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    641 research outputs found

    Elements of Road Drainage

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    Prometnice se kao građevina mogu podijeliti na gornji i donji ustroj; donji ustroj se odnosi na zemljani trup i objekte poput mostova, vijadukta, obložnih zidova i sl., a cilj mu je da se preuzme prometno opterećenje i cijela konstrukcija gornjeg ustroja. Gornji ustroj je dio ceste koji je preuzeo cjelokupno opterećenje, a koje je nastalo pod utjecajem prometa vozila te ga dalje prenosi na donji ustroj. Najveću opasnost na građevine donjeg ustroja predstavlja raznoliko djelovanje voda, pa se prilikom projektiranja prometnica u obzir uzima geološka građa terena, hidrogeološko obilježje terena te načini na koje dolazi do pojavljivanja vode kako bi se neophodni zahvati i građevine napravili što učinkovitije. Voda na građevine donjeg ustroja utječe i tijekom građenja i tijekom uporabe. Štetne učinke vode izazivaju vode stajaćice, vode tekućice, oborinske te podzemne vode, dok se i smrzavanje izdvaja kao važniji faktor štetnih učinaka na donji ustroj zbog čega dolazi do smanjivanja nosivosti koje dalje ima izravan utjecaj na gornji ustroj u momentima odmrzavanja kada dolazi do deformacije poddjelovanjem prometa. Podzemne vode mogu izazivati klizanje pokosa usjeka i nasipa ili pojavu strujnih tlakova, s obzirom na vrstu materijala. Stoga je sustav odvodnje i drenaže važno projektirati tako da se podzemne i površinske vode odvedu s donjeg ustroja najkraćim putem do odredišta na kojem više neće biti opasnosti za promet. S obzirom na način pojave vode koja se mora odvesti, izražena su dva sustava odvodnje, odnosno skupljanje i odvodnja površinskih voda te skupljanje i odvodnja podzemnih voda.As a structure, roadways are divided into upper and lower structures, where the lower structure represents the earth body and objects such as bridges, viaducts, facing walls, etc., and its goal is to take over the traffic load and the entire structure of the upper structure. The upper structure is the part of the road that takes all the loads caused by vehicle traffic and transfers it to the lower structure. The greatest danger for buildings of the lower structure is the different effects of water, therefore, when designing roads, the geological structure of the terrain, the hydrogeological characteristics of the terrain, as well as the way water appears, should be taken into account in order to make the necessary works and buildings as high quality as possible. Water affects the lower structure of buildings both during construction and during use. The harmful action of water causes water liquids, stagnant water, precipitation and underground water, and freezing is also one of the most important factors of harmful influence on the lower structure, which results in a reduction of the load-bearing capacity, which in turn directly affects the upper structure at the time of thawing, which causes deformation under the action traffic. Groundwater causes the slope of cuts and embankments to slide or the occurrence of flow pressures, depending on the type of material. The drainage and drainage system must therefore be designed in such a way that underground and surface water is taken from the lower structure by the shortest route to a place where it will no longer pose a danger to traffic. Depending on the form of water that needs to be removed, there are two drainage systems, namely the collection and drainage of surface water and the collection and drainage of underground water

    Belt Conveyor Operation Technology

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    Prekrcajna mehanizacija uz kvalitetan stručni kadar doprinosi dobrom, brzom i kvalitetnom utovaru, istovaru i prekrcaju robe. Radna snaga obavlja jedan veliki komplicirani posao jer su tu u pitanju tone tereta koje se u svakodnevnom poslu prevoze dizalicama i viličarima. Trakasti transporteri se koriste u mnogim granama industrije jer omogućavaju brz i učinkovit transport raznih vrsta materijala. Trakasti transporteri omogućuju siguran transport materijala s jednog mjesta na drugo, dok bi upotreba ljudskoga rada u tom slučaju bila naporna i skupa. Oni se mogu postaviti gotovo svugdje i prenositi terete svih oblika, veličina i težina. U nanotehnologiji istražuju se trakasti transporteri nanoveličine.Transshipment mechanization with high-quality expert staff contributes to good, faster and high-quality loading, unloading and transshipment of goods. The workforce performs a large, complicated job, because it involves tons of cargo that is transported by cranes and forklifts in daily work. Belt conveyors are used in many branches of industry because they enable fast and efficient transportation of various types of materials. Belt conveyors enable the safe transport of materials from one place to another, while the use of human labor in that case would be laborious and expensive. They can be placed almost anywhere and carry loads of all shapes, sizes and weights. In nanotechnology, nano-sized belt conveyors are being researched

