450 research outputs found
Delay dynamics of neuromorphic optoelectronic nanoscale resonators: Perspectives and applications
With the recent exponential growth of applications using artificial intelligence (AI), the development of efficient and ultrafast brain-like (neuromorphic) systems is crucial for future information and communication technologies. While the implementation of AI systems using computer algorithms of neural networks is emerging rapidly, scientists are just taking the very first steps in the development of the hardware elements of an artificial brain, specifically neuromorphic microchips. In this review article, we present the current state of the art of neuromorphic photonic circuits based on solid-state optoelectronic oscillators formed by nanoscale double barrier quantum well resonant tunneling diodes. We address, both experimentally and theoretically, the key dynamic properties of recently developed artificial solid-state neuron microchips with delayed perturbations and describe their role in the study of neural activity and regenerative memory. This review covers our recent research work on excitable and delay dynamic characteristics of both single and autaptic (delayed) artificial neurons including all-or-none response, spike-based data encoding, storage, signal regeneration and signal healing. Furthermore, the neural responses of these neuromorphic microchips display all the signatures of extended spatio-temporal localized structures (LSs) of light, which are reviewed here in detail. By taking advantage of the dissipative nature of LSs, we demonstrate potential applications in optical data reconfiguration and clock and timing at high-speeds and with short transients. The results reviewed in this article are a key enabler for the development of high-performance optoelectronic devices in future high-speed brain-inspired optical memories and neuromorphic computing. (C) 2017 Author(s).Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) [UID/Multi/00631/2013]European Structural and Investment Funds (FEEI) through the Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program - COMPETE 2020National Funds through FCT [ALG-01-0145-FEDER-016432/POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016432]European Commission under the project iBROW [645369]project COMBINA [TEC2015-65212-C3-3-PAEI/FEDER UE]Ramon y Cajal fellowshipinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Symmetry-breaking transitions in networks of nonlinear circuit elements
We investigate a nonlinear circuit consisting of N tunnel diodes in series,
which shows close similarities to a semiconductor superlattice or to a neural
network. Each tunnel diode is modeled by a three-variable FitzHugh-Nagumo-like
system. The tunnel diodes are coupled globally through a load resistor. We find
complex bifurcation scenarios with symmetry-breaking transitions that generate
multiple fixed points off the synchronization manifold. We show that multiply
degenerate zero-eigenvalue bifurcations occur, which lead to multistable
current branches, and that these bifurcations are also degenerate with a Hopf
bifurcation. These predicted scenarios of multiple branches and degenerate
bifurcations are also found experimentally.Comment: 32 pages, 11 figures, 7 movies available as ancillary file
Chaos-based true random number generators
Random number (bit) generators are crucial to secure communications, data transfer and storage, and electronic transactions, to carry out stochastic simulations and to many other applications. As software generated random sequences are not truly random, fast entropy sources such as quantum systems or classically chaotic systems can be viable alternatives provided they generate high-quality random sequences sufficiently fast. The discovery of spontaneous chaos in semiconductor superlattices at room temperature has produced a valuable nanotechnology option. Here we explain a mathematical model to describe spontaneous chaos in semiconductor superlattices at room temperature, solve it numerically to reveal the origin and characteristics of chaotic oscillations, and discuss the limitations of the model in view of known experiments. We also explain how to extract verified random bits from the analog chaotic signal produced by the superlattice.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad grants FIS2011-28838-C02-01 and MTM2014-56948-C2-2-P
Resonant Tunnelling Optoelectronic Circuits
Nowadays, most communication networks such as local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) have replaced or are about to replace coaxial cable or twisted copper wire with fiber optical cables. Light-wave communication systems comprise a transmitter based on a visible or near-infrared light source, whose carrier is modulated by the information signal to be transmitted, a transmission media such as an optical fiber, eventually utilizing in-line optical amplification, and a receiver based on a photo-detector that recovers the information signal (Liu, 1996)(Einarsson, 1996). The transmitter consists of a driver circuit along a semiconductor laser or a light emitting diode (LED). The receiver is a signal processing circuit coupled to a photo-detector such as a photodiode, an avalanche photodiode (APD), a phototransistor or a high speed photoconductor that processes the photo-detected signal and recovers the primitive information signa
Dynamics of resonant tunneling diode optoelectronic oscillators
Tese de dout., Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2012The nonlinear dynamics of optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) oscillators comprising
semiconductor resonant tunneling diode (RTD) nanoelectronic quantum devices
has been investigated. The RTD devices used in this study oscillate in the microwave
band frequency due to the negative di erential conductance (NDC) of their nonlinear
current voltage characteristics, which is preserved in the optoelectronic circuit. The
aim was to study RTD circuits incorporating laser diodes and photo-detectors to obtain
novel dynamical operation regimes in both electrical and optical domains taking
advantage of RTD's NDC characteristic.
