3D Capacitance Extraction With the Method of Moments

In this thesis, the Method of Moments has been applied to calculate capacitance between two arbitrary 3D metal conductors or a capacitance matrix for a 3D multi-conductor system. Capacitance extraction has found extensive use for systems involving sets of long par- allel transmission lines in multi-dielectric environment as well as integrated circuit package including three-dimensional conductors located on parallel planes. This paper starts by reviewing fundamental aspects of transient electro-magnetics followed by the governing dif- ferential and integral equations to motivate the application of numerical methods as Method of Moments(MoM), Finite Element Method(FEM), etc. Among these numerical tools, the surface-based integral-equation methodology - MoM is ideally suited to address the prob- lem. It leads to a well-conditioned system with reduced size, as compared to volumetric methods. In this dissertation, the MoM Surface Integral Equation (SIE)-based modeling approach is developed to realize electrostatic capacitance extraction for 3D geometry. MAT- LAB is employed to validate its e?ciency and e?ectiveness along with design of a friendly GUI. As a base example, a parallel-plate capacitor is considered. We evaluate the accu- racy of the method by comparison with FEM simulations as well as the corresponding quasi-analytical solution. We apply this method to the parallel-plate square capacitor and demonstrate how far could the undergraduate result 0C = A ? =d\u27 be from reality. For the completion of the solver, the same method is applied to the calculation of line capacitance for two- and multi-conductor 2D transmission lines

Enhanced PEEC electromagnetic modeling for RF/microwave multi-layer circuits.

Hu Mengna.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-105).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Abstract --- p.iiAcknowledgements --- p.ivTable of Contents --- p.vChapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- PEEC Modeling Method --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- Overview of the work --- p.2Chapter 1.3 --- Original Contributions --- p.3Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.3Chapter Chapter 2 --- CLASSICAL PARTIAL ELEMENT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELING --- p.4Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.4Chapter 2.2 --- Mathematical Formulation in PEEC --- p.5Chapter 2.2.1 --- Basic Integral Equation --- p.5Chapter 2.2.2 --- Current and Charge discretization --- p.6Chapter 2.2.3 --- Galerkin Matching Method --- p.8Chapter 2.3 --- Partial Inductance --- p.10Chapter 2.3.1 --- General Formula for partial mutual inductance --- p.10Chapter 2.3.2 --- Mutual Inductance between two Thin Rectangular Tapes --- p.11Chapter 2.4 --- Partial Capacitance --- p.13Chapter 2.4.1 --- General Formula for partial mutual capacitance --- p.13Chapter 2.4.2 --- Mutual Capacitance Between Two Thin Rectangular Tapes --- p.16Chapter 2.5 --- Meshing Scheme --- p.17Chapter 2.6 --- Green's function --- p.20Chapter 2.6.1 --- Modification on free space Green's function through Ray-tracing technique --- p.20Chapter 2.6.2 --- Impact on partial inductance and partial capacitance --- p.22Chapter 2.7 --- PEEC Modeling of A LTCC 2.4GHz Band Pass Filter --- p.23Chapter 2.7.1 --- General Procedures to apply PEEC Modeling Method --- p.23Chapter 2.7.2 --- Numerical Results of a LTCC Band Pass Filter Modeling --- p.24Chapter 2.8 --- Summary --- p.27Chapter Chapter 3 --- GENERALIZED PEEC MODELING FOR PASSIVE COMPONENT OF IRREGULAR SHAPES --- p.29Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.29Chapter 3.2 --- Triangular meshing scheme in MoM --- p.30Chapter 3.2.1 --- Triangular meshing scheme adopted in MoM --- p.30Chapter 3.2.2 --- Spiral Inductor --- p.32Chapter 3.3 --- Generalized Meshing Scheme --- p.34Chapter 3.4 --- Mathematical Formulation in Enhanced PEEC --- p.39Chapter 3.4.1 --- Current and Charge discretization --- p.39Chapter 3.4.2 --- Enhanced Formulation for partial mutual inductance and capacitance --- p.41Chapter 3.4.3 --- Four-Dimensional Integration --- p.43Chapter 3.4.4 --- Gauss Numerical Integration --- p.44Chapter 3.4.5 --- Mixed Numerical and Analytical Technique --- p.47Chapter 3.5 --- Numerical Results from Enhanced PEEC Modeling Method --- p.50Chapter 3.5.1 --- Spiral Inductor --- p.50Chapter 3.5.2 --- High Pass Filter --- p.56Chapter 3.5.3 --- Design and Optimization of LTCC Diplexer --- p.60Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.67Chapter Chapter 4 --- HIGH FREQUENCY PEEC --- p.69Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.69Chapter 4.2 --- Spatial Domain Green's Functions --- p.70Chapter 4.2.1 --- Full-wave Spectral Domain Green´ةs Functions --- p.70Chapter 4.2.2 --- Full-wave Spatial Domain Green，s functions --- p.72Chapter 4.3 --- Frequency-dependent Complex Partial Elements --- p.74Chapter 4.4 --- Numerical Results Of High-Frequency PEEC Modeling Method --- p.79Chapter 4.4.1 --- Numerical Discussion of Complex Image Method --- p.75Chapter 4.4.2 --- Microstrip Filter --- p.84Chapter 4.4.3 --- Patch Antenna --- p.84Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.87Chapter Chapter 5 --- CONCLUDING REMARKS --- p.88Chapter 5.1 --- Two Enhancements in PEEC Modeling --- p.88Chapter 5.2 --- Limitations of Enhanced PEEC Modeling --- p.90Chapter 5.3 --- Future Work --- p.90APPENDIX --- p.92REFERENCE --- p.10