    European Standards of Civil Service System

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    Koncept upravne konvergencije u Europskoj uniji podrazumijeva usklađivanje i standardizaciju propisa, praksi i normi javne uprave među državama članicama te su stoga razvijeni europski standardi službeničkog sustava koji promiču javni interes, depolitizaciju, profesionalizam, odgovornost te jasna prava i obveze uz adekvatnu razinu zaštite u službenom sustavu. U Republici Hrvatskoj je dosad proveden niz reformi službeničkog zakonodavstva s ciljem implementacije europskih standarda u službenički sustav. Unatoč tim nastojanjima, Republika Hrvatska i dalje treba poduzeti određene mjere i poboljšanja kako bi unaprijedila svoj službenički sustav. To bi zahtijevalo uspostavu sustava zapošljavanja temeljenog na objektivnim kriterijima, usvajanje pristupa napredovanju temeljenog na zaslugama i uklanjanje političkog utjecaja rukovodećih dužnosnika kako bi promicala transparentnost, meritokracija i profesionalizam koji su u službi podizanja razine kvalitete službeničkih usluga za građane i druge dionike.The concept of administrative convergence in the European Union implies the harmonization and standardization of regulations, practices and norms of public administration among member states, and therefore European standards of the official system have been developed that promote the public interest, depoliticization, professionalism, responsibility and clear definition of rights and obligations with an adequate level of protection in the official system. In the Republic of Croatia, a series of civil service legislation reforms have been carried out with the aim of implementing European standards in the civil service system. Despite these efforts, the Republic of Croatia still needs to undertake certain measures and improvements in order to improve its civil service system. This would require the establishment of a recruitment system based on objective criteria, the adoption of a merit-based approach to promotion and the removal of political influence from management officials in order to promote transparency, meritocracy and professionalism that serve to raise the level of quality of official services for citizens and other stakeholders

    Analysis of the Liquidity Companies for Forest Harvesting in the Area of Ličko - senjska Country

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    Tema završnog rada je analiza likvidnosti poduzeća koje se bave sječom i vučom tj. radovima pridobivanja drva sa sjedištem u Ličko – senjskoj županiji. Teoretski dio rada podijeljen je na dio koji se odnosi na šumarstvo i dio koji se odnosi na ekonomiju koji objašnjava pokazatelje likvidnosti i neto profitnu maržu. Teoretski dio koji se odnosi na šumarstvo objašnjava osnovne pojmove i procese pridobivanje drva nužnih za razumijevanje kojim se djelatnostima bave promatrani subjekti. U praktičnom dijelu rada prikazani su opći podaci o poslovnim subjektima, njihovi financijski izvještaji, bilanca i račun dobiti i gubitka, na temelju kojih je napravljena horizontalna analiza izvještaja, analiza likvidnosti i neto profitna marža. U zaključnom dijelu na temelju analize dat je zaključak o likvidnosti analiziranih poduzeća.The topic of the final paper is the analysis of the liquidity of companies engaged in felling and hauling, or wood harvesting operations based in Lika-Senj County. The theoretical part of the paper is divided into a part related to forestry and a part related to the economy, which explains liquidity indicators and net profit margin. The theoretical part related to forestry explains the basic terms and processes of wood harvesting necessary for understanding the activities of the observed subjects. In the practical part of the paper, general data on business entities, their financial statements, balance sheet and profit and loss account are presented, on the basis of which a horizontal analysis of the report, analysis of liquidity and net profit margin was made. In the final part, based on the analysis, a conclusion is given on the liquidity of the analyzed companies

