Bitcoin market manipulation

Digitalni novac pojavio u devedesetim godinama prošlog stoljeća. Kriptovaluta je podvrsta digitalnog novca koja funkcionira na temelju na kriptografskih algoritama. Bitcoin je prva kriptovaluta u povijesti te prvi oblik digitalnog novca koji za prijenos vrijednosti koristi kriptografske algoritme. Primjerice, bitcoin adrese kreiraju se iz privatnog ključa temeljem asimetrične kriptografije. Nadalje, sve bitcoin transakcije uključuju digitalne potpise, što je također metoda iz područja kriptografije. Nakon što je bitcoin dobio na popularnosti pojavile su se mnoge kopije ove digitalne valute. Ono što je zajedničkom svim tim kopijama je da također u svojoj srži sadrže kriptografske algoritme, te stoga kopije bitcoina također nazivamo kriptovalutama. Od siječnja ove godine vrijednost najpoznatije svjetske kriptovalute bitcoin skočila je višestruko i trenutna cijena je 18.755 dolara, a ona ovisi o broju kupaca i matematičkim izračunima. Pitanje je dana kad će tržište bitcoina premašiti stotinu milijardi američkih dolara. Uz njegov nagli rast stižu i upozorenja da bi i taj balon mogao brzo puknuti, kao i mnogi drugi proizvodi na koje su se navukli ulagači.Digital money appeared in the nineties of the last century. Cryptocurrency is a digital money subtype that works based on cryptographic algorithms. Bitcoin is the first cryptocurrency in history and the first form of digital money that uses cryptographic algorithms to transfer values. For example, bitcoin addresses are generated from a private key based on asymmetric cryptography. Furthermore, all bitcoin transactions include digital signatures, which is also a method of cryptography. After bitcoin gained popularity, many copies of this digital currency appeared. What is common to all these copies is that they also contain cryptographic algorithms in their core, and therefore copies of bitcoin are also called cryptocurrencies (so called altcoins). Since January this year, the value of bitcoin, which depends on the number of customers and mathematical calculations, has jumped multiple times and its current price is $ 18,755. It is only a matter of time when bitcoin market value exceeds one hundred billion US dollars. Along with its sudden growth, there also comes a warning about a potential crack of this economic bubble as well as a downfall of many other monetary products linked to bitcoin that the investors were pushing

Building “in-common” situations through inoperative technologies

El siguiente texto supone un acercamiento a las posibilidades que ofrece el desarrollo de la tecnología en el campo de la comunicación para la construcción de comunidades de interacción entre iguales. Con ayuda de la teoría filosófica elaborada por el filósofo francés Jean-luc Nancy acerca de la “comunidad desobrada”, trataremos de mostrar en qué medida una situación de comunicación entre iguales tiene por condición el anonimato de sus miembros, su infinita apertura y su ubicuidad. Partiendo de estas premisas, analizaremos las denominadas redes móviles de comunicación entre pares o P2P (MaNEt). Nuestra intención es proponer la infraestructura anónima, abierta y ubicua que subyace a estas redes de comunicación como el modelo de un operador necesario para la construcción de situaciones comunicativas basadas en premisas igualitarias.the following text is an approach to the possibilities offered by the development of technology in the field of communication for the construction of communities of interaction among equals. With the help of the french philosopher alain Badiou's philosophical theory on the “inoperative community” we intend to show that a situation of communication among equals requires the anonymity of its members, its infinite openness and its ubiquity. taking these premises as a starting point we shall analyse (uSa)/analyse (uK) the so-called mobile networks of communication between peers or P2P (MaNEt). our aim is to propose the anonymous, open and ubiqui - tous infrastructure underlying these communication networks as a necessary operator for the construction of communicative situations based on egalitarian premises

Current challenges and future trends in the field of communication architectures for microgrids

