Classification and Decision Making of Medical Infrared Thermal Images

Medical infrared thermal imaging (MITI) is a technique that allows safe and non-invasive recording of skin surface temperature distribution. The images gained provide underlining physiological information on the blood flow, vasoconstriction/vasodilatation, inflammation, transpiration or other processes that can contribute to skin temperature. This medical imaging modality has been available for nearly six decades and has proved to be useful for vascular, neurological and musculoskeletal conditions. Since the recordings are digital, in the form of a matrix of numbers (image), it can be computationally analyzed by a specialist mainly performing processing and analysis operations manually supported by proprietary software solutions. This limits the number of images that can be processed, making difficult for knowledge to evolve, expertise to develop and information to be shared. This chapter aims to disclose the medical imaging method, along with its particularities, principles, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The chapter introduces all available classification and decision making methods that can be employed using digital information, together with a literature review of their operation in the biomedical applications of infrared thermal imaging.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A Review on Skin Disease Classification and Detection Using Deep Learning Techniques

Skin cancer ranks among the most dangerous cancers. Skin cancers are commonly referred to as Melanoma. Melanoma is brought on by genetic faults or mutations on the skin, which are caused by Unrepaired Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) in skin cells. It is essential to detect skin cancer in its infancy phase since it is more curable in its initial phases. Skin cancer typically progresses to other regions of the body. Owing to the disease's increased frequency, high mortality rate, and prohibitively high cost of medical treatments, early diagnosis of skin cancer signs is crucial. Due to the fact that how hazardous these disorders are, scholars have developed a number of early-detection techniques for melanoma. Lesion characteristics such as symmetry, colour, size, shape, and others are often utilised to detect skin cancer and distinguish benign skin cancer from melanoma. An in-depth investigation of deep learning techniques for melanoma's early detection is provided in this study. This study discusses the traditional feature extraction-based machine learning approaches for the segmentation and classification of skin lesions. Comparison-oriented research has been conducted to demonstrate the significance of various deep learning-based segmentation and classification approaches

An intelligent telemedicine system for detection of diabetic foot complications

Early identification and timely treatment of diabetic foot complications are essential in preventing their devastating consequences such as lower-extremity amputation and mortality. Frequent and automatic risk assessment by an intelligent telemedicine system may be feasible and cost-effective. As the first step to approach such a telemedicine system, an experimental setup that combined three promising imaging modalities, namely spectral imaging, infrared thermal imaging, and photometric stereo imaging, was developed and investigated. \ud \ud The spectral imaging system in the experimental setup contains nine cameras in a matrix configuration, fitted with the preselected optical filters. Using the spectral images acquired, front-end pixel classifiers were developed to detect the diabetic foot complications automatically. Taking the image annotations based on live assessment as ground truth, the validation results indicate that these front-end classifiers can identify the diabetic foot complications with acceptable performance. However, future studies are needed on enhancing the performance of current pixel classifiers and designing the back-end classifiers.\ud \ud With the infrared thermal imaging, images of temperature distributions can be acquired from patients’ feet. The temperature differences between the corresponding areas of the contralateral feet are clinically significant parameters for identifying the diabetic foot complications. To detect this temperature differences automatically, an asymmetric analysis were proposed and investigated. Results show that the corresponding points on the two feet can be identified irrespective of the shapes, sizes or poses of the feet. \ud \ud With the photometric stereo imaging, a feasibility study were conducted to detect diabetic foot complications with the 3D surface reconstruction. The results indicate that this imaging technology may be promising but subjected to some limitations currently, such as the movement in patients' foot during image acquisition. To determine the potential value of this modality in the future telemedicine system, further improvement is required.\ud \ud The outcomes of the studies presented in this thesis showed the feasibility of developing a telemedicine system to detect diabetic foot complications with the three imaging modalities. The studies acted as the precursors for developing an intelligent telemedicine system, which proposed potential detection methodologies and provided the directions for the future study

Intellectual System Diagnostics Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease that can lead to permanent vision loss. However, glaucoma is a difficult disease to diagnose because there is no pattern in the distribution of nerve fibers in the ocular fundus. Spectral analysis of the ocular fundus images was performed using the Eidos intelligent system. From the ACRIMA eye image database, 90.7% of healthy eye images were recognized with an average similarity score of 0.588 and 74.42% of glaucoma eye images with an average similarity score of 0.558. The reliability of eye image recognition can be achieved by increasing the number of digitized parameters of eye images obtained, for example, by optical coherence tomography. The research contribution is the digital processing of fundus graphic images by the intelligent system “Eidos”. The scientific contribution lies in the automation of the glaucoma diagnosis process using digitized data. The results of the study can be used at medical faculties of universities to carry out automated diagnostics of glaucoma