Advanced Integral Equation and Hybrid Methods for the Efficient Analysis of General Waveguide and Antenna Structures

Three new numerical methods for the calculation of passive waveguide and antenna structures are presented in this work. They are designed to be used within a comprehensive hybrid CAD tool for the efficient analysis of those building blocks for which the fast mode-matching/2-D finite element technique cannot be applied. The advanced algorithms introduced here are doubly higher order, that is higher order basis functions are considered for current/field modeling whereas geometry discretization is performed with triangular/tetrahedral elements of higher polynomial degree

The Partial Elements Equivalent Circuit Method: The State Of The Art

This year marks about half a century since the birth of the technique known as the partial element equivalent circuit modeling approach. This method was initially conceived to model the behavior of interconnect-type problems for computer-integrated circuits. An important industrial requirement was the computation of general inductances in integrated circuits and packages. Since then, the advances in methods and applications made it suitable for modeling a large class of electromagnetic problems, especially in the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)/signal and power integrity (SI/PI) areas. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of all aspects of the method, from its beginning to the present day, with special attention to the developments that have made it suitable for EMC/SI/PI problems

Novel spatial domain integral equation formulation for the analysis of rectangular waveguide steps close to arbitrarily shaped dielectric and/or conducting posts

[EN] In this paper, a novel integral equation formulation expressed in the spatial domain is proposed for the analysis of rectangular waveguide step discontinuities. The important novelty of the proposed formulation is that which allows to easily take into account the electrical influence of a given number of arbitrarily shaped conducting and dielectric posts placed close to the waveguide discontinuity. For the sake of simplicity, and without loss of generality, the presented integral equation has been particularized and solved for inductive rectangular waveguide geometry. In this case, the integral equation mixed-potentials kernel is written in terms of parallel plate Green¿s functions with an additional ground plane located on the waveguide step. Therefore, the unknowns of the problem are reduced to an equivalent magnetic surface current on the step aperture and equivalent magnetic and electric surface currents on the dielectric and conducting posts close to the discontinuity. The numerical solution of the final integral equation is efficiently computed after the application of acceleration techniques for the slowly convergent series representing the Green¿s functions of the problem. The numerical method has been validated through several simulation examples of practical microwave devices, including compact size band-pass cavity filters and coupled dielectric resonators filters. The results have been compared to those provided by commercial full-wave electromagnetic simulation software packages, showing in all cases a very good agreement, and with substantially enhanced numerical efficiencies.This research work has been financially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad in the frame of the projects "Demostradores Tecnologicos de Filtros y Multiplexores con Respuestas Selectivas y Sintonizables en Nuevas Guias Compactas para Aplicaciones Espaciales (COMPASSES)" with Ref. TEC2016-75934-C4-1-R, and "Analisis y Diseno de Nuevos Componentes en Microondas y Milimetricas para Comunicaciones por Satelite (MILISAT)" with Ref. TEC2016-75934-C4-4-R. As an additional financial source we thank the regional agency Fundacion Seneca from Region de Murcia under the research project "Desarrollo de Antenas y Componentes Pasivos de Microondas para Sistemas Avanzados de Comunicaciones" with Ref. 19494/PI/14 and Ref. 20147/EE/17, and the PhD scholarship granted by the Spanish national Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte with Ref. FPU15/02883. All results of this paper can be reproduced by using the data and information contained in the drawings and in the captions of the figures included in the paper.Quesada Pereira, FD.; Gomez Molina, C.; Alvarez Melcon, A.; Boria Esbert, VE.; Guglielmi, M. (2018). Novel spatial domain integral equation formulation for the analysis of rectangular waveguide steps close to arbitrarily shaped dielectric and/or conducting posts. Radio Science. 