[EN] The concept of microgrid has emerged as a feasible answer to cope with the increasing number of distributed renewable energy sources which are being introduced into the electrical grid. The microgrid communication network should guarantee a complete and bidirectional connectivity among the microgrid resources, a high reliability and a feasible interoperability. This is in a contrast to the current electrical grid structure which is characterized by the lack of connectivity, being a centralized-unidirectional system. In this paper a review of the microgrids information and communication technologies (ICT) is shown. In addition, a guideline for the transition from the current communication systems to the future generation of microgrid communications is provided. This paper contains a systematic review of the most suitable communication network topologies, technologies and protocols for smart microgrids. It is concluded that a new generation of peer-to-peer communication systems is required towards a dynamic smart microgrid. Potential future research about communications of the next microgrid generation is also identified.This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under Grant ENE2015-64087-C2-2. This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) under grant BES-2013-064539.Marzal-Romeu, S.; Salas-Puente, RA.; González Medina, R.; Garcerá, G.; Figueres Amorós, E. (2018). Current challenges and future trends in the field of communication architectures for microgrids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 82(2):3610-3622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.101S3610362282

Technical, economic and legal aspects of digital money

U ovom radu se analiziraju tehnički, ekonomski i pravni aspekti digitalnih valuta, njihov odnos sa klasičnim novcem, pregled tržišta, procjena trendova. Dan je pregled njihovih tehničkih specifičnosti kako bi se lakše sagledali sigurnosni aspekti, te njihovog trenutnog pravnog statusa kako bi se mogle postaviti određene pretpostavke glede trendova. Vidljivo je da je ogromna količina transakcija rezultat trgovine digitalnih valuta međusobno, a manji dio posljedica je razmjene dobara. Očito je da je pokretač ovog trenda popularnosti špekulativni val, uzrokovan znatiželjom, željom za profitom, i jednim dijelom i neznanjem, odnosno zanemarivanjem činjenice da su digitalne valute u velikoj mjeri međusobni supstituti. Iako je u sustavu sve transparentno, oni koji prvi ulaze (kreatori) imaju najveću šansu za zaradu ukoliko određena valuta „zaživi“. Naravno da je stanje moguće promijeniti na način prilagodbe pravnog sustava novim okolnostima, i na taj način spriječiti negativnosti a zadržati pozitivne strane digitalnih valuta. Postavljena hipoteza je da u društvu u kojem živimo, a koje je po svojoj prirodi centralizirano i organizirano hijerarhijski, fenomeni poput digitalnih valuta koji iako u tehničkom smislu mogu biti decentralizirano upravljani, ipak ne mogu u potpunosti ispuniti takvu pretpostavku bez odgovarajućeg odgovora institucija, koje upravljaju društvom kreirajući odgovarajuće pravno-ekonomske regulatorne okvire.This paper analyzes the technical, economic and legal aspects of digital currencies, their relationship with classical money, market reviews, and trend estimates. An overview of their technical specifications is provided to help them better understand the security aspects and their current legal status in order to set certain assumptions about trends. It is evident that huge volumes of transactions are the result of a digital currency trading, and a minor part of the result is the exchange of goods. It is obvious that the driving force behind this trend of popularity is the speculative wave, caused by curiosity, desire for profit, and partly by ignorance, or by neglecting the fact that digital currencies are largely mutually substitutable. Although the system is transparent, those who enter first (creators) have the highest chance of earning if a particular currency "comes to life". Of course, the situation can be changed in ways of adjusting the legal system to new circumstances, thus preventing negativity and keeping the positive side of digital currencies. The hypothesis is that in the society in which we live, which is by its nature centralized and hierarchically organized, phenomena such as digital currencies, despite the technical possibilities, can not fully fulfill their task without the proper response of the institutions that manage the society by creating the appropriate legal and economic regulatory frameworks

A Coordination Model and Framework for Developing Distributed Mobile Applications

