Using Bikeshare Datasets to Improve Urban Cycling Experience and Research Urban Cycling Behaviour

With access to public and shared transport systems becoming increasingly digitized, transaction datasets of unprecedented size as well as temporal and spatial precision are automatically generated (Blythe and Bryan 2007; Bagchi and White 2005; Pelletier et al. 2011). Data collected through smartcard payment methods are perhaps the largest and most obvious example. Although introduced for the purpose of improving payment processes, such data provide a detailed view of demand on a transport system, the potential for service improvements to be suggested (Ferrari et al. 2014) and an opportunity for studying individual traveller behaviour (Agard et al. 2006; Morency et al. 2006; Lathia et al. 2013). A substantial benefit of such data over more traditional data collection methods is that a complete and total record of usage for every smartcard customer is automatically generated (Bagchi and White 2005). Problems associated with sampling and recall bias, which make actively collected travel surveys somewhat difficult to administer, are avoided. The two most obvious disadvantages, at least for travel behaviour research, are that those individuals using smartcard technology may not be representative of the total population using that system or navigating a city more generally; and that variables such as individual trip purpose can only be inferred since they are not recorded directly

Como as coligações ciclistas modificam a cultura da bicicleta: análise da mudança na política de mobilidade em Lisboa 2009-2021

Cycling is currently recognised as a vital part of most developed sustainable urban mobility systems, contributing to acknowledged gains in climate change mitigation, health, social, economic, environmental, and travel speed issues, explaining in part its recent resurgence in cities worldwide. Despite the benefits, public policy on cycling has not developed smoothly. Many cities continue to stall or ignore effective output implementation to promote cycling as a legitimate mobility mode. Most research and policy focus on infrastructure solutions to implement change. This research, by contrast, focuses on an innovative approach to advance scholarship, namely how cyclists’ advocacy coalitions shape decision-making and place cycling on the political agenda where it was previously ignored or side-lined. The dissertation applies the concept of the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) to analyse the mechanisms which activate and sustain policy change. This thesis analyses the city of Lisbon in Portugal as a case-study of conurbation to analyse how change has been leveraged during the thirteen-year time frame between 2009 and 2021, using both detailed comparative analysis and advancing scholarship on cycling more generally. The qualitative analysis employs the scholarship, documents, notes taken from personal professional experience in policy formulation and implementation, and eleven anonymous interviews with policy actors involved to different extents in the process during the study period. These quantitative outcomes are gauged using available data from several surveys and counts to substantiate the relation between the outputs produced and outcomes achieved in combination with detailed data from cycle traffic moving counts I have carried out since 2009. The research structure is designed to provide insights on how the broad-based cyclists’ coalition has shaped policy formulation and implementation in a city where cycling had a low cultural status and low rates to generate ‘new knowledge’ regarding the subsystem in Portugal and other comparable contexts.A utilização da bicicleta é atualmente reconhecida como parte vital do sistema de mobilidade urbana sustentável das cidades mais desenvolvidas, contribuindo para ganhos na mitigação das alterações climáticas, benefícios de saúde, sociais, económicos, ambientais, e na velocidade das deslocações, explicando em parte o recente ressurgimento deste modo em cidades por todo o mundo. Apesar destes benefícios, as políticas públicas não se têm desenvolvido facilmente nesta matéria. Muitas cidades continuam a atrasar ou a excluir a implementação de medidas efetivas para promover a bicicleta como modo de mobilidade legítimo. A maioria das investigações e políticas remetem para soluções infraestruturais para fomentar a transição. Esta investigação, por outro lado, emprega uma abordagem inovadora para o avanço do conhecimento, designadamente, como as coligações de utilizadores de bicicleta transformam o processo de decisão e colocam a bicicleta na agenda política onde antes este modo de mobilidade era ignorado ou marginalizado. A dissertação adota a base teórica do ‘advocacy coalition framework’ (ACF) para analisar os mecanismos que ativam e sustentam a mudança de políticas. Esta tese analisa a cidade de Lisboa em Portugal como caso de estudo, considerando a conurbação, para analisar como a mudança foi realizada durante o período de treze anos entre 2009 e 2021, empregando análises comparativas detalhadas para avançar no conhecimento sobre a utilização da bicicleta em geral. A análise qualitativa analisou a literatura científica, documentos, notas provenientes da experiência pessoal e profissional na formulação e implementação de políticas, e onze entrevistas anónimas com variados atores políticos, envolvidos no processo durante o período do estudo de diferentes formas. Os resultados quantitativos são analisados através de dados disponíveis provenientes de diferentes pesquisas e contagens para fundamentar a relação entre as medidas implementadas e os resultados alcançados, complementados com dados pormenorizados de contagens de tráfego ciclável realizados desde 2009. A estrutura desta investigação foi projetada para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a ampla coligação de utilizadores de bicicleta e como esta transformou a formulação e implementação de políticas, numa cidade onde o status cultural e as taxas de utilização da bicicleta eram reduzidos, para gerar 'novo conhecimento' sobre o subsistema em Portugal e outros contextos comparáveis.Programa Doutoral em Políticas Pública

