Quantum dot / optical protein bio-nano hybrid system biosensing

The integration of novel nanomaterials with highly-functional biological molecules has advanced multiple fields including electronics, sensing, imaging, and energy harvesting. This work focuses on the creation of a new type of bio-nano hybrid substrate for military biosensing applications. Specifically it is shown that the nano-scale interactions of the optical protein bacteriorhodopsin and colloidal semiconductor quantum dots can be utilized as a generic sensing substrate. This work spans from the basic creation of the protein to its application in a novel biosensing system. The functionality of this sensor design originates from the unique interactions between the quantum dot and bacteriorhodopsin molecule when in nanoscale proximity. A direct energy transfer relationship has been established between coreshell quantum dots and the optical protein bacteriorhodopsin that substantially enhances the protein’s native photovoltaic capabilities. This energy transfer phenomena is largely distance dependent, in the sub-10nm realm, and is characterized experimentally at multiple separation distances. Experimental results on the energy transfer efficiency in this hybrid system correlate closely to theoretical predictions. Deposition of the hybrid system with nano-scale control has allowed for the utilization of this energy transfer phenomena as a modulation point for a functional biosensor prototype. This work reveals that quantum dots have the ability to activate the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle through both photonic and non-photonic energy transfer mechanisms. By altering the energy transferred to the bacteriorhodopsin molecule from the quantum dot, the electrical output of the protein can be modulated. A biosensing prototype was created in which the energy transfer relationship is altered upon target binding, demonstrating the applicability of a quantum dot/bacteriorhodopsin hybrid system for sensor applications. The electrical nature of this sensing substrate will allow for its efficient integration into a nanoelectronics array form, potentially leading to a small-low power sensing platform for remote toxin detection applications

Design and performance analysis of a picosecond-pulsed laser raman spectrometer for fluorescence rejection in raman spectroscopy

Many attempts have been made to reduce fluorescence backgrounds in Raman spectra. A critical appraisal of fluoresence rejection techniques reveals that while many techniques are available which improve the Raman/fluorescence ratio (R/F), very few actually increase the spectral signal/noise (R/N), which is the most important parameter. Temporal-resolution of Raman and fluorescence photons was investigated in this laboratory, using a picosecond-laser system and gated photon detection. Two detection methods were evaluated. The first, an intensified diode array detector (DAD), could be gated "on" for periods of ca. 5 ns, at rates of up to 5kHz. This gave a 5-fold increase in R/F, but a slight reduction in R/N, for a fluorescor with τ(_f) ̴̱ 1O.5 ns. The R/N degradation arose as a result of the low laser output intensity at kHz pulse rates, rather than inefficiency in fluorescence rejection. The second method used a continuously-operated photomultiplie tube (PMT), and time-correlated photon counting with ca. 1 ns timing-resolution. This yielded R/F and R/N improvements of ca. 15 and 3 respectively (τ(_f) ̴̱ 12 ns).Although efficient fluorescence rejection was obtained with each system, the corresponding R/N enhancements were not practically significant. However, the development of theoretical models describing the performance of each system has identified modifications which should give valuable improvements. These include the use of a laser with MW peak powers at kHz pulse rates (DAD system), and use of a microchannel-plate PMT with 50 ps timing resolution. When these (and other) modifications are made, significant R/N enhancements (ca. 7 and 13 (DAD and PMT systems respectively)) are expected, thus enabling the study of the majority of "real world" samples. In addition, the limiting theoretical and practical performance of time-resolved rejection is considered, and several hitherto unreported aspects of the behaviour of the laser and detection systems are discussed. Other techniques were also evaluated, in particular utilising the differing Raman and fluorescence response to variations in laser intensity. While the non-linear fluorescence responseto intensity variations of cw lasers has been previously exploited, simple calculations indicate that the use of high-powered pulsed sources could allow discrimination at ca. 100- fold lower average powers. However, a satisfactory test of the calculations requires the construction of apparatus not presently available in this .laboratory

Published work on freshwater science from the FBA, IFE and CEH, 1929-2006

A new listing of published scientific contributions from the Freshwater Biological Association (FBA) and its later Research Council associates – the Institute of Freshwater Ecology (1989–2000) and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (2000+) is provided. The period 1929–2006 is covered. The compilation extends an earlier list assembled by in 1979