53(4):406-419. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017RS006429S406419534Arcioni , P. Bressan , M. Conciauro , G. Perregrini , L. 1997 Generalized Y-matrix of arbitrary H-plane waveguide junctions by the BI-RME method IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest 211 214 DenverCapolino, F., Wilton, D. R., & Johnson, W. A. (2005). Efficient computation of the 2-D Green’s function for 1-D periodic structures using the Ewald method. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 53(9), 2977-2984. doi:10.1109/tap.2005.854556Catina, V., Arndt, F., & Brandt, J. (2005). Hybrid surface integral-equation/mode-matching method for the analysis of dielectric loaded waveguide filters of arbitrary shape. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 53(11), 3562-3567. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2005.857343Fructos, A. L., Boix, R. R., Mesa, F., & Medina, F. (2008). An Efficient Approach for the Computation of 2-D Green’s Functions With 1-D and 2-D Periodicities in Homogeneous Media. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 56(12), 3733-3742. doi:10.1109/tap.2008.2007281Guglielmi, M., & Newport, C. (1990). Rigorous, multimode equivalent network representation of inductive discontinuities. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 38(11), 1651-1659. doi:10.1109/22.60012Hu, Y. L., Li, J., Ding, D. Z., & Chen, R. S. (2016). Analysis of Transient EM Scattering From Penetrable Objects by Time Domain Nonconformal VIE. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 64(1), 360-365. doi:10.1109/tap.2015.2501437Kalantari, M., & Paran, K. (2017). Analysing Metamaterial Layer by Simpler Approach Based on Mode Matching Technique. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 11(5), 607-616. doi:10.1049/iet-map.2016.0687Mrvić, M., Potrebić, M., & Tošić, D. (2016). CompactEplane waveguide filter with multiple stopbands. Radio Science, 51(12), 1895-1904. doi:10.1002/2016rs006169Pérez-Soler, F. J., Quesada-Pereira, F. D., Cañete Rebenaque, D., Pascual-García, J., & Alvarez-Melcon, A. (2007). Efficient integral equation formulation for inductive waveguide components with posts touching the waveguide walls. Radio Science, 42(6). doi:10.1029/2006rs003591POGGIO, A. J., & MILLER, E. K. (1973). Integral Equation Solutions of Three-dimensional Scattering Problems. Computer Techniques for Electromagnetics, 159-264. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-016888-3.50008-8Quesada Pereira , F. Boria , V. E. Gimeno , B. Cañete Rebenaque , D. Pascual Garcia , J. Alvarez Melcon , A. 2006 Investigation of multipaction phenomena in inductively coupled passive waveguide components for space applications IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest 246 249 San Francisco, CAPereira, F. D. Q., Esbert, V. E. B., Garcia, J. P., Ana Vidal Pantaleoni, Melcon, A. A., Tornero, J. L. G., & Gimeno, B. (2007). Efficient Analysis of Arbitrarily Shaped Inductive Obstacles in Rectangular Waveguides Using a Surface Integral-Equation Formulation. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 55(4), 715-721. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2007.893673Quesada Pereira, F. D., Vera Castejón, P., Álvarez Melcón, A., Gimeno, B., & Boria Esbert, V. E. (2011). An efficient integral equation technique for the analysis of arbitrarily shaped capacitive waveguide circuits. Radio Science, 46(2), n/a-n/a. doi:10.1029/2010rs004458Stumpf, M., & Leone, M. (2009). Efficient 2-D Integral Equation Approach for the Analysis of Power Bus Structures With Arbitrary Shape. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 51(1), 38-45. doi:10.1109/temc.2008.2009223Wei, X.-C., Li, E.-P., Liu, E.-X., & Cui, X. (2008). Efficient Modeling of Rerouted Return Currents in Multilayered Power-Ground Planes by Using Integral Equation. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 50(3), 740-743. doi:10.1109/temc.2008.924392Huapeng Zhao, En-Xiao Liu, Jun Hu, & Er-Ping Li. (2014). Fast Contour Integral Equation Method for Wideband Power Integrity Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, 4(8), 1317-1324. doi:10.1109/tcpmt.2014.232724

