Synthesis of Clock Trees with Useful Skew based on Sparse-Graph Algorithms

Computer-aided design (CAD) for very large scale integration (VLSI) involve

Physical Design and Clock Tree Synthesis Methods For A 8-Bit Processor

Now days a number of processors are available with a lot kind of feature from different industries. A processor with similar kind of architecture of the current processors only missing the memory stuffs like the RAM and ROM has been designed here with the help of Verilog style of coding. This processor contains architecturally the program counter, instruction register, ALU, ALU latch, General Purpose Registers, control state module, flag registers and the core module containing all the modules. And a test module is designed for testing the processor. After the design of the processor with successful functionality, the processor is synthesized with 180nm technology. The synthesis is performed with the data path optimization like the selection of proper adders and multipliers for timing optimization in the data path while the ALU operations are performed. During synthesis how to take care of the worst negative slack (WNS), how to include the clock gating cells, how to define the cost and path groups etc. have been covered. After the proper synthesis we get the proper net list and the synthesized constraint file for carrying out the physical design. In physical design the steps like floor-planning, partitioning, placement, legalization of the placement, clock tree synthesis, and routing etc. have been performed. At all the stages the static timing analysis is performed for the timing meet of the design for better performance in terms of timing or frequency. Each steps of physical design are discussed with special effort towards the concepts behind the step. Out of all the steps of physical design the clock tree synthesis is performed with some improvement in the performance of the clock tree by creating a symmetrical clock tree and maintaining more common clock paths. A special algorithm has been framed for creating a symmetrical clock tree and thereby making the power consumption of the clock tree low

Design methodology and productivity improvement in high speed VLSI circuits

2017 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document

Power Reductions with Energy Recovery Using Resonant Topologies

The problem of power densities in system-on-chips (SoCs) and processors has become more exacerbated recently, resulting in high cooling costs and reliability issues. One of the largest components of power consumption is the low skew clock distribution network (CDN), driving large load capacitance. This can consume as much as 70% of the total dynamic power that is lost as heat, needing elaborate sensing and cooling mechanisms. To mitigate this, resonant clocking has been utilized in several applications over the past decade. An improved energy recovering reconfigurable generalized series resonance (GSR) solution with all the critical support circuitry is developed in this work. This LC resonant clock driver is shown to save about 50% driver power (\u3e40% overall), on a 22nm process node and has 50% less skew than a non-resonant driver at 2GHz. It can operate down to 0.2GHz to support other energy savings techniques like dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS). As an example, GSR can be configured for the simpler pulse series resonance (PSR) operation to enable further power saving for double data rate (DDR) applications, by using de-skewing latches instead of flip-flop banks. A PSR based subsystem for 40% savings in clocking power with 40% driver active area reduction xii is demonstrated. This new resonant driver generates tracking pulses at each transition of clock for dual edge operation across DVFS. PSR clocking is designed to drive explicit-pulsed latches with negative setup time. Simulations using 45nm IBM/PTM device and interconnect technology models, clocking 1024 flip-flops show the reductions, compared to non-resonant clocking. DVFS range from 2GHz/1.3V to 200MHz/0.5V is obtained. The PSR frequency is set \u3e3× the clock rate, needing only 1/10th the inductance of prior-art LC resonance schemes. The skew reductions are achieved without needing to increase the interconnect widths owing to negative set-up times. Applications in data circuits are shown as well with a 90nm example. Parallel resonant and split-driver non-resonant configurations as well are derived from GSR. Tradeoffs in timing performance versus power, based on theoretical analysis, are compared for the first time and verified. This enables synthesis of an optimal topology for a given application from the GSR