    The Right to Strike

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    Štrajkovi su oblik organizacije rada s ciljem borbe za bolje uvjete rada i financijske beneficije. Sindikati su aktivni dionici u organizaciji borbe za radnička prava i u pregovorima s poslodavcima kako bi se postigli ovi ciljevi. Štrajkovi su alat kojim se poslodavci upozoravaju na potrebu ispunjenja radničkih zahtjeva, ali se koriste samo kao posljednje sredstvo nakon što su isprobane sve druge mogućnosti. Zakon o radu u Republici Hrvatskoj regulira organiziranje štrajkova i rješavanje radnih sporova. Sindikati moraju ispuniti posebne zahtjeve i proći kroz proces mirenja prije štrajka. Mirenje je obvezno posredovanje koje se mora dogoditi prije štrajka, a ako je uspješno, dovodi do provedivog sporazuma između zaposlenika i poslodavca. Dodatno, radni sporovi se mogu rješavati arbitražom. Poslodavci mogu odlučiti isključiti radnike tijekom štrajka, što može dovesti do gubitka plaće. Zakonom su propisane smjernice za obustavu rada tijekom štrajka, a posebnim zakonima uređeni su štrajkovi koji imaju značajan utjecaj na javni interes. Zakonodavac ističe da zaposlenici mogu štrajkati sve dok slijede pravila, sporazume i sindikalne protokole. Pridruživanje štrajku nije obavezno, a radnici mogu dobiti manju plaću ovisno o tome koliko dugo traje. Poslodavci mogu tražiti obustavu nezakonitog štrajka i dobiti naknadu za bilo kakvu prouzročenu štetu, a sudovi imaju ovlasti donositi presude o tom pitanju.Strikes are a form of labor organization aimed at fighting for better working conditions and financial benefits. Trade unions are involved in organizing the struggle for labor rights and negotiating with employers to achieve these goals. Strikes serve as a tool to draw employers' attention to the need for meeting workers' demands, but they are employed as a last resort after exhausting all other options. The Labor Law in the Republic of Croatia regulates the organization of strikes and the resolution of labor disputes. Unions must fulfill specific requirements and undergo a conciliation process before initiating a strike. Conciliation is a mandatory mediation that precedes a strike and, if successful, leads to an enforceable agreement between employees and employers. Additionally, labor disputes can be resolved through arbitration. Employers may choose to lock out workers during a strike. The law provides guidelines for work suspensions during a strike, and special laws regulate strikes that significantly impact the public interest. The lawmaker emphasizes that employees can strike as long as they adhere to rules, agreements, and union protocols. Joining a strike is optional, and workers may receive reduced pay depending on its duration. Employers can seek to halt an illegal strike and claim compensation for any damages incurred, with courts having the authority to adjudicate on such matters

    Relationship Between Representative and Executive Body of Local Self-Government Unit

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    U Republici Hrvatskoj postojeći sustav raspodjele lokalnih i regionalnih jedinica samouprave obilježavaju neuravnoteženost, nedovoljna efikasnost lokalne samouprave, slabi razvojni potencijali te osiguranje centralističkog načina upravljanja zemljom. Rad se bavi pregledom trenutne situacije u lokalnim samoupravama, opisuje njihove ovlasti i obveze, upravnih tijela i mjesne uprave te razlučuje njihovu povezanost. Važna sastavnica sustava lokalne samouprave je teritorijalna struktura. Identifikacija njihovih karakteristika daje potrebnu osnovu za prijedloge promjena sustava. Sadašnji samoupravni sustav karakterizira pretjerana složenost teritorijalnog organizacije i nedovoljna učinkovitost lokalne samouprave, slabi razvojni potencijali i centralistički način upravljanja na nacionalnoj razini. Kako bi se provele potrebne reforme, relevantni akteri moraju postići dogovor o nužnosti promjene modela upravljanja kao i o novim, razvojnim namjenama lokalnih samouprava. Ključne riječi: Upravna tijela, mjesni odbor, lokalna samouprava, županije. općine, gradoviIn the Republic of Croatia, the existing system of distribution of local and regional selfgovernment units is characterized by imbalance, insufficient efficiency of local selfgovernment, weak development potential and ensuring a centralized way of managing the country. The paper deals with the overview of the current situation in local self-governments, describes their authority and obligations, administrative bodies and local administration, and distinguishes between them. An important component of the local self-government system is the territorial structure. The identification of their characteristics provides the necessary basis for proposals for system changes. The current self-governing system is characterized by excessive complexity of the territorial organization and insufficient efficiency of local selfgovernment, weak development potentials and a centralist way of managing at the national level. In order to implement the necessary reforms, the relevant actors must reach an agreement on the necessity of changing the management model as well as on the new, developmental purposes of local self-governments

