EEG-Based Movement Imagery Classification Using Machine Learning Techniques and Welch’s Power Spectral Density Estimation

This project implements an EEG-based movement imagery classification using Welch’s Power Spectral Density estimation which could be used in Brain Computer Interface systems.  This classification which is based on the extracted features fro

ENTROPY OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG) SIGNALS CHANGES WITH SLEEP STATE

We hypothesized that temporal features of EEG are altered in sleep apnea subjects comparedto normal subjects. The initial aim was to develop a measure to discriminate sleep stages innormals. The longer-term goal was to apply these methods to identify differences in EEGactivity in sleep apnea subjects from normals. We analyzed the C3A2 EEG and anelectrooculogram (EOG) recorded from 9 normal adults awake and in rapid eye movement(REM) and non-REM sleep. The EEG signals were filtered to remove EOG contamination. Twomeasures of the irregularity of EEG signals, Sample Entropy (SpEn) and Tsallis Entropy, wereevaluated for their ability to discriminate sleep stages. SpEn changes with sleep state, beinglargest in Wake. Stage 3/4 had the smallest SpEn (0.57??0.11) normalized to Wake values,followed by Stage 2 (0.72??0.09), REM (0.75??0.1) and Stage 1 (0.89??0.05). This pattern wasconsistent in all the polysomnogram records analyzed. Similar pattern was observed in leadO1A2 as well. We conclude that SpEn may be useful as part of a montage for assessing sleepstate. We analyzed data from sleep apnea subjects having obstructive and central apnea eventsand have made some preliminary observations; the SpEn values were more similar across sleepstages and also high correlation with oxygen saturation was observed

Dynamic Complexity and Causality Analysis of Scalp EEG for Detection of Cognitive Deficits

This dissertation explores the potential of scalp electroencephalography (EEG) for the detection and evaluation of neurological deficits due to moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neurological disorders often cannot be accurately diagnosed without the use of advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Non-quantitative task-based examinations are also used. None of these techniques, however, are typically performed in the primary care setting. Furthermore, the time and expense involved often deters physicians from performing them, leading to potential worse prognoses for patients. If feasible, screening for cognitive deficits using scalp EEG would provide a fast, inexpensive, and less invasive alternative for evaluation of TBI post injury and detection of MCI and early AD. In this work various measures of EEG complexity and causality are explored as means of detecting cognitive deficits. Complexity measures include eventrelated Tsallis entropy, multiscale entropy, inter-regional transfer entropy delays, and regional variation in common spectral features, and graphical analysis of EEG inter-channel coherence. Causality analysis based on nonlinear state space reconstruction is explored in case studies of intensive care unit (ICU) signal reconstruction and detection of cognitive deficits via EEG reconstruction models. Significant contributions in this work include: (1) innovative entropy-based methods for analyzing event-related EEG data; (2) recommendations regarding differences in MCI/AD of common spectral and complexity features for different scalp regions and protocol conditions; (3) development of novel artificial neural network techniques for multivariate signal reconstruction; and (4) novel EEG biomarkers for detection of dementia

Application of linear and nonlinear methods for processing HRV and EEG signals

2013/2014L'elaborazione dei segnali biomedici è fondamentale per l'interpretazione oggettiva dei sistemi fisiologici, infatti, permette di estrarre e quantificare le informazioni contenute nei segnali che sono generati dai sistemi oggetto di studio. Per analizzare i segnali biomedici, sono stati introdotti un gran numero di algoritmi inizialmente nati in ambiti di ricerca differenti. Negli ultimi decenni, il classico approccio lineare, basato principalmente sull'analisi spettrale, è stato affiancato con successo da metodi e tecniche derivanti dalla teoria della dinamica nonlineare e, in particolare, da quella del caos deterministico. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di valutare i risultati dell'applicazione di diversi metodi di elaborazione, lineari e non lineari, a specifici studi clinici basati sul segnale di variabilità cardiaca (Heart Rate Variability, HRV) e sul segnale elettroencefalografico (EEG). Questi segnali, infatti, mostrano comportamenti attribuibili a sistemi la cui natura può essere alternativamente di tipo lineare o non, a seconda delle condizioni nelle quali i sistemi vengono analizzati. Nella prima parte della tesi, sono presentati i due segnali oggetto di studio (HRV ed EEG) e le tecniche di analisi utilizzate. Nel capitolo 1 vengono descritti il significato fisiologico, i requisiti necessari per l'acquisizione dei dati e i metodi di pre-elaborazione dei segnali. Nel capitolo 2 sono presentati i metodi e gli algoritmi utilizzati in questa tesi per la caratterizzazione delle diverse condizioni sperimentali in cui HRV e EEG sono stati studiati, prestando particolare attenzione alle tecniche di analisi non lineare. Nei capitoli seguenti (capitoli 3-7), sono presentate le cinque applicazioni dell'analisi dei segnali HRV ed EEG esaminate durante il dottorato. Più precisamente, le prime tre riguardano la variabilità cardiaca, le altre due il segnale EEG. Per quanto riguarda il segnale HRV, il primo studio analizza le variazioni delle proprietà spettrali e frattali in soggetti sani di diversa età; il secondo è focalizzatosull'importanza dell'approccio nonlineare nell'analisi del segnale HRV ricavato da registrazioni polisonnografiche di pazienti affetti da gravi apnee notturne; il terzo presenta le differenze nelle caratteristiche spettrali e nonlineari della variabilità cardiaca in pazienti con scompenso cardiaco determinato da diverse eziologie. Invece, per il segnale EEG, il primo studio analizza le alterazioni negli indici spettrali e nonlineari in pazienti con deficit cognitivi soggettivi e lievi, mentre il secondo valuta l'efficacia di un nuovo protocollo per la riabilitazione della malattia di Parkinson, attraverso la quantificazione dei parametri spettrali dell'EEG.XXVII Ciclo198