Physical design of USB1.1

In earlier days, interfacing peripheral devices to host computer has a big problematic. There existed so many different kinds’ ports like serial port, parallel port, PS/2 etc. And their use restricts many situations, Such as no hot-pluggability and involuntary configuration. There are very less number of methods to connect the peripheral devices to host computer. The main reason that Universal Serial Bus was implemented to provide an additional benefits compared to earlier interfacing ports. USB is designed to allow many peripheral be connecting using single standardize interface. It provides an expandable fast, cost effective, hot-pluggable plug and play serial hardware interface that makes life of computer user easier allowing them to plug different devices to into USB port and have them configured automatically. In this thesis demonstrated the USB v1.1 architecture part in briefly and generated gate level net list form RTL code by applying the different constraints like timing, area and power. By applying the various types design constraints so that the performance was improved by 30%. And then it implemented in physically by using SoC encounter EDI system, estimation of chip size, power analysis and routing the clock signal to all flip-flops presented in the design. To reduce the clock switching power implemented register clustering algorithm (DBSCAN). In this design implementation TSMC 180nm technology library is used

Design and Optimization for Resilient Energy Efficient Computing

Heutzutage sind moderne elektronische Systeme ein integraler Bestandteil unseres Alltags. Dies wurde unter anderem durch das exponentielle Wachstum der Integrationsdichte von integrierten Schaltkreisen ermöglicht zusammen mit einer Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz, welche in den letzten 50 Jahren stattfand, auch bekannt als Moore‘s Gesetz. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Nachfrage von energieeffizienten digitalen Schaltkreisen enorm angestiegen, besonders in Anwendungsfeldern wie dem Internet of Things (IoT). Da der Leistungsverbrauch von Schaltkreisen stark mit der Versorgungsspannung verknüpft ist, wurden effiziente Verfahren entwickelt, welche die Versorgungsspannung in den nahen Schwellenspannung-Bereich skalieren, zusammengefasst unter dem Begriff Near-Threshold-Computing (NTC). Mithilfe dieser Verfahren kann eine Erhöhung der Energieeffizienz von Schaltungen um eine ganze Größenordnung ermöglicht werden. Neben der verbesserten Energiebilanz ergeben sich jedoch zahlreiche Herausforderungen was den Schaltungsentwurf angeht. Zum Beispiel führt das Reduzieren der Versorgungsspannung in den nahen Schwellenspannungsbereich zu einer verzehnfachten Erhöhung der Sensibilität der Schaltkreise gegenüber Prozessvariation, Spannungsfluktuationen und Temperaturveränderungen. Die Einflüsse dieser Variationen reduzieren die Zuverlässigkeit von NTC Schaltkreisen und sind ihr größtes Hindernis bezüglich einer umfassenden Nutzung. Traditionelle Ansätze und Methoden aus dem nominalen Spannungsbereich zur Kompensation von Variabilität können nicht effizient angewandt werden, da die starken Performance-Variationen und Sensitivitäten im nahen Schwellenspannungsbereich dessen Kapazitäten übersteigen. Aus diesem Grund sind neue Entwurfsparadigmen und Entwurfsautomatisierungskonzepte für die Anwendung von NTC erforderlich. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die zuvor erwähnten Probleme durch die Bereitstellung von ganzheitlichen Methoden zum Design von NTC Schaltkreisen sowie dessen Entwurfsautomatisierung anzugehen, welche insbesondere auf der Schaltungs- sowie Logik-Ebene angewandt werden. Dabei werden tiefgehende Analysen der Zuverlässigkeit von NTC Systemen miteinbezogen und Optimierungsmethoden werden vorgeschlagen welche die Zuverlässigkeit, Performance und Energieeffizienz verbessern. Die Beiträge dieser Arbeit sind wie folgt: Schaltungssynthese und Timing Closure unter Einbezug von Variationen: Das Einhalten von Anforderungen an das zeitliche Verhalten und Zuverlässigkeit von NTC ist eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe. Die Auswirkungen von Variabilität kommen bei starken Performance-Schwankungen, welche zu teuren zeitlichen Sicherheitsmargen führen, oder sich in Hold-Time Verstößen ausdrücken, verursacht durch funktionale Störungen, zum Vorschein. Die konventionellen Ansätze beschränken sich dabei alleine auf die Erhöhung von zeitlichen Sicherheitsmargen. Dies ist jedoch sehr ineffizient für NTC, wegen dem starken Ausmaß an Variationen und den erhöhten Leckströmen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Konzept zur Synthese und Timing Closure von Schaltkreisen unter Variationen vorgestellt, welches sowohl die Sensitivität gegenüber Variationen reduziert als auch die Energieeffizienz, Performance und Zuverlässigkeit verbessert und zugleich den Mehraufwand von Timing Closures [1, 2] verringert. Simulationsergebnisse belegen, dass unser vorgeschlagener Ansatz die Verzögerungszeit um 87% reduziert und die Performance und Energieeffizienz um 25% beziehungsweise 7.4% verbessert, zu Kosten eines erhöhten Flächenbedarfs von 4.8%. Schichtübergreifende Zuverlässigkeits-, Energieeffizienz- und Performance-Optimierung von Datenpfaden: Schichtübergreifende Analyse von Prozessor-Datenpfaden, welche den ganzen Weg spannen vom Kompilierer zum Schaltungsentwurf, kann potenzielle Optimierungsansätze aufzeigen. Ein Datenpfad ist eine Kombination von mehreren funktionalen Einheiten, welche diverse Instruktionen verarbeiten können. Unsere Analyse zeigt, dass die Ausführungszeiten von Instruktionen bei niedrigen Versorgungsspannungen stark variieren, weshalb eine Klassifikation in schnelle und langsame Instruktionen vorgenommen werden kann. Des Weiteren können funktionale Instruktionen als häufig und selten genutzte Instruktionen kategorisiert werden. Diese Arbeit stellt eine Multi-Zyklen-Instruktionen-Methode vor, welche die Energieeffizienz und Belastbarkeit von funktionalen Einheiten erhöhen kann [3]. Zusätzlich stellen wir einen Partitionsalgorithmus vor, welcher ein fein-granulares Power-gating von selten genutzten Einheiten ermöglicht [4] durch Partition von einzelnen funktionalen Einheiten in mehrere kleinere Einheiten. Die vorgeschlagenen Methoden verbessern das zeitliche Schaltungsverhalten signifikant, und begrenzen zugleich die Leckströme beträchtlich, durch Einsatz einer Kombination von Schaltungs-Redesign- und Code-Replacement-Techniken. Simulationsresultate zeigen, dass die entwickelten Methoden die Performance und Energieeffizienz von arithmetisch-logischen Einheiten (ALU) um 19% beziehungsweise 43% verbessern. Des Weiteren kann der Zuwachs in Performance der optimierten Schaltungen in eine Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit umgewandelt werden [5, 6]. Post-Fabrication und Laufzeit-Tuning: Prozess- und