    The importance of Developing Entrepreneurship in Rural Areas

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    Poduzetništvo ima dugu povijest. Prvi znaci javljaju se još kod starih civilizacija u arhitekturi, umjetnosti, glazbi, u svim sferama ţivota. Danas je, moţe se reći čak i nemoguće zamisliti razvijeno društvo bez poduzetništva. Ono se smatra jednim od glavnih čimbenika rasta i razvoja društvenog gospodarstva. Pojam poduzetništva odnosi se na sve djelatnosti koje su usmjerene na ulaganje i spajanje odreĎenih resursa, prelazak na nova trţišta, kreiranje novih proizvoda, pridobivanje novih potrošača, kreiranje novih tehnologija i pronalazak novih tehnoloških rješenja spadaju pod poduzetništvo. Poduzetništvo se veţe za krizna vremena, za nepredvidive uvjete te za izmjene u okruţenju. Ruralno poduzetništvo veţe se za razvoj poduzetništva ruralnih područja. Ruralni razvoj danas sve više dolazi do izraţaja, ono je vaţno za razvoj kako i samog tog područja, tako i društva u cjelini. Poduzetništvo pruţa mogućnost samozapošljavanja i mogućnost otvaranja novih radnih mjesta, što je za ruralna područja iznimno vaţno. Samim time smanjuju se i migracije ljudi iz ruralnih u urbana područja, pošto im razvoj poduzetništva omogućava priliku za uspjeh. Dakle, moţe se zaključiti da je poduzetništvo ključan element za razvoj ruralnih područja i za uspjeh cijeloga društva.Entrepreneurship has a long history. The first signs appear in ancient civilizations in architecture, art, music and other things. Today, it can even be said that it is impossible to imagine a developed society without entrepreneurship. It is considered one of the main factors of growth and development of the social economy. The term entrepreneurship refers to all activities aimed at investing and combining certain resources, moving to new markets, creating new products, acquiring new consumers, creating new technologies and finding new technological solutions, all of which fall under entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is associated with times of crisis, unpredictable conditions and changes in the environment. Rural entrepreneurship is linked to the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas. Today, rural development is increasingly coming to the fore, it is important for the development of both the area itself and society as a whole. Entrepreneurship provides the possibility of self-employment and the possibility of creating new jobs, which is extremely important for rural areas. This also reduces the migration of people from rural to urban areas, since the development of entrepreneurship provides them with an opportunity for success. Therefore, it can be concluded that entrepreneurship is a key element for the development of rural areas and for the success of the entire society

    Funding the Units of Local Self - Government

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    Putem jedinica lokalne samouprave graĊani imaju mogućnost da relativno samostalno ureĊuju javne poslove i upravljaju njima. Brojni su poslovi koje jedinice lokalne samouprave obavljaju na svom samoupravnom podruĉju, od ureĊenja naselja i stanovanja, urbanistiĉkog i prostornog planiranja, komunalnog gospodarstva, socijalne skrbi, odgoja i osnovnog obrazovanja, kulture, zaštite potrošaĉa i dr. Za obavljanje svih predviĊenih poslova, odnosno za funkcioniranje jedinice lokalne samouprave, su potrebna financijska sredstva. Prihode jedinica lokalne samouprave ostvaruje iz vlastitih izvora, zajedniĉkih prihoda, od pomoći i od zaduţivanja. Kako je tema ovog rada „Financiranje jedinica lokalne samouprave“, u nastavku će biti isto predstavljeno.Through local self-government units, citizens have the opportunity to organize and manage public affairs relatively independently. There are numerous jobs that local self-government units perform in their self-governing areas, from the development of settlements and housing, urban and spatial planning, communal economy, social welfare, upbringing and basic education, culture, consumer protection, etc. the functioning of the local self-government unit, financial resources are needed. Revenues of local self-government units come from their own sources, joint revenues, aid and borrowing. As the topic of this paper is "Financing of local self-government units", the same will be presented below