Collaboration, competition and conflict: social movement and interaction dynamics of London's environmental movement

There is a wide variety of types of environmental movement organisations (EMOs) in London, ranging from relatively small direct action networks and Friends of Parks groups, to EMOs of international significance such as Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace. Although there is a degree of conflict and competition between some of London's EMOs, there is sufficient networking to label London's environmentalism as a 'movement'. Especially at critical campaign times, the movement's ideological and spatial divisions join together to form dynamic campaigns that are difficult for decision-makers to ignore. This thesis explores the conflict, collaboration and competition within the movement using an integrated social movement theory approach. Resource mobilization, political opportunity, and new social movement theories are critiqued and scaled

Faculty Excellence

Each year, the University of New Hampshire selects a small number of its outstanding faculty for special recognition of their achievements in teaching, scholarship and service. Awards for Excellence in Teaching are given in each college and school, and university-wide awards recognize public service, research, teaching and engagement. This booklet details the year\u27s award winners\u27 accomplishments in short profiles with photographs and text

Faculty Excellence

Each year, the University of New Hampshire selects a small number of its outstanding faculty for special recognition of their achievements in teaching, scholarship and service. Awards for Excellence in Teaching are given in each college and school, and university-wide awards recognize public service, research, teaching and engagement. This booklet details the year\u27s award winners\u27 accomplishments in short profiles with photographs and text

On the Applicability of a Western Bikeability Index in the Chinese Context

Following the evolutionary pattern already observed in western countries, China is now witnessing a tremendous growth in car ownership that is reshaping the urban environment. Despite the surge in motorised traffic, the remaining high level of bicycle usage and the rapid development of dock-less app-based bicycle-sharing systems highlight the urgent need to assess the bikeability level in Chinese cities. However, this unique setup renders obsolete most of the western tools used to rank cities with respect to their bike friendliness. Following a multidisciplinary approach, we compare the results of our survey to the commonly accepted western views and isolate indicators suitable to urban cycling in China. While refining and sometimes reformulating the goals commonly pursued in bicycle planning, we also provide recommendations for measurements and effective improvements of bikeability when western solutions fail to meet the needs specific to the Chinese context

Designing for social interaction in high-density housing: a multiple case analysis of recently completed design-led developments in London

Over the past two decades, the Greater London Authority (GLA) has pursued the delivery of high-density development in London in order to respond to population growth whilst protecting the green belt. Though high-density places have been associated with sustainable outcomes, it is well documented that residents interact less frequently and build fewer relationships in these environments. This can be particularly detrimental since social contact is fundamental for our general well-being and happiness. In response to this problematic, this study explored if and how we can design for social interaction in high-density housing. To do so, it adopted the process of inducting theory from case studies. Firstly, three case studies of recently completed developments were undertaken to determine whether social interaction was a driving factor in the design process, the type and location of social interactions, and clarify the influence of physical design on social contact in comparison to other factors. Three research methods were used to find answers to these questions including interviews with the residents and architects of the schemes, participant observation, and content analysis. These design-led schemes were chosen for investigation as award-winning developments which had received commendation for creating the foundations for a strong community. Next, a cross-case comparison was undertaken to identify hypotheses that addressed the research question and objectives. Providing support for existing literature in the context of high-density housing, it was discovered that limiting the number of apartments to a building allows for collective stewardship, and that communal areas shared by smaller groups are used more intensively. Moreover, combining shared paths and communal areas was observed to support fleeting interactions and helped to nurture a local sense of community. New findings included that externalising the circulation spaces of multi-storey apartment blocks can facilitate conversations between neighbours, and that bike stores can represent an epicentre for contact if internalised and co-located with shared paths. Notably, the impact of physical design factors was not deterministic

Visual Analytics of Mobility and Transportation: State of the Art and Further Research Directions