Laufzeitvariationen haben einen starken Einfluss auf den Minimum Energy Point (MEP) von NTC-Schaltungen, welcher mit der energieeffizientesten Versorgungsspannung assoziiert ist. Es ist ein besonderes Anliegen, die NTC-Schaltung nach der Herstellung (post-fabrication) so zu kalibrieren, dass sich die Schaltung im MEP-Zustand befindet, um die beste Energieeffizient zu erreichen. In dieser Arbeit, werden Post-Fabrication und Laufzeit-Tuning vorgeschlagen, welche die Schaltung basierend auf Geschwindigkeits- und Leistungsverbrauch-Messungen nach der Herstellung auf den MEP kalibrieren. Die vorgestellten Techniken ermitteln den MEP per Chip-Basis um den Einfluss von Prozessvariationen mit einzubeziehen und dynamisch die Versorgungsspannung und Frequenz zu adaptieren um zeitabhängige Variationen wie Workload und Temperatur zu adressieren. Zu diesem Zweck wird in die Firmware eines Chips ein Regression-Modell integriert, welches den MEP basierend auf Workload- und Temperatur-Messungen zur Laufzeit extrahiert. Das Regressions-Modell ist für jeden Chip einzigartig und basiert lediglich auf Post-Fabrication-Messungen. Simulationsergebnisse zeigen das der entwickelte Ansatz eine sehr hohe prognostische Treffsicherheit und Energieeffizienz hat, ähnlich zu hardware-implementierten Methoden, jedoch ohne hardware-seitigen Mehraufwand [7, 8]. Selektierte Flip-Flop Optimierung: Ultra-Low-Voltage Schaltungen müssen im nominalen Versorgungsspannungs-Mode arbeiten um zeitliche Anforderungen von laufenden Anwendungen zu erfüllen. In diesem Fall ist die Schaltung von starken Alterungsprozessen betroffen, welche die Transistoren durch Erhöhung der Schwellenspannungen degradieren. Unsere tiefgehenden Analysen haben gezeigt das gewisse Flip-Flop-Architekturen von diesen Alterungserscheinungen beeinflusst werden indem fälschlicherweise konstante Werte ( \u270\u27 oder \u271\u27) für eine lange Zeit gespeichert sind. Im Vergleich zu anderen Komponenten sind Flip-Flops sensitiver zu Alterungsprozessen und versagen unter anderem dabei einen neuen Wert innerhalb des vorgegebenen zeitlichen Rahmens zu übernehmen. Außerdem kann auch ein geringfügiger Spannungsabfall zu diesen zeitlichen Verstößen führen, falls die betreffenden gealterten Flip-Flops zum kritischen Pfad zuzuordnen sind. In dieser Arbeit wird eine selektiver Flip-Flop-Optimierungsmethode vorgestellt, welche die Schaltungen bezüglich Robustheit gegen statische Alterung und Spannungsabfall optimieren. Dabei werden zuerst optimierte robuste Flip-Flops generiert und diese dann anschließend in die Standard-Zellen-Bibliotheken integriert. Flip-Flops, die in der Schaltung zum kritischen Pfad gehören und Alterung sowie Spannungsabfall erfahren, werden durch die optimierten robusten Versionen ersetzt, um das Zeitverhalten und die Zuverlässigkeit der Schaltung zu verbessern [9, 10]. Simulationsergebnisse zeigen, dass die erwartete Lebenszeit eines Prozessors um 37% verbessert werden kann, während Leckströme um nur 0.1% erhöht werden. Während NTC das Potenzial hat große Energieeffizienz zu ermöglichen, ist der Einsatz in neue Anwendungsfeldern wie IoT wegen den zuvor erwähnten Problemen bezüglich der hohen Sensitivität gegenüber Variationen und deshalb mangelnder Zuverlässigkeit, noch nicht durchsetzbar. In dieser Dissertation und in noch nicht publizierten Werken [11–17], stellen wir Lösungen zu diesen Problemen vor, die eine Integration von NTC in heutige Systeme ermöglichen