    European Parliamentary Elections in Croatia

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    Europska unija (EU) je politiĉko-ekonomska organizacija koju ĉine 27 zemalja ĉlanica s ciljem promicanja mira, stabilnosti i napretka u Europi. Europska unija ima nekoliko institucija, a jedna od njih je Europski parlament koji predstavlja graĊane EU-a i ima vaţnu ulogu u zakonodavnim odlukama koje utjeĉu na ţivote graĊana. Izbori za Europski parlament odrţavaju se svakih pet godina, a graĊani EU-a izravno biraju svoje predstavnike u tom tijelu. Ovi su izbori vaţni jer graĊanima omogućuju da izaberu koga će u Europskom parlamentu zastupati njihove interese i mišljenja pri odluĉivanju o kljuĉnim pitanjima koja utjeĉu na ţivote graĊana EU.Postupak izbora za Europski parlament utvrĊen je u zakonodavstvu EU-a i primjenjuje se na sve drţave ĉlanice. Jedinstvena pravila kao što su razmjerno predstavništvo, slobodno i tajno glasovanje, minimalna dob, nekompatibilnost, datum izbora te spolna ravnopravnost primjenjuju se kako bi se osigurao fer i transparentan izborni proces. Sudjelovanje graĊana u izborima za Europski parlament kljuĉno je za odrţavanje demokracije u EU-u i osiguravanje da institucije EU-a odraţavaju stajališta i interese graĊana.The European Union (EU) is a political and economic organization consisting of 27 member states with the aim of promoting peace, stability, and progress in Europe. The European Union has several institutions, one of which is the European Parliament, which represents EU citizens and plays an important role in legislative decisions that affect their lives. Elections for the European Parliament are held every five years, and EU citizens directly elect their representatives to that body. These elections are important because they allow citizens to choose who will represent their interests and opinions in the European Parliament when deciding on key issues that affect the lives of EU citizens. The procedure for elections to the European Parliament is established in EU legislation and applies to all member states. Uniform rules such as proportional representation, free and secret voting, minimum age, incompatibility, election date, and gender equality are applied to ensure a fair and transparent electoral process. Citizen participation in elections for the European Parliament is crucial for maintaining democracy in the EU and ensuring that EU institutions reflect the views and interests of citizens

    Smart Cities

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    Gradovi i njihova infrastruktura postali su izuzetno kompleksni sustavi pred koje se stavljaju brojni izazovi u pogledu učinkovitog odgovaranja na svakodnevne potrebe njihovih građana. S obzirom na činjenicu da je danas u svijetu većina gradova zahvaćena ubrzanim procesom urbanizacije, a što rezultira povećanju potrošnje hrane, vode i energije, javlja se potreba za učinkovitom gradskom infrastrukturom i mobilnošću, odnosno potreba za uvođenjem pametnih tehnologija koje će optimizirati potrošnju istih, a što će rezultirati smanjenju životnih troškova građana. Pametni grad koristi informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije s osnovnim ciljem razmjene informacija s javnošću te poboljšanja kvalitete usluga, odnosno, sveukupno gledajući za povećanje operativne učinkovitosti, a sve to za dobrobit građana. Da bi se bolje razumjela tematika pametnog grada, u završnom radu definirati će se pojam pametnog grada, prikazati će se vremenski slijed njihovog razvoja, analizirati će se informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije koje se koriste u njihovoj realizaciji te njihov učinak na održivi razvoj. Također, u radu će se prikazati analiza pametnih gradova Shanghai i Rijeka, odnosno analizirati će se sve one tehnološke inovacije koje ti gradovi primjenjuju, a što ih prezentira kao pametne.Cities and their infrastructure have become extremely complex systems that face numerous challenges in terms of effectively responding to the daily needs of their citizens. Considering the fact that today most cities in the world are affected by an accelerated process of urbanization, which results in an increase in the consumption of food, water and energy, there is a need for efficient city infrastructure and mobility, i.e. the need for the introduction of smart technologies that will optimize their consumption, and which will result in a reduction in citizens' living expenses. A smart city uses information and communication technologies with the basic goal of exchanging information with the public and improving the quality of services, that is, overall, to increase operational efficiency, all for the benefit of citizens. In order to better understand the subject of a smart city, the term smart city will be defined in the final paper, the time sequence of their development will be presented, will be analyzed the information and communication technologies which use in their implementation and their effect on sustainable development. Also, the paper will present an analysis of the smart cities Shanghai and Rijeka, i.e. all the technological innovations applied by these cities, which present them as smart, will be analyze

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