A Method Of Moments Approach for the Design Of RF Coils for MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a widely used soft-tissue imaging modality that has evolved over the past several years into a powerful and versatile medical diagnostic tool capable of providing in-vivo diagnostic images of human and animal anatomies. Current research efforts in MRI system design are driven by the need to obtain detailed high resolution images with improved image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at a given magnetic field strength. Invariably, this requirement demands the development of high performance MRI radio frequency (RF) coils. However, the complexities and stringent requirements of modern clinical MRI systems necessitate the development of new modeling methodologies for the design of high performance RF coils. This dissertation addresses this need by developing a distinct Method of Moments (MoM) modeling approach suitable for the simulation of RF coils loaded with biological tissues. The unique implementation utilizes two distinct basis functions in order to collectively describe the surface current density on the RF coil, and the sum of the volume current density and the displacement current density in the associated biological tissue. By selecting basis functions with similar properties to the actual physical quantities they describe, we avoided spurious solutions normally associated with MoM based implementations. The validity of our modeling method was confirmed by comparisons with analytical solutions as well as physical measurements, yielding good agreement. Furthermore, we applied the MoM based modeling method in the design and development of a novel 4-channel receive-only RF coil for breast imaging in a clinical 1.5T system. The new coil design was inspired by the multi-channel array concept, where multiple conducting strips were arranged in an anatomically conforming profile with the intention of improving sensitivity and SNR. In addition, the coil structure featured an open breast coil concept in order to facilitate MRI-guided biopsy and patient comfort. A comparison of simulation results and actual physical measurements from the prototype RF coil demonstrated good agreement with one another. Also, imaging tests were conducted on a pair of MRI phantoms as well as on a human patient after obtaining proper authorization. The tests revealed good magnetic field homogeneity and a high SNR in the region of interest. In addition, performance comparisons between the prototype 4-channel RF coil and existing high end clinical 4-channel RF breast coils indicated an achievement of superior SNR in conjunction with very good magnetic field homogeneity. Currently, the prototype 4-channel RF coil has outperformed all existing high end clinical 4-channel RF coils used in comparison studies

Modeling EMI Resulting from a Signal Via Transition Through Power/Ground Layers

Signal transitioning through layers on vias are very common in multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) design. For a signal via transitioning through the internal power and ground planes, the return current must switch from one reference plane to another reference plane. The discontinuity of the return current at the via excites the power and ground planes, and results in noise on the power bus that can lead to signal integrity, as well as EMI problems. Numerical methods, such as the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), Moment of Methods (MoM), and partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method, were employed herein to study this problem. The modeled results are supported by measurements. In addition, a common EMI mitigation approach of adding a decoupling capacitor was investigated with the FDTD method

Investigation of flat capacitor discharge electromagnetic launchers

In this thesis, studies of flat or pancake type electromagnetic launcher systems are described. The studies involved the development of several numerical models, and are supported throughout by experimental investigation. The models were based on a coaxial filamentary division technique, and the results they provided were compared with those from a commercial electromagnetic finite element modelling package. They were used to investigate some of the many possible launcher structures and power supply arrangements, as part of a wide-ranging parametric study. The aim of this thesis was to gain an insight into the factors that affect the performance of the launchers. Several different techniques were implemented to reduce the computation time. Practical experimentation provided a clear demonstration of the launcher technology, and supplied valuable model validation data. To aid the experimental work new projectile speed and yaw measurement systems were developed, and these were supported by results from a high-speed camera. A novel dual projectile launcher was tested, and was shown to improve the launch efficiency and to operate at higher energies, due to the reduction in drive coil recoil. Projectile deformation was investigated in both solid discs and flat annular projectiles

Electromagnetic analysis of 2.5D structures in open layered media

This thesis presents a specialization of the integral equation (IE) method for the analysis of three-dimensional metallic and dielectric structures embedded in laterally unbounded (open) layered media. The method remains basically spatial but makes use of extensive analytical treatment of the vertical dependence of the problem in the 2D Fourier-transformed domain. The analytical treatment restricts somewhat the class of structures that can be analyzed. Still, the field of applicability remains very large, and includes most printed circuit and integrated circuit structures. The method is developed in full numerical detail, from first principles down to the properties of new Green's functions and the computation of particular types of convolution integrals. We show how the memory and time complexity are considerably reduced when compared to the requirements of the analysis of general 3D structures. With the newly developed tool, it is possible to deal with some peculiar characteristics of microwave and millimeter-wave circuits and antennas. Most noteworthy among these is the presence of thick metallizations (either electrically, or relative to circuit features). A novel full-wave analysis of arbitrarily shaped apertures in thick metallic screens is presented. This is compared to other methods, both full-wave and approximate, and demonstrated to offer excellent accuracy. Comparison with measured data, obtained from specially constructed prototypes, further validates the new technique. A second application is to the analysis of airbridges in coplanar waveguide (CPW) and slotline (SL) circuits. Comparison of measured and simulated data validates again our technique and provides valuable information about the behavior of CPW-fed slot loop antennas. Among the more specific applications, particular attention is devoted to the analysis and design of submillimeter-wave integrated dielectric lens feeds. These were object of study in the frame of a European Space Agency project, Integrated Front-End Receivers (IFER), which our Laboratory carried out in cooperation with a team at University of Toronto. The analysis method developed in this work encompasses and extends all previous work done at our Laboratory (LEMA) related with the analysis of this kind of feed. Together with the advanced 3D ray-tracing code developed at University of Toronto, it is possible to gain a high degree of insight into the behavior of these integrated receivers