The impact of design techniques in the reduction of power consumption of SoCs Multimedia

Orientador: Guido Costa Souza de AraújoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaçãoResumo: A indústria de semicondutores sempre enfrentou fortes demandas em resolver problema de dissipação de calor e reduzir o consumo de energia em dispositivos. Esta tendência tem sido intensificada nos últimos anos com o movimento de sustentabilidade ambiental. A concepção correta de um sistema eletrônico de baixo consumo de energia é um problema de vários níveis de complexidade e exige estratégias sistemáticas na sua construção. Fora disso, a adoção de qualquer técnica de redução de energia sempre está vinculada com objetivos especiais e provoca alguns impactos no projeto. Apesar dos projetistas conheçam bem os impactos de forma qualitativa, as detalhes quantitativas ainda são incógnitas ou apenas mantidas dentro do 'know-how' das empresas. Neste trabalho, de acordo com resultados experimentais baseado num plataforma de SoC1 industrial, tentamos quantificar os impactos derivados do uso de técnicas de redução de consumo de energia. Nos concentramos em relacionar o fator de redução de energia de cada técnica aos impactos em termo de área, desempenho, esforço de implementação e verificação. Na ausência desse tipo de dados, que relacionam o esforço de engenharia com as metas de consumo de energia, incertezas e atrasos serão frequentes no cronograma de projeto. Esperamos que este tipo de orientações possam ajudar/guiar os arquitetos de projeto em selecionar as técnicas adequadas para reduzir o consumo de energia dentro do alcance de orçamento e cronograma de projetoAbstract: The semiconductor industry has always faced strong demands to solve the problem of heat dissipation and reduce the power consumption in electronic devices. This trend has been increased in recent years with the action of environmental sustainability. The correct conception of an electronic system for low power consumption is an issue with multiple levels of complexities and requires systematic approaches in its construction. However, the adoption of any technique for reducing the power consumption is always linked with some specific goals and causes some impacts on the project. Although the designers know well that these impacts can affect the design in a quality aspect, the quantitative details are still unkown or just be kept inside the company's know-how. In this work, according to the experimental results based on an industrial SoC2 platform, we try to quantify the impacts of the use of low power techniques. We will relate the power reduction factor of each technique to the impact in terms of area, performance, implementation and verification effort. In the absence of such data, which relates the engineering effort to the goals of power consumption, uncertainties and delays are frequent. We hope that such guidelines can help/guide the project architects in selecting the appropriate techniques to reduce the power consumption within the limit of budget and project scheduleMestradoCiência da ComputaçãoMestre em Ciência da Computaçã

로직 및 피지컬 합성에서의 타이밍 분석과 최적화

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2020. 8. 김태환.Timing analysis is one of the necessary steps in the development of a semiconductor circuit. In addition, it is increasingly important in the advanced process technologies due to various factors, including the increase of process–voltage–temperature variation. This dissertation addresses three problems related to timing analysis and optimization in logic and physical synthesis. Firstly, most static timing analysis today are based on conventional fixed flip-flop timing models, in which every flip-flop is assumed to have a fixed clock-to-Q delay. However, setup and hold skews affect the clock-to-Q delay in reality. In this dissertation, I propose a mathematical formulation to solve the problem and apply it to the clock skew scheduling problems as well as to the analysis of a given circuit, with a scalable speedup technique. Secondly, near-threshold computing is one of the promising concepts for energy-efficient operation of VLSI systems, but wide performance variation and nonlinearity to process variations block the proliferation. To cope with this, I propose a holistic hardware performance monitoring methodology for accurate timing prediction in a near-threshold voltage regime and advanced process technology. Lastly, an asynchronous circuit is one of the alternatives to the conventional synchronous style, and asynchronous pipeline circuit especially attractive because of its small design effort. This dissertation addresses the synthesis problem of lightening two-phase bundled-data asynchronous pipeline controllers, in which delay buffers are essential for guaranteeing the correct handshaking operation but incurs considerable area increase.타이밍 분석은 반도체 회로 개발 필수 과정 중 하나로, 최신 공정일수록 공정-전압-온도 변이 증가를 포함한 다양한 요인으로 하여금 그 중요성이 커지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 로직 및 피지컬 합성과 관련하여 세 가지 타이밍 분석 및 최적화 문제에 대해 다룬다. 첫째로, 오늘날 대부분의 정적 타이밍 분석은 모든 플립-플롭의 클럭-출력 딜레이가 고정된 값이라는 가정을 바탕으로 이루어졌다. 하지만 실제 클럭-출력 딜레이는 해당 플립-플롭의 셋업 및 홀드 스큐에 영향을 받는다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 특성을 수학적으로 정리하였으며, 이를 확장 가능한 속도 향상 기법과 더불어 주어진 회로의 타이밍 분석 및 클럭 스큐 스케쥴링 문제에 적용하였다. 둘째로, 유사 문턱 연산은 초고집적 회로 동작의 에너지 효율을 끌어 올릴 수 있다는 점에서 각광받지만, 큰 폭의 성능 변이 및 비선형성 때문에 널리 활용되고 있지 않다. 이를 해결하기 위해 유사 문턱 전압 영역 및 최신 공정 노드에서 보다 정확한 타이밍 예측을 위한 하드웨어 성능 모니터링 방법론 전반을 제안하였다. 마지막으로, 비동기 회로는 기존 동기 회로의 대안 중 하나로, 그 중에서도 비동기 파이프라인 회로는 비교적 적은 설계 노력만으로도 구현 가능하다는 장점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 2위상 묶음 데이터 프로토콜 기반 비동기 파이프라인 컨트롤러 상에서, 정확한 핸드셰이킹 통신을 위해 삽입된 딜레이 버퍼에 의한 면적 증가를 완화할 수 있는 합성 기법을 제시하였다.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Flexible Flip-Flop Timing Model 1 1.2 Hardware Performance Monitoring Methodology 4 1.3 Asynchronous Pipeline Controller 10 1.4 Contributions of this Dissertation 15 2 ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERING FLEXIBLE FLIP-FLOP TIMING MODEL 17 2.1 Preliminaries 17 2.1.1 Terminologies 17 2.1.2 Timing Analysis 20 2.1.3 Clock-to-Q Delay Surface Modeling 21 2.2 Clock-to-Q Delay Interval Analysis 22 2.2.1 Derivation 23 2.2.2 Additional Constraints 26 2.2.3 Analysis: Finding Minimum Clock Period 28 2.2.4 Optimization: Clock Skew Scheduling 30 2.2.5 Scalable Speedup Technique 33 2.3 Experimental Results 37 2.3.1 Application to Minimum Clock Period Finding 37 2.3.2 Application to Clock Skew Scheduling 39 2.3.3 Efficacy of Scalable Speedup Technique 43 2.4 Summary 44 3 HARDWARE PERFORMANCE MONITORING METHODOLOGY AT NTC AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY NODE 45 3.1 Overall Flow of Proposed HPM Methodology 45 3.2 Prerequisites to HPM Methodology 47 3.2.1 BEOL Process Variation Modeling 47 3.2.2 Surrogate Model Preparation 49 3.3 HPM Methodology: Design Phase 52 3.3.1 HPM2PV Model Construction 52 3.3.2 Optimization of Monitoring Circuits Configuration 54 3.3.3 PV2CPT Model Construction 58 3.4 HPM Methodology: Post-Silicon Phase 60 3.4.1 Transfer Learning in Silicon Characterization Step 60 3.4.2 Procedures in Volume Production Phase 61 3.5 Experimental Results 62 3.5.1 Experimental Setup 62 3.5.2 Exploration of Monitoring Circuits Configuration 64 3.5.3 Effectiveness of Monitoring Circuits Optimization 66 3.5.4 Considering BEOL PVs and Uncertainty Learning 68 3.5.5 Comparison among Different Prediction Flows 69 3.5.6 Effectiveness of Prediction Model Calibration 71 3.6 Summary 73 4 LIGHTENING ASYNCHRONOUS PIPELINE CONTROLLER 75 4.1 Preliminaries and State-of-the-Art Work 75 4.1.1 Bundled-data vs. Dual-rail Asynchronous Circuits 75 4.1.2 Two-phase vs. Four-phase Bundled-data Protocol 76 4.1.3 Conventional State-of-the-Art Pipeline Controller Template 77 4.2 Delay Path Sharing for Lightening Pipeline Controller Template 78 4.2.1 Synthesizing Sharable Delay Paths 78 4.2.2 Validating Logical Correctness for Sharable Delay Paths 80 4.2.3 Reformulating Timing Constraints of Controller Template 81 4.2.4 Minimally Allocating Delay Buffers 87 4.3 In-depth Pipeline Controller Template Synthesis with Delay Path Reusing 88 4.3.1 Synthesizing Delay Path Units 88 4.3.2 Validating Logical Correctness of Delay Path Units 89 4.3.3 Updating Timing Constraints for Delay Path Units 91 4.3.4 In-depth Synthesis Flow Utilizing Delay Path Units 95 4.4 Experimental Results 99 4.4.1 Environment Setup 99 4.4.2 Piecewise Linear Modeling of Delay Path Unit Area 99 4.4.3 Comparison of Power, Performance, and Area 102 4.5 Summary 107 5 CONCLUSION 109 5.1 Chapter 2 109 5.2 Chapter 3 110 5.3 Chapter 4 110 Abstract (In Korean) 127Docto