How to coordinate multiple devices to work together as a single application is one of the most important challenges for building a distributed mobile application. Mobile devices play important roles in daily life and resolving this challenge is vital. Many coordination models have already been developed to support the implementation of parallel applications, and LIME (Linda In a Mobile Environment) is the most popular member. This thesis evaluates and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the LIME, and its predecessor Linda coordination model. This thesis proposes a new coordination model that focuses on overcoming the drawbacks of LIME and Linda. The new coordination model leverages the features of consistent hashing in order to obtain better coordination performance. Additionally, this new coordination model utilizes the idea of replica mechanism to guarantee data integrity. A cross-platform coordination framework, based on the new coordination model, is presented by this thesis in order to facilitate and simplify the development of distributed mobile applications. This framework aims to be robust and high-performance, supporting not only powerful devices such as smartphones but also constrained devices, which includes IoT sensors. The framework utilizes many advanced concepts and technologies such as CoAP protocol, P2P networking, Wi-Fi Direct, and Bluetooth Low Energy to achieve the goals of high-performance and fault-tolerance. Six experiments have been done to test the coordination model and framework from di erent aspects including bandwidth, throughput, packages per second, hit rate, and data distribution. Results of the experiments demonstrate that the proposed coordination model and framework meet the requirements of high-performance and fault-tolerance

A Novel Locality Algorithm and Peer-to-Peer Communication Infrastructure for Optimizing Network Performance in Smart Microgrids

[EN] Peer-to-Peer (P2P) overlay communications networks have emerged as a new paradigm for implementing distributed services in microgrids due to their potential benefits: they are robust, scalable, fault-tolerant, and they can route messages even with a large number of nodes which are frequently entering or leaving from the network. However, current P2P systems have been mainly developed for file sharing or cycle sharing applications where the processes of searching and managing resources are not optimized. Locality algorithms have gained a lot of attention due to their potential to provide an optimized path to groups with similar interests for routing messages in order to get better network performance. This paper develops a fully functional decentralized communication architecture with a new P2P locality algorithm and a specific protocol for monitoring and control of microgrids. Experimental results show that the proposed locality algorithm reduces the number of lookup messages and the lookup delay time. Moreover, the proposed communication architecture heavily depends of the lookup used algorithm as well as the placement of the communication layers within the architecture. Experimental results will show that the proposed techniques meet the network requirements of smart microgrids even with a large number of nodes on stream.This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under Grant ENE2015-64087-C2-2R. This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) under BES-2013-064539.Marzal-Romeu, S.; González-Medina, R.; Salas-Puente, RA.; Figueres Amorós, E.; Garcerá, G. (2017). A Novel Locality Algorithm and Peer-to-Peer Communication Infrastructure for Optimizing Network Performance in Smart Microgrids. 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State-of-the-art survey on P2P overlay networks in pervasive computing environments. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 55, 1-23. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2015.04.014Eng Keong Lua, Crowcroft, J., Pias, M., Sharma, R., & Lim, S. (2005). A survey and comparison of peer-to-peer overlay network schemes. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 7(2), 72-93. doi:10.1109/comst.2005.1610546Xu, J., Kumar, A., & Yu, X. (2004). On the Fundamental Tradeoffs Between Routing Table Size and Network Diameter in Peer-to-Peer Networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 22(1), 151-163. doi:10.1109/jsac.2003.818805Stoica, I., Morris, R., Karger, D., Kaashoek, M. F., & Balakrishnan, H. (2001). Chord. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 31(4), 149-160. doi:10.1145/964723.383071Rowstron, A., & Druschel, P. (2001). Pastry: Scalable, Decentralized Object Location, and Routing for Large-Scale Peer-to-Peer Systems. 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Millennial Libertarians: The Rebirth of a Movement and the Transformation of U.S. Political Culture

