Pengalaman emosional anak usia sekolah melalui menggambar

Hospitalisation is often stressful for children and sometimes are not able to verbally expressed. Drawing is a non-verbal communication techniques that can be used for exploring the emotional experience of children who are hospitalised with a non-threatening way. The purpose of this study was to determine the emotional experience of school-age children through drawing on the children’s ward of Dr. M. Djamil Hospital in Padang. This study used qualitative methods with phenomenological approach. The study found three main themes: (1) a variety of reasons participants about the image created, (2) participants’ response to a pleasant experience, and (3) participants’ response to the sad and painful experience. It can be concluded that the expression of the emotional experience of school age children who are hospitalised through the drawing can deliver their thoughts and feelings and their response to emotional experience in the hospital something that is not fun. Keywords: communication, drawing, emotional experienc

Anemia in sick children hospitalized and cured with transfusion at the children's ward in Stip

GOAL: To show anemia in sick children hospitalized and cured at the Children’s Ward in Stip. MATERIAL AND METHODS: At the Children’s Ward of the General Hospital in Stip, children suffering from anemia are hospitalized every day. Most pediatric transfusions are given to children under the age of three. Especially frequent is the anemia in children who have finished breast feeding, children fed with plain food poor with iron, and in children with hemolytic episodes of various causes etc. At this period of their life, the anemia appears frequently as joined symptom, especially in children who have other acute infections such as enterocolitis, pneumonia etc. RESULTS: Last year, at the Children’s Ward of the General Hospital in Stip, 1,200 sick children were hospitalized from which 357 (29.75%) children with anemia symptoms. METHOD: We divided the causes for the anemia in several basic groups: anemia caused due to decreased production of normal erythrocytes; anemia due to increased destruction of erythrocytes and anemia caused due to increased loss of erythrocytes. But, due to the strict criteria for establishing indication for applying erythrocyte concentrates, regular feeding of mothers during their pregnancy and increased care and regular feeding of newborns, only 17 (4.76%) children of the sick ones had an anemic syndrome and were given transfusion of erythrocyte concentrates. All the other causes were cured with appropriate specific and symptomatic therapy. CONCLUSION: Anemia in childhood is a very frequent appearance. The causes are of different nature. But it has to be decided whether the sick child will be given transfusion not only in accordance with the level of hemoglobin, but also with a careful estimation of the clinical picture, as well as according to appropriate therapy which in many cases can improve the anemic syndrome, rather than apply erythrocyte concentrates. Comparing with the past, when the number of the given transfusions according to the number of hospitalized children was up to 100, in the recent few years, there have been a remarkably smaller number of transfunded children

The relationship between infecting organisms and underlying structural anomalies in children with urinary tract infections

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of morbidity in childhood with potential for renal scarring and reflux nephropathy which can lead to hypertension and end-stage renal failure. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the infecting organism and any underlying anomalies of the urinary tract which may predispose to the development of infections and which may alter the management of children with UTIs. Methods and results: A total of 72 cases of UTI were recorded retrospectively (in- and outpatients), with ages ranging from 3 days to 48 months (mean 9.5, median 5 months). Fifty seven (79%) of patients had their first reported urinary tract infection under the age of 1 year.. Fifty eight (80.6%) were E. coli infections. These presented at an older age than non-E. coli infections. Investigations were abnormal in 31 (43%) cases. The mean age for first infection in patients with abnormal investigations was 7.7 months (median 2 months), younger than those with no renal tract abnormalities. Organisms other than E. coli were rarely found when no significant abnormalities were detected with investigation by US and MCUG and this was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Renal scarring was identified in 10 (13.9%) patients. Discussion: This study confirms that non-E. coli UTI is associated with underlying renal pathology and that early infections with any organism are more likely to be associated with underlying abnormalities. We also outline an algorithm based on the recent NICE 2007 guidelines which will be adopted by the Paediatric Department, Mater Dei Hospital for the investigation of UTI.peer-reviewe

Carrier rate of enteric bacteria associated with diarrhoea in children and pupils in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

