activities and identify the consolidated research areas, with limited research opportunities, and the hot and emerging research areas for which further research is required. We start by briefly discussing the MANET paradigm, and why the research on MANET protocols is now a cold research topic. Then we analyze the active research areas. Specifically, after discussing the wireless-network technologies, we analyze four successful ad hoc networking paradigms, mesh networks, opportunistic networks, vehicular networks, and sensor networks that emerged from the MANET world. We also present an emerging research direction in the multi-hop ad hoc networking field: people centric networking, triggered by the increasing penetration of the smartphones in everyday life, which is generating a people-centric revolution in computing and communications