Towards an Effective Imaging-Based Decision Support System for Skin Cancer

The usage of expert systems to aid in medical decisions has been employed since 1980s in distinct ap plications. With the high demands of medical care and limited human resources, these technologies are required more than ever. Skin cancer has been one of the pathologies with higher growth, which suf fers from lack of dermatology experts in most of the affected geographical areas. A permanent record of examination that can be further analyzed are medical imaging modalities. Most of these modalities were also assessed along with machine learning classification methods. It is the aim of this research to provide background information about skin cancer types, medical imaging modalities, data mining and machine learning methods, and their application on skin cancer imaging, as well as the disclosure of a proposal of a multi-imaging modality decision support system for skin cancer diagnosis and treatment assessment based in the most recent available technology. This is expected to be a reference for further implementation of imaging-based clinical support systems.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Data mining framework for fatty liver disease classification in ultrasound: a hybrid feature extraction paradigm

PURPOSE: Fatty liver disease (FLD) is an increasing prevalent disease that can be reversed if detected early. Ultrasound is the safest and ubiquitous method for identifying FLD. Since expert sonographers are required to accurately interpret the liver ultrasound images, lack of the same will result in interobserver variability. For more objective interpretation, high accuracy, and quick second opinions, computer aided diagnostic (CAD) techniques may be exploited. The purpose of this work is to develop one such CAD technique for accurate classification of normal livers and abnormal livers affected by FLD. METHODS: In this paper, the authors present a CAD technique (called Symtosis) that uses a novel combination of significant features based on the texture, wavelet transform, and higher order spectra of the liver ultrasound images in various supervised learning-based classifiers in order to determine parameters that classify normal and FLD-affected abnormal livers. RESULTS: On evaluating the proposed technique on a database of 58 abnormal and 42 normal liver ultrasound images, the authors were able to achieve a high classification accuracy of 93.3% using the decision tree classifier. CONCLUSIONS: This high accuracy added to the completely automated classification procedure makes the authors' proposed technique highly suitable for clinical deployment and usage

Contributions to the segmentation of dermoscopic images

Tese de mestrado. Mestrado em Engenharia Biomédica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 201

Diagnosis of Rice Diseases using Canny Edge K-means Clustering and Convolutional Neural Network based Transfer Learning

Recent breakthroughs in deep learning-based convolutional neural networks have significantly improved image categorization accuracy. Deep learning-based techniques for diagnosing illnesses from rice plant images have been created in this work, inspired by the realisation of CNNs in image classification. Smart monitoring technologies for the automatic identification of plant diseases are extremely beneficial to sustainable agriculture. Despite the fact that various mechanisms for plant disease categorization have been created in recent years, an inefficient technique based on evidence from picture samples is of concern for ground environments. In this study, an image processing technique for pre-processing and segmentation was used, as well as a multi-class convolutional neural network with transfer learning, to classify rice plant leaf diseases such as brown spot, hispa, leaf blast, and healthy class. The contaminated area was automatically separated from the healthy areas of the image using canny edge detection and k-means clustering, and the features were retrieved using the CNN model. In the experimental results, the CNN model without transfer learning is compared to the transfer learning model. VGGNet transfer learning is used to construct a multi-classification framework for each class of rice illness. The overall accuracy acquired by the CNN model without transfer learning is 92.14%, whereas the accuracy obtained by the transfer learning model is 94.80%.The current work demonstrates that the proposed technique is compelling and capable of recognizing rice plant illness for four classes

Automatic Autism Spectrum Disorder Detection Using Artificial Intelligence Methods with MRI Neuroimaging: A Review

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain condition characterized by diverse signs and symptoms that appear in early childhood. ASD is also associated with communication deficits and repetitive behavior in affected individuals. Various ASD detection methods have been developed, including neuroimaging modalities and psychological tests. Among these methods, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging modalities are of paramount importance to physicians. Clinicians rely on MRI modalities to diagnose ASD accurately. The MRI modalities are non-invasive methods that include functional (fMRI) and structural (sMRI) neuroimaging methods. However, the process of diagnosing ASD with fMRI and sMRI for specialists is often laborious and time-consuming; therefore, several computer-aided design systems (CADS) based on artificial intelligence (AI) have been developed to assist the specialist physicians. Conventional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are the most popular schemes of AI used for diagnosing ASD. This study aims to review the automated detection of ASD using AI. We review several CADS that have been developed using ML techniques for the automated diagnosis of ASD using MRI modalities. There has been very limited work on the use of DL techniques to develop automated diagnostic models for ASD. A summary of the studies developed using DL is provided in the appendix. Then, the challenges encountered during the automated diagnosis of ASD using MRI and AI techniques are described in detail. Additionally, a graphical comparison of studies using ML and DL to diagnose ASD automatically is discussed. We conclude by suggesting future approaches to detecting ASDs using AI techniques and MRI neuroimaging