This dissertation examines the contemporary resurgence of libertarianism in the U.S., exploring a rapidly expanding, transnational network of hundreds of thousands liberty movement participants connected through student groups, community organizations, and established institutions, as well as through social media and a vast array of online forums. Grounded in 32 months of ethnographic fieldwork and over 200 interviews, it documents the rise of a profound disenchantment, particularly among millennials, with state-based solutions to pressing contemporary problems and, more broadly, with the nation-state project itself. Drawing on first-hand accounts ranging from elite boardrooms and think tank conference rooms, to political demonstrations and direct actions, to student reading groups and gatherings of cryptoanarchist communities, the dissertation situates the ethnographic study within the broader framework of a reconfiguration of U.S. populism in the era of the security state. The project examines how established libertarian organizations, a key component of the longstanding U.S. conservative coalition, have helped infuse libertarianism with renewed relevance for a substantial part of an entire generation deeply disheartened by a world embroiled in economic crisis and heavily militarized systems of governance. Through the consolidation of a libertarian wing of the Republican Party, parts of the liberty movement are presently shaking up the very conservative coalition that helped usher forth the movement\u27s revival. But libertarianism\u27s resurgence is also powerfully reshaping U.S. political culture beyond formal political processes, giving rise to a proliferation of libertarian spaces that expressly reject effecting change through electoral politics and policy in favor of changing hearts and minds by promoting libertarian principles and social organization. Simultaneously, growing numbers of millennials influenced by the liberty movement increasingly challenge its dominant trends, focusing on the experiences of vulnerable and marginalized groups -- from urging the integration of libertarianism with a broader socioeconomic critique as well as antiracism, feminism, mutual aid, and labor solidarity, to revisiting the ideas of 19th century U.S. individualist anarchists. Thus, while the libertarian political establishment is likely to continue to expand over the coming years and secure a firmer place in the Republican Party, the movement simultaneously serves as a siphon -- growing numbers of millennial libertarians are presently breaking from the political right and moving closer to various forms of left libertarianism, market anarchism, mutualism, and even social anarchism. The project thus illustrates the centrality of cultural formations beyond policy and electoral politics to the largest popular movement motivated by distinctly libertarian ideas in the postwar period, as well as to reconfigurations of U.S. liberalism. The dissertation contributes to a burgeoning literature on the resurgence of antistatist theory and organizing in the new millennium. Scholars and activists alike continue to document especially the revitalization of social anarchist traditions permeating numerous contemporary struggles, tracing how the resuscitation of social anarchist thought and activism informs important parts of extant insurgency across the globe. The U.S. liberty movement presents another key but understudied aspect of the present antistate moment. The dissertation also builds on longstanding anthropological approaches to understanding the complex processes through which political ideologies are shaped and constituted. Through an ethnographic lens, it interrogates how deeply ingrained U.S. ideologies of freedom, individualism, and even liberalism itself are interpreted, contested, and reappropriated to both challenge and reinscribe relations of power. The libertarian resurgence represents a crucial struggle over the very meaning and direction of U.S. liberalism in our historical moment

Collaborative applications over peer-to-peer systems-challenges and solutions

Emerging collaborative Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems require discovery and utilization of diverse, multi-attribute, distributed, and dynamic groups of resources to achieve greater tasks beyond conventional file and processor cycle sharing. Collaborations involving application specific resources and dynamic quality of service goals are stressing current P2P architectures. Salient features and desirable characteristics of collaborative P2P systems are highlighted. Resource advertising, selecting, matching, and binding, the critical phases in these systems, and their associated challenges are reviewed using examples from distributed collaborative adaptive sensing systems, cloud computing, and mobile social networks. State-of-the-art resource discovery/aggregation solutions are compared with respect to their architecture, lookup overhead, load balancing, etc., to determine their ability to meet the goals and challenges of each critical phase. Incentives, trust, privacy, and security issues are also discussed, as they will ultimately determine the success of a collaborative P2P system. Open issues and research opportunities that are essential to achieve the true potential of collaborative P2P systems are discussed. © 2012 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC