Bok

While still in the midst of their study abroad experiences, students at Linfield College write reflective essays. Their essays address issues of cultural similarity and difference, compare lifestyles, mores, norms, and habits between their host countries and home, and examine changes in perceptions about their host countries and the United States. In this essay, Jasmine Schmit describes her observations during her study abroad program at Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea

The Current Body of Knowledge Paradigms Used in Real Estate Education and Issues in Need of Further Research

The ARES Body of Knowledge Committee surveyed its members in order to uncover the current state of the art in the practice of the body of knowledge (BOK) and skills that generated a series of conclusions and recommendations. One important conclusion was that the questions and issues surrounding the BOK are too large for one individual or group to address effectively and that ARES should continue to sponsor the BOK committee, BOK presentations at its annual meeting, publication of articles in the Journal of Real Estate Literature, periodic surveys, and coordination with BOK committees of other allied organizations. The BOK needs continual research and discussion before it can evolve into a final paradigm that is acceptable to all users.

Tracing the evolutionary stage of Bok globules: CCS and NH3

We pursue the investigation of a previously proposed correlation between chemical properties and physical evolutionary stage of isolated low-mass star-forming regions. In the past, the NH3/CCS abundance ratio was suggested to be a potentially useful indicator for the evolutionary stage of cloud cores. We aim to study its applicability for isolated Bok globules. A sample of 42 Bok globules with and without signs of current star formation was searched for CCS(2-1) emission, the observations were complemented with NH3 measurements available in the literature and own observations. The abundance ratio of both molecules is discussed with respect to the evolutionary stage of the objects and in the context of chemical models. The NH3/CCS ratio could be assessed for 18 Bok globules and is found to be moderately high and roughly similar across all evolutionary stages from starless and prestellar cores towards internally heated cores harbouring protostars of Class 0, Class I or later. Bok globules with extremely high CCS abundance analogous to carbon-chain producing regions in dark cloud cores are not found. The observed range of NH3/CCS hints towards a relatively evolved chemical state of all observed Bok globules.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Magnetic fields in Bok globules: Multi-wavelength polarimetry as tracer across large spatial scales

[abridged] The role of magnetic fields in the process of star formation is a matter of continuous debate. Clear observational proof of the general influence of magnetic fields on the early phase of cloud collapse is still pending. First results on Bok globules with simple structures indicate dominant magnetic fields across large spatial scales (Bertrang+2014). The aim of this study is to test the magnetic field influence across Bok globules with more complex density structures. We apply near-infrared polarimetry to trace the magnetic field structure on scales of 10^4-10^5au in selected Bok globules. The combination of these measurements with archival data in the optical and sub-mm wavelength range allows us to characterize the magnetic field on scales of 10^3-10^6au. We present polarimetric data in the near-infrared wavelength range for the three Bok globules CB34, CB56, and [OMK2002]18, combined with archival polarimetric data in the optical wavelength range for CB34 and CB56, and in the sub-millimeter wavelength range for CB34 and [OMK2002]18. We find a strong polarization signal (P>2%) in the near-infrared and strongly aligned polarization segments on large scales (10^4-10^6au) for all three globules. This indicates dominant magnetic fields across Bok globules with complex density structures. To reconcile our findings in globules, the lowest mass clouds known, and the results on intermediate (e.g., Taurus) and more massive (e.g., Orion) clouds, we postulate a mass dependent role of magnetic fields, whereby magnetic fields appear to be dominant on low and high mass but rather sub-dominant on intermediate mass clouds.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures; Accepted by A&

Analisis Biaya Kemacetan Kendaraan Pribadi Berdasarkan Biaya Operasional Kendaraan (BOK) Pada Ruas Jalan Ahmad Yani Surabaya

In this Final Project research, an analysis of Vehicle Operational Costs (BOK) is carried out for LCGC (Low Cost Green Car), and MPV (Multi Purpose Vehicle) fueled by pertalite and Pertamax was carried out on Ahmad Yani street. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the performance of the Ahmad Yani Road section, so it is necessary to analyze the Vehicle Operating Cost (BOK) that experiences congestion and time delays when passing the road using the LAPI ITB method. In addition, an analysis of the value of time is also carried out which is the cost and time incurred due to congestion. Analysis of time value based on the average income of people working in the Ahmad Yani Street area by conducting interviews first. The results of the time value analysis can be analyzed for the calculation of cost loss due to congestion which is reviewed based on observation BOK and free flow BOK. Results of vehicle operating cost analysis for speed free flow is Rp. 2,107.71 for LCGC vehicles that use pertalite fuel, Rp. 2,292.33 for LCGC vehicles that use Pertamax fuel, Rp. 2,795.97 for MPV vehicles that use pertalite fuel, and Rp. 2,980.58 for MPV vehicles that use Pertamax fuel based on the LAPI ITB method. BOK analysis results were obtained based on the LAPI ITB method, the highest for LCGC and MPV vehicles that use Pertamax fuel respectively amounted to 2,973.86 rupiah and 3,627.24 rupiah with the same travel speed of 25 km / hour. The results of the time value analysis were obtained based on respondents' monthly income, which amounted to 42,097 rupiah / hour. The total value of cost loss due to the largest congestion when passing the Ahmad Yani Road section for LCGC and MPV vehicles respectively amounted to Rp12,236,536 km / hour, and Rp20,369,507 km / hour. Performance on Ahmad Yani street which is reviewed from the value of the degree of saturation and service level with category E for the direction of Malang to Surabaya at peak hours

Intracellular localization of the BCL-2 family member BOK and functional implications

The pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family member BOK is widely expressed and resembles the multi-BH domain proteins BAX and BAK based on its amino acid sequence. The genomic region encoding BOK was reported to be frequently deleted in human cancer and it has therefore been hypothesized that BOK functions as a tumor suppressor. However, little is known about the molecular functions of BOK. We show that enforced expression of BOK activates the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway in BAX/BAK-proficient cells but fails to kill cells lacking both BAX and BAK or sensitize them to cytotoxic insults. Interestingly, major portions of endogenous BOK are localized to and partially inserted into the membranes of the Golgi apparatus as well as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and associated membranes. The C-terminal transmembrane domain of BOK thereby constitutes a 'tail-anchor' specific for targeting to the Golgi and ER. Overexpression of full-length BOK causes early fragmentation of ER and Golgi compartments. A role for BOK on the Golgi apparatus and the ER is supported by an abnormal response of Bok-deficient cells to the Golgi/ER stressor brefeldin A. Based on these results, we propose that major functions of BOK are exerted at the Golgi and ER membranes and that BOK induces apoptosis in a manner dependent on BAX and BAK

Revised distances to several Bok globules

Distances to Bok globules and small dark nebulae are important for a variety of reasons. We provide new distance estimates to several small clouds, some of them known to harbor YSO and molecular outflows, and thus being of particular interest. We use a procedure based on extinctions determined from the (H-K) vs. (J-H) diagram, and stellar distances based on a Hipparcos calibration of the main sequence locus: $M_J[(J-K)_0]$. The cloud confinement on the sky is determined from contours of the average (H-K) color formed in reseaus. Along the sight line stars affected by the clouds extinction may be extracted from the variation of the number density of atomic hydrogen $n_H\sim A_{V,\star}/D_\star$ to provide the cloud distance and its uncertainty. According to our estimates, the group of three globules CB24, CB25 and CB26 is located at 407+/-27 pc, farther than the previous estimates. CB245 and CB246 are found at 272+/-20 pc, suggesting that the current distance to these clouds is underestimated. Toward CB244 we detect a layer at 149+/-16 pc and the cloud at 352+/-18, in good agreement with previous studies. CB52 and CB54, though to be at 1500 pc, are found at 421+/-28 pc and slightly beyond 1000 pc, respectively. It seems that the most distant Bok globule known, CB3, is located at about 1400 pc, also significantly closer than currently accepted.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, submitted to A&