Design, Evaluation, and Application of Heart Rate Variability Analysis Software (HRVAS)

The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) has become an increasingly popular and important tool for studying many disease pathologies in the past twenty years. HRV analyses are methods used to non-invasively quantify variability within heart rate. Purposes of this study were to design, evaluate, and apply an easy to use and open-source HRV analysis software package (HRVAS). HRVAS implements four major categories of HRV techniques: statistical and time-domain analysis, frequency-domain analysis, nonlinear analysis, and time-frequency analysis. Software evaluations were accomplished by performing HRV analysis on simulated and public congestive heart failure (CHF) data. Application of HRVAS included studying the effects of hyperaldosteronism on HRV in rats. Simulation and CHF results demonstrated that HRVAS was a dependable HRV analysis tool. Results from the rat hyperaldosteronism model showed that 5 of 26 HRV measures were statistically significant (p\u3c0.05). HRVAS provides a useful tool for HRV analysis to researchers

Bypassing the Natural Visual-Motor Pathway to Execute Complex Movement Related Tasks Using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

In visual-motor coordination, the human brain processes visual stimuli representative of complex motion-related tasks at the occipital lobe to generate the necessary neuronal signals for the parietal and pre-frontal lobes, which in turn generates movement related plans to excite the motor cortex to execute the actual tasks. The paper introduces a novel approach to provide rehabilitative support to patients suffering from neurological damage in their pre-frontal, parietal and/or motor cortex regions. An attempt to bypass the natural visual-motor pathway is undertaken using interval type-2 fuzzy sets to generate the approximate EEG response of the damaged pre-frontal/parietal/motor cortex from the occipital EEG signals. The approximate EEG response is used to trigger a pre-trained joint coordinate generator to obtain desired joint coordinates of the link end-points of a robot imitating the human subject. The robot arm is here employed as a rehabilitative aid in order to move each link end-points to the desired locations in the reference coordinate system by appropriately activating its links using the well-known inverse kinematics approach. The mean-square positional errors obtained for each link end-points is found within acceptable limits for all experimental subjects including subjects with partial parietal damage, indicating a possible impact of the proposed approach in rehabilitative robotics. Subjective variation in EEG features over different sessions of experimental trials is modelled here using interval type-2 fuzzy sets for its inherent power to handle uncertainty. Experiments undertaken confirm that interval type-2 fuzzy realization outperforms its classical type-1 counterpart and back-propagation neural approaches in all experimental cases, considering link positional error as a metric. The proposed research offers a new opening for the development of possible rehabilitative aids for people with partial impairment in visual-motor coordination

Signal Processing and Machine Learning Techniques Towards Various Real-World Applications

abstract: Machine learning (ML) has played an important role in several modern technological innovations and has become an important tool for researchers in various fields of interest. Besides engineering, ML techniques have started to spread across various departments of study, like health-care, medicine, diagnostics, social science, finance, economics etc. These techniques require data to train the algorithms and model a complex system and make predictions based on that model. Due to development of sophisticated sensors it has become easier to collect large volumes of data which is used to make necessary hypotheses using ML. The promising results obtained using ML have opened up new opportunities of research across various departments and this dissertation is a manifestation of it. Here, some unique studies have been presented, from which valuable inference have been drawn for a real-world complex system. Each study has its own unique sets of motivation and relevance to the real world. An ensemble of signal processing (SP) and ML techniques have been explored in each study. This dissertation provides the detailed systematic approach and discusses the results achieved in each study. Valuable inferences drawn from each study play a vital role in areas of science and technology, and it is worth further investigation. This dissertation also provides a set of useful SP and ML tools for researchers in various fields of interest.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 201