Expected Performance of the ATLAS Experiment - Detector, Trigger and Physics

A detailed study is presented of the expected performance of the ATLAS detector. The reconstruction of tracks, leptons, photons, missing energy and jets is investigated, together with the performance of b-tagging and the trigger. The physics potential for a variety of interesting physics processes, within the Standard Model and beyond, is examined. The study comprises a series of notes based on simulations of the detector and physics processes, with particular emphasis given to the data expected from the first years of operation of the LHC at CERN

Mécanismes développementaux des circuits dopaminergiques et leur implication dans les comportements hyperactifs

Les neurones dopaminergiques du mésencéphale (mDA) sont impliqués de manière critique dans diverses fonctions clés du cerveau, y compris les mouvements volontaires, la récompense, l'attention et l'apprentissage. La bonne spécification des neurones dopaminergique, ainsi que l’établissement des circuits dopaminergiques sont nécessaires à un bon fonctionnement du cerveau. Le dysfonctionnement des circuits dopaminergiques est lié au développement de troubles neuropsychiatriques, y compris le trouble déficitaire de l'attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH), le trouble obsessionnel compulsif (TOC) et les troubles liés aux TOCs, comme le syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette. L’obtention d’un circuit dopaminergique fonctionnel dépend du développement des neurones dopaminergiques. Les facteurs de transcription Lmx1a et Lmx1b font partie de la famille des LIM à homeodomain et sont des déterminants précoces de l’avenir des neurones dopaminergique. Lmx1a/b sont essentiels pour chaque étape de la différenciation des progéniteurs de neurone dopaminergique. Il a été démontré précédemment que les souris Lmx1a/b cKO ont une activité locomotrice augmentée par rapport aux contrôles. Ici, une caractérisation approfondie des souris Lmx1a/b a révélé que ces souris avaient un comportement hyperactif, en lien avec le TDAH, et démontraient des symptômes du type TOC. Au niveau cellulaire, la perte de fonction de Lmx1a/b a induit une réduction de l’arborisation dendritique et de la fréquence des courants postsynaptiques excitateurs miniatures spontanés (mEPSCs) dans les neurones dopaminergiques. Le profil d'expression des gènes chez les souris Lmx1a / b cKO a révélé que Lmx1a/b contrôle l'expression de Slitrk2 et Slitrk5, deux membres de la famille des protéines Slit et Trk (Slitrk). Le gain et la perte de fonction de Slitrk2 et Slitrk5 dans des cultures de neurones dopaminergiques ont montré que Slitrk2 régule positivement et Slitrk5 régulent négativement la croissance dendritique. Également, le gain et la perte de fonction de Slitrk2 ont induit une variation de la densité des punctas synaptiques excitateurs (PSD95 et VGLUT). En conséquence, la perte de fonction de Slitrk2 a réduit la fréquence des mEPSCs, tandis que l'augmentation de l'expression de Slitrk2 a augmenté la fréquence des mEPSCs, sans changement d'amplitude ou dans la fréquence ou de l'amplitude des mIPSCs. Ces données suggèrent un rôle pour Slitrk2 dans la formation de synapses excitatrices fonctionnelles. À l'inverse, le gain et la perte de fonction de Slitrk5 ont induit une modification de la densité des punctas synaptiques inhibiteurs (géphyrine et VGAT). La perte d’expression de Slitrk5 a réduit la fréquence des mIPSCs tandis que l'augmentation de l'expression de Slitrk5 a augmenté la fréquence des mIPSCs, sans changement dans l'amplitude ou de la fréquence et de l'amplitude des mEPSCs. Ces données suggèrent un rôle pour Slitrk5 dans la formation de synapses fonctionnelles inhibitrices. Nous avons également étudié les conséquences sur le comportement de Slitrk2 et Slitrk5 dans les neurones mDA. Les souris, dans lesquelles Slitrk2 a été invalidé dans la VTA, démontrent un changement significatif dans l'activité locomotrice et montrent de l’hyperactivité. À l'inverse, les souris avec une expression réduite de Slitrk5 présentent une activité locomotrice réduite et un comportement analogue à un TOC. Ces changements de comportement peuvent être causés par une modification de l'activité des neurones dopaminergiques. L'inhibition chronique des neurones de la VTA, en utilisant une approche pharmacogénétique, pendant le développement postnatal à induit une activité motrice augmentée, similaire au TDAH, et un comportement analogue à un TOC. Ceci évoque certains aspects du comportement des souris Lmx1a/b cKO. Une inhibition aiguë a entraîné une diminution de l'activité locomotrice, alors que l'inhibition chronique chez des animaux plus âgés n'a eu aucun effet. Ensemble, ces résultats indiquent que Lmx1a/b, Slitrk2, et Slitrk5 sont des acteurs clés du développement des neurones dopaminergique et de la formation des synapses, ce qui peut avoir un impact sur le développement de TDAH et de TOC.Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons are critically involved in various key functions of the brain, including voluntary movement, reward, attention, and learning. The proper specification of dopaminergic neurons, as well as the establishment of dopaminergic circuits are necessary to a good functioning of the brain. Dopaminergic circuitry dysfunctions are linked to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and OCD-like disorders, such as Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. The LIM-homeodomain transcriptional factors Lmx1a and Lmx1b are early determinants of the dopaminergic fate and are essential for each step of mDA progenitor differentiation. Previously, it has been demonstrated that Lmx1a/b cKO mice show increased locomotor activity. Further characterization of Lmx1a/b cKO mice revealed that these mice had ADHD- and OCD-like behaviour. The loss of function of Lmx1a/b reduced dendritic morphology and frequency of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in mDA neurons. Gene expression profiling in Lmx1a/b cKO mice revealed that Lmx1a/b controls the expression of Slitrk2 and Slitrk5, two members of the Slit and Trk-like (Slitrk) protein family. Gain and loss of function of Slitrk2 and Slitrk5 in mDA neuron cultures showed that Slitrk2 positively regulates and Slitrk5 negatively regulate dendritic growth. Additionally, gain and loss of function of Slitrk2 induced a change in the density of excitatory synaptic puncta (PSD95 and VGLUT). Accordingly, Slitrk2 knockdown reduced the frequency of mEPSCs while increased Slitrk2 expression increased the frequency of mEPSCs, with no change in amplitude or in mIPSCs frequency or amplitude. These data suggest a role for Slitrk2 in the formation of functional excitatory synapses. Inversely, gain and loss of function of Slitrk5 induced a modification in the density of inhibitory synaptic puncta (gephyrin and VGAT). Slitrk5 knockdown reduced the frequency of mIPSCs while increased Slitrk5 expression increased the frequency of mIPSCs, with no change in amplitude or in mEPSCs frequency or amplitude. These data suggest a role for Slitrk5 in the formation of functional inhibitory synapses. We also investigated the consequences on behaviour of Slitrk2 and Slitrk5 reduced expression in mDA neurons. Mice, in which Slitrk2 was knocked down in the VTA, display significant change in locomotor activity and show ADHD. Inversely, mice with reduced expression of Slitrk5 exhibit lower activity and OCD-like behaviour. These behavioural changes might be caused by a change in mDA neuron firing activity. Chronic inhibition of mDA neurons during postnatal development using a pharmacogenetic approach induced ADHD and OCD-like behaviour and mimic some aspects of the Lmx1a/b cKO mice. Acute inhibition resulted in decreased locomotor activity, while chronic inhibition in older animals had no effect. Altogether, these results indicate that Lmx1a/b and Slitrk2/5 are key players of mDA neuron development and synapse formation, which may have an impact on ADHD and OCD-like disorders.Résumé en espagno

International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) 2003-2004 Annual Report

The International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) organizes and coordinates Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) to support programs in geodetic, geophysical, and lunar research activities and provides the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) with products important to the maintenance of an accurate International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). This reference frame provides the stability through which systematic measurements of the Earth can be made over thousands of kilometers, decades of time, and evolution of measurement technology. This 2003-2004 ILRS annual report is comprised of individual contributions from ILRS components within the international geodetic community for the years 2003-2004. The report documents changes and progress of the ILRS and is also available on the ILRS Web site at http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/reports/ilrs_reports/ilrsar_2003.html

Review of particle physics

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,062 new measurements from 721 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 117 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including those on Pentaquarks and Inflation. The complete Review is published online in a journal and on the website of the Particle Data Group (http://pdg.lbl.gov). The printed PDG Book contains the Summary Tables and all review articles but no longer includes the detailed tables from the Particle Listings. A Booklet with the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the review articles is also available