Many cities and countries are now striving to create intelligent transportation systems that utilize the current abundance of multisource and multiform data related to the functionality and the use of transportation infrastructure to better support human mobility, interests, and lifestyles. Such intelligent transportation systems aim to provide novel services that can enable transportation consumers and managers to be better informed and make safer and more efficient use of the infrastructure. However, the transportation domain is characterized by both complex data and complex problems, which calls for visual analytics approaches. The science of visual analytics is continuing to develop principles, methods, and tools to enable synergistic work between humans and computers through interactive visual interfaces. Such interfaces support the unique capabilities of humans (such as the flexible application of prior knowledge and experiences, creative thinking, and insight) and couple these abilities with machines' computational strengths, enabling the generation of new knowledge from large and complex data. In this paper, we describe recent developments in visual analytics that are related to the study of movement and transportation systems and discuss how visual analytics can enable and improve the intelligent transportation systems of the future. We provide a survey of literature from the visual analytics domain and organize the survey with respect to the different types of transportation data, movement and its relationship to infrastructure and behavior, and modeling and planning. We conclude with lessons learned and future directions, including social transportation, recommender systems, and policy implications

Rediscovering urban design through walkability : an assessment of the contribution of Jan Gehl

Urban design is being rediscovered. For most of the past 50 years it has lacked the concrete theory necessary to guide praxis. As a field it has related only sporadically and selectively to experiential knowledge and was essentially still entrenched within formulistic Modernist approaches. This has limited urban design as practiced to a design profession focused on aesthetics and individual projects without being part of the mainstream city-shaping process. The vacuum in city politics has been filled by modernist traffic engineering and car-based planning. This has limited urban design’s ability as a field to respond to the need for sustainable, vibrant and inclusive urban environments. In particular, it has failed to address the force and power of car-based planning. However, there is scope for a profession of urban design that considers a city holistically and is an advocate for the needs of pedestrians. In particular, there is scope for an urban design practice that is able to challenge the pre-eminence of the auto-focused shaping of cities. These determinations necessitate a different approach to designing our cities. Through work in over 40 cities, Danish urban designer Jan Gehl has begun to demonstrate a new theory and practice of urban design that rediscovers it potency through an emphasis on walkability.This study considers the theory and practice of urban design from a walkability perspective in order to facilitate a more effective, sustainable, humanistic and responsive approach, developing an evaluation framework based on Jon Lang’s (1994) call for a more encompassing urban design approach. This framework is then applied to the work of Gehl, as a case study of an urban designer who has constantly focused on the needs of people within city design, asking what is the significance of Gehl’s work and theory to urban design?Fundamentally urban design is concluded to be about creating cities, or improving existing ones, to be vibrant and sustainable places that relate to people’s use and needs—especially pedestrians—using the skills and theories of various disciplines and depending to a large degree on the public and political process to define the values and priorities. It is about creating hopeful resilient places that are able to adapt and respond to varying social, environmental and economic needs and about creating positive changes in urban environments. The study concludes that there is scope for urban design to move beyond its current limitations to work from a base of experiential knowledge about the city and its use that is focused on a reflective and experiential approach, building on solid practice based theory and on planning for pedestrians.Gehl’s work, both in theory and practice, is explicitly humanist, offering normative urban design theories based on substantive research, is part of organic urban theory and is embedded in ideas of pedestrian based transport planning. As a practitioner, Gehl’s methods enable experiential knowledge to come to the forefront of urban design concerns. Building from Gehl’s focus on the need to overcome formulistic and automobile-dominated urban planning would enable urban design’s aesthetic and prescriptive based theories to have a new and deeper meaning: sustainable urban design is at its heart planning and designing for walkability. This thesis determines that a core component of urban design theory and practice is advocating for the needs of pedestrians

BIOPOLITICS OF BIKE-COMMUTING: BIKE LANES, SAFETY, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

As cities have become increasingly motivated to be more sustainable, transport cycling has become integral in these plans. Boston is one such city enthusiastic about bicycle transportation. I take a socio-discursive approach to an investigation of transport cycling integration in Boston, MA. First, I explore the historical processes leading to the appearance of bike lanes on U.S. city streets. Next, I investigate how bike lanes are entwined in cycling safety—both in the discursive and embodied dimensions. What begins as a concern of the physical body leads to ideals of legitimacy and inclusivity, of which the bike lane has become a key symbol and act of these imaginings. Third, I tease out how this logic of cycling safety qua inclusivity becomes one that employs a rightsbased notion of social justice in which legitimacy, and ultimately safety, is garnered through becoming intelligible, or visible, as cycling subjects. Finally, I depart from a liberal democratic notion of social justice and make a case for understanding how bike lanes work through the lens of what Foucault terms “security.” I explore how we can view bikeways discourse as a technology of power that can be mobilized to transform social interaction in the city