Experimental implementation and characterization of RTD-OEICs was realized in
parallel with the development of computational numerical models. The numerical models
were based on ordinary and delay di erential equations consisting of a Li enard's
RTD oscillator and laser diode single mode rate equations that allowed the analysis
of the dynamics of RTD-OEICs. In this work, several regimes of operation are
demonstrated, both experimentally and numerically, including generation of voltage
controlled microwave oscillations and synchronization to optical and electrical external
signals providing stable and low phase noise output signals, and generation of complex
oscillations that are characteristic of high-dimensional chaos.
Optoelectronic integrated circuits using RTD oscillators are interesting alternatives
for more e cient synchronization, generation of stable and low phase noise microwave
signals, electrical/optical conversion, and for new ways of optoelectronic chaos generation.
This can lead to simpli cation of communication systems by boosting circuits
speed while reducing the power and number of components. The applications of
RTD-OEICs include operation as optoelectronic voltage controlled oscillators in clock
recovery circuit systems, in wireless-photonics communication systems, or in secure
communication systems using chaotic waveforms
Intermittency route to chaos and broadband high-frequency generation in semiconductor superlattice coupled to external resonator
We investigate the onset of broadband microwave chaos in the miniband semiconductor superlattice coupled to an external resonator. Our analysis shows that the transition to chaos, which is confirmed by calculation of Lyapunov exponents, is associated with the intermittency scenario. The evolution of the laminar phases and the corresponding Poincare maps with variation of a supercriticality parameter suggest that the observed dynamics can be classified as type I intermittency. We study the spatiotemporal patterns of the charge concentration and discuss how the frequency band of the chaotic current oscillations in semiconductor superlattice depends on the voltage applied
Brain-inspired nanophotonic spike computing:challenges and prospects
Nanophotonic spiking neural networks (SNNs) based on neuron-like excitable subwavelength (submicrometre) devices are of key importance for realizing brain-inspired, power-efficient artificial intelligence (AI) systems with high degree of parallelism and energy efficiency. Despite significant advances in neuromorphic photonics, compact and efficient nanophotonic elements for spiking signal emission and detection, as required for spike-based computation, remain largely unexplored. In this invited perspective, we outline the main challenges, early achievements, and opportunities toward a key-enabling photonic neuro-architecture using III-V/Si integrated spiking nodes based on nanoscale resonant tunnelling diodes (nanoRTDs) with folded negative differential resistance. We utilize nanoRTDs as nonlinear artificial neurons capable of spiking at high-speeds. We discuss the prospects for monolithic integration of nanoRTDs with nanoscale light-emitting diodes and nanolaser diodes, and nanophotodetectors to realize neuron emitter and receiver spiking nodes, respectively. Such layout would have a small footprint, fast operation, and low power consumption, all key requirements for efficient nano-optoelectronic spiking operation. We discuss how silicon photonics interconnects, integrated photorefractive interconnects, and 3D waveguide polymeric interconnections can be used for interconnecting the emitter-receiver spiking photonic neural nodes. Finally, using numerical simulations of artificial neuron models, we present spike-based spatio-temporal learning methods for applications in relevant AI-based functional tasks, such as image pattern recognition, edge detection, and SNNs for inference and learning. Future developments in neuromorphic spiking photonic nanocircuits, as outlined here, will significantly boost the processing and transmission capabilities of next-generation nanophotonic spike-based neuromorphic architectures for energy-efficient AI applications. This perspective paper is a result of the European Union funded research project ChipAI in the frame of the Horizon 2020 Future and Emerging Technologies Open programme.</p
Nonlinear effects in low-dimensional systems: graphene membrane and electron transport in semiconductor superlattices
Mención Internacional en el título de doctorThis PhD dissertation deals with two different topics: Mechanics of graphene
from a statistical mechanics approach, where internal interactions and effects
due to temperature are considered. And electron dynamics and chaos in
semiconductor superlattices, where we aim at enhancing the chaotic behavior,
with its applicability to random number generation in mind.
It is not our purpose to bridge these two different topics. But we do
believe that with the rise of nanotechnology and the ever-increasing interdisciplinary
of science, studies where different topics are approached and
discussed are highly desirable.
Nanotechnology already rules our life. However, it is still surprising how
much progress has been achieved without a fully understanding of the physics
governing these structures. In particular, out-of-equilibrium behavior and
non-linear responses are present in every nanostructure, but, sometimes, it
is possible to avoid their effects at large time scales or small interactions.
However, the increasing demand of better and/or new performances makes
them sometimes unavoidable, or even, desirable.
Micro-metric samples of graphene or semiconductor superlattices cannot
be studied taking into account every microscopic interaction, which makes it
necessary to use mesoscopic models with a certain range of validity. Throughout
this work, we have tried to improve our understanding of the topics stated
above, using mesoscopic physical models and techniques from statistical mechanics
and dynamical systems. We hope that the obtained results will help
the scientific community to gain insight into these fascinating topics and will
motivate new research in this direction.Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) Grant No. MTM2014-56948-C2-2-P and FIS2011-28838-C02-01 and Comunidad de Madrid Grant No. P2009/ENE-1597(HYSYCOMB)Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de MaterialesPresidente: Francisco Guinea López.- Secretario: Jesús Salas Martínez.- Vocal: Beatriz Olmos Sánche
Time-reversal symmetry relations for currents in quantum and stochastic nonequilibrium systems
An overview is given of recent advances in the nonequilibrium statistical
mechanics of quantum systems and, especially, of time-reversal symmetry
relations that have been discovered in this context. The systems considered are
driven out of equilibrium by time-dependent forces or by coupling to large
reservoirs of particles and energy. The symmetry relations are established for
the exchange of energy and particles between the subsystem and its environment.
These results have important consequences. In particular, generalizations of
the Kubo formula and the Casimir-Onsager reciprocity relations can be deduced
beyond linear response properties. Applications to electron quantum transport
in mesoscopic semiconducting circuits are discussed.Comment: Chapter contributed to: R. Klages, W. Just, and C. Jarzynski (Eds.),
Nonequilibrium Statistical Physics of Small Systems: Fluctuation Relations
and Beyond (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2012; ISBN 978-3-527-41094-1
Regenerative memory in time-delayed neuromorphic photonic resonators
We investigate a photonic regenerative memory based upon a neuromorphic oscillator with a delayed self-feedback (autaptic) connection. We disclose the existence of a unique temporal response characteristic of localized structures enabling an ideal support for bits in an optical buffer memory for storage and reshaping of data information. We link our experimental implementation, based upon a nanoscale nonlinear resonant tunneling diode driving a laser, to the paradigm of neuronal activity, the FitzHugh-Nagumo model with delayed feedback. This proof-of-concept photonic regenerative memory might constitute a building block for a new class of neuron-inspired photonic memories that can handle high bit-rate optical signals
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