Joint perception: gaze and beliefs about social context

The way that we look at images is influenced by social context. Previously we demonstrated this phenomenon of joint perception. If lone participants believed that an unseen other person was also looking at the images they saw, it shifted the balance of their gaze between negative and positive images. The direction of this shift depended upon whether participants thought that later they would be compared against the other person or would be collaborating with them. Here we examined whether the joint perception is caused by beliefs about shared experience (looking at the same images) or beliefs about joint action (being engaged in the same task with the images). We place our results in the context of the emerging field of joint action, and discuss their connection to notions of group emotion and situated cognition. Such findings reveal the persuasive and subtle effect of social context upon cognitive and perceptual processes

Joint perception: gaze and social context

We found that the way people looked at images was influenced by their belief that others were looking too. If participants believed that an unseen other person was also looking at what they could see, it shifted the balance of their gaze between negative and positive images. The direction of this shift depended upon whether participants thought that later they would be compared against the other person or would be collaborating with them. Changes in the social context influenced both gaze and memory processes, and were not due just to participants' belief that they are looking at the same images, but also to the belief that they are doing the same task. We believe that the phenomenon of joint perception reveals the pervasive and subtle effect of social context upon cognitive and perceptual processes

Nominal cross recurrence as a generalized lag sequential analysis for behavioral streams

We briefly present lag sequential analysis for behavioral streams, a commonly used method in psychology for quantifying the relationships between two nominal time series. Cross recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) is shown as an extension of this technique, and we exemplify this nominal application of CRQA to eye-movement data in human interaction. In addition, we demonstrate nominal CRQA in a simple coupled logistic map simulation used in previous communication research, permitting the investigation of properties of nonlinear systems such as bifurcation and onset to chaos, even in the streams obtained by coarse-graining a coupled nonlinear model. We end with a summary of the importance of CRQA for exploring the relationship between two behavioral streams, and review a recent theoretical trend in the cognitive sciences that would be usefully informed by this and similar nonlinear methods. We hope this work will encourage scientists interested in general properties of complex, nonlinear dynamical systems to apply emerging methods to coarse-grained, nominal units of measure, as there is an immediate need for their application in the psychological domain

Cross Recurrence Analysis as a Measure of Pilots' Coordination Strategy

When solving problems, multi-person airline crews can choose whether to work together, or to address different aspects of a situation with a divide and conquer strategy. Knowing which of these strategies is most effective may help airlines develop better procedures and training. This paper concentrates on joint attention as a measure of crew coordination. We report results obtained by applying cross recurrence analysis to eye movement data from two-person crews, collected in a flight simulator experiment. The analysis shows that crews exhibit coordinated gaze roughly 1/6th of the time, with a tendency for the captain to lead the first officers visual attention. The degree to which crews coordinate their gaze is not significantly correlated with performance ratings assigned by instructors; further research questions and approaches are discussed

Effects of conversation content on viewing dyadic conversations

People typically follow conversations closely with their gaze. We asked whether this viewing is influenced by what is actually said in the conversation and by the viewer’s psychological condition. We recorded the eye movements of healthy (N = 16) and depressed (N = 25) participants while they were viewing video clips. Each video showed two people, each speaking one line of dialogue about socio-emotionally important (i.e., personal) or unimportant topics (matter-of-fact). Between the spoken lines, the viewers made more saccadic shifts between the discussants, and looked more at the second speaker, in personal vs. matter-of-fact conversations. Higher depression scores were correlated with less looking at the currently speaking discussant. We conclude that subtle social attention dynamics can be detected from eye movements and that these dynamics are sensitive to the observer’s psychological condition, such as depression

Self-regulators - a hidden dimension of interaction: movement similarity and temporal proximity increase the perception of interpersonal coordination in third party observers

In everyday circumstances, humans use a variety of cues to draw rich inferences about the nature of interaction. Among these, we focus on sequences of self-regulatory movements, such as touching behaviours and postural changes, that have long been related to interpersonal coordination understood both in terms of mimicry and synchrony. So far, there has been a severe lack of studies on the third party perception of interactional phenomena, including self-regulators. Here, we investigate which elements of the interactional dynamics induce the perception of interactants' behaviours (represented by self-regulators) as causally related, and show that the most important factor responsible for such attribution is the similarity of observed movements. On a more general plane, we hope to make a step towards uncovering perceptual biases that evolved for interpersonal coordination, thus shedding some light on the human interactional potential and its evolution

Giving a helping hand: effects of joint attention on mental rotation of body parts

Research on joint attention has addressed both the effects of gaze following and the ability to share representations. It is largely unknown, however, whether sharing attention also affects the perceptual processing of jointly attended objects. This study tested whether attending to stimuli with another person from opposite perspectives induces a tendency to adopt an allocentric rather than an egocentric reference frame. Pairs of participants performed a handedness task while individually or jointly attending to rotated hand stimuli from opposite sides. Results revealed a significant flattening of the performance rotation curve when participants attended jointly (experiment 1). The effect of joint attention was robust to manipulations of social interaction (cooperation versus competition, experiment 2), but was modulated by the extent to which an allocentric reference frame was primed (experiment 3). Thus, attending to objects together from opposite perspectives makes people adopt an allocentric rather than the default egocentric reference frame

‘Coordination’ (Herbert H Clark), ‘integration’ (Roy Harris) and the foundations of communication theory: common ground or competing visions?

The paper explores the relationship between Herbert H Clark’s conception of language use as ‘coordination’ in joint action and Roy Harris’s view of sign-making as an ‘integration’ of activities. On the face of it, the two approaches have much in common. Both Clark and Harris have raised fundamental objections to traditional linguistic approaches: Clark has counterposed an 'action tradition' to a prevailing 'product tradition', while Harris has proposed an 'integrational' view in opposition to a prevailing 'segregational' approach, both scholars insisting on seeing the production and interpretation of signs as embedded in contexts of activity. However, clear differences between the two approaches revolve around their respective attitudes to common ground in joint action and to the existence of languages as conventionally theorised. The paper explores these differences in relation to the role of intention and shared knowledge in meaning-making and to the status of conventional meaning in linguistic communication. The paper argues that Clark's approach overall ultimately proves vulnerable to Harris's critique of the reifying tendencies and ideology of the western language tradition and ends with a brief reflection on the wider socio-political implications of debates over linguistic methodology.</p

Experimental approaches to referential domains and the on-line processing of referring expressions in unscripted conversation

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Investigating the basis of memory-based effects on common ground

Much previous research has investigated the effect of domain-general memory processes on production and comprehension in conversation. In this paper, we present a paradigm in which common ground targets are kept consistent between a participant and two different speakers, and demonstrate a speaker effect that draws participants’ attention away from the common ground target in Experiment 1. Further, we hypothesise that one important factor that promotes speaker identity as a cue for memory processes is that speakers are in conversational partners’ shared attention at the memory coding phase. In Experiments 2 and 3, we demonstrate a non-speaker cue can give rise to a memory-based interference effect when the relevant contextual information is in shared attention but not when it is not. Our results provide an important insight into the interplay of domain-general memory mechanisms and domain specific biases for shared attention