Synthesis Methodologies for Robust and Reconfigurable Clock Networks

In today\u27s aggressively scaled technology nodes, billions of transistors are packaged into a single integrated circuit. Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools are needed to automatically assemble the transistors into a functioning system. One of the most important design steps in the physical synthesis is the design of the clock network. The clock network delivers a synchronizing clock signal to each sequential element. The clock signal is required to be delivered meeting timing constraints under variations and in multiple operating modes. Synthesizing such clock networks is becoming increasingly difficult with the complex power management methodologies and severe manufacturing variations. Clock network synthesis is an important problem because it has a direct impact on the functional correctness, the maximum operating frequency, and the overall power consumption of each synchronous integrated circuit. In this dissertation, we proposed synthesis methodologies for robust and reconfigurable clock networks. We have made three contributions to this topic. First, we have proposed a clock network optimization framework that can achieve better timing quality than previous frameworks. Our proposed framework improves timing quality by reducing the propagation delay on critical paths in a clock network using buffer sizing and layer assignment. Second, we have proposed a clock tree synthesis methodology that integrates the clock tree synthesis with the clock tree optimization. The methodology improves timing quality by avoiding to synthesize clock trees with topologies that are sensitive to variations. Third, we have proposed a clock network that can reconfigure the topology based on the active mode of operation. Lastly, we conclude the dissertation with future research directions

Energy-Efficient Digital Circuit Design using Threshold Logic Gates

abstract: Improving energy efficiency has always been the prime objective of the custom and automated digital circuit design techniques. As a result, a multitude of methods to reduce power without sacrificing performance have been proposed. However, as the field of design automation has matured over the last few decades, there have been no new automated design techniques, that can provide considerable improvements in circuit power, leakage and area. Although emerging nano-devices are expected to replace the existing MOSFET devices, they are far from being as mature as semiconductor devices and their full potential and promises are many years away from being practical. The research described in this dissertation consists of four main parts. First is a new circuit architecture of a differential threshold logic flipflop called PNAND. The PNAND gate is an edge-triggered multi-input sequential cell whose next state function is a threshold function of its inputs. Second a new approach, called hybridization, that replaces flipflops and parts of their logic cones with PNAND cells is described. The resulting \hybrid circuit, which consists of conventional logic cells and PNANDs, is shown to have significantly less power consumption, smaller area, less standby power and less power variation. Third, a new architecture of a field programmable array, called field programmable threshold logic array (FPTLA), in which the standard lookup table (LUT) is replaced by a PNAND is described. The FPTLA is shown to have as much as 50% lower energy-delay product compared to conventional FPGA using well known FPGA modeling tool called VPR. Fourth, a novel clock skewing technique that makes use of the completion detection feature of the differential mode flipflops is described. This clock skewing method improves the area and power of the ASIC circuits by increasing slack on timing paths. An additional advantage of this method is the elimination of hold time violation on given short paths. Several circuit design methodologies such as retiming and asynchronous circuit design can use the proposed threshold logic gate effectively. Therefore, the use of threshold logic flipflops in conventional design methodologies opens new avenues of research towards more energy-efficient circuits.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Computer Science 201