One hundred stool samples were collected from children and pupils in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. These were examined for the presence of enteric bacteria associated with diarrhea. Seventy of the samples were collected from apparently healthy pupils in some public primary schools in Akure, while thirty samples were collected from children in the Children’s Ward of the Ondo State Specialist Hospital, Akure. All the samples were pre-enriched for Salmonella and Shigella in selenite–F broth and also streaked on MacConkey and Deoxychocolate citrate agar plates. The following bacterial were isolated; Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella enteritidis, Yersina enterocolitica ,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris. S. dysenteriae was found to be most frequent in children aged six to twenty-four months and one to twelve years. The carrier rate of S. dysentriae among males was very high compared to the females and there was high rate of bacteria isolates among the children of poor socio-economic status, poor sanitation and poorly breast-fed children.Keywords: Diarrhoea, deoxychocolate citrate, enteric, transmissio

'Can Mummy Come Too?' Rhetoric and Realities of 'Family-Centred Care' in One New Zealand Hospital, 1960-1990.

The development of ‘family-centred care’ began in the United Kingdom during the 1950s and 1960s in response to ‘expert’ concern for the child as an ‘emotional’ being. John Bowlby’s maternal deprivation thesis suggested that constant maternal attention in the early years of life would ensure emotionally healthy future members of society. Application of this theory to the hospital children’s ward indicated that young children should not be without their mothers for long periods of time. This theory and the subsequent release of the Platt Report in the United Kingdom in 1959 provided the necessary ‘scientific’ justification allowing mothers greater access to the historically restrictive hospital children’s wards. Influenced by trends in the United Kingdom the tenets of the separation thesis were reflected in New Zealand government policy towards child care and the care of the hospitalised child. However, the wider societal context in which these changes were to be accepted in New Zealand hospital children’s wards has not been examined. This study explores the development of ‘family-centred care’ in New Zealand as part of an international movement advanced by ‘experts’ in the 1950s concerned with the psychological effects of mother-child separation. It positions the development of ‘family-centred care’ within the broader context of ideas and beliefs about mothering and children that emerged in New Zealand society between 1960 and 1980 as a response to these new concerns for children’s emotional health. It examines New Zealand nursing, medical and related literature between 1960 and 1990 and considers both professional and public response to these concerns. The experiences of some mothers and nurses caring for children in one New Zealand hospital between 1960 and 1990 illustrate the significance of these responses in the context of one hospital children’s ward and the subsequent implications for the practice of ‘family-centred care’. This study demonstrates the difference between the professional rhetoric and the parental reality of ‘family-centred care’ in the context of one hospital children’s ward between 1960 and 1990. The practice of ‘family-centred care’ placed mothers and nurses in contradictory positions within the ward environment. These contradictory positions were historically enduring, although they varied in their enactment

Opportunistic health promotion among overweight children

Aim To explore children’s nurses’ attitudes to providing health promotion advice to overweight children and their families during hospital admissions. Methods Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted in a private room in the ward setting. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and thematic analysis of the transcripts was undertaken. Findings The six themes generated from responses were: responsibility for health promotion; sensitivity of the topic; long-term benefits; parents – a barrier; need for training; and need for institutional support. Conclusion Further research with acute care children’s nurses in the UK is required to validate the study findings. More work is also needed to explore the ethics of health promotion in the acute care setting

Mental Health Service in Ghana: a Review of the Case

Mental health care in Ghana has been fraught with several challenges leading to stagnant growth in mental health service delivery and in some cases a severe depreciation in the nature of care. The Government of Ghana pays little or no attention to mental health care in the country, a situation that has led to poor service delivery in the three major psychiatric hospitals in Ghana. The implementation of the Ghana Mental Act of 2012 has also been faced with major challenges with no significant progress being made. This studytherefore sought to review and document the development of mental health care services in Ghana. Specifically, the study examined the various legislations on mental health that have been enacted in Ghana since 1900; investigated the implementation of the current Mental Health Act of Ghana; found out whether the Ghanaian government has prioritise mental health services in the country and assessed the challenges and problems that confronted mental health services in Ghana since 1900.The study concludes that, since 1888 efforts have been made by various governments to legislate the provision of mental services in Ghana. However, these legislations have not always protected the rights and interest of the mentally ill