An Enhanced Ipv6 Anycast Routing Protocol Using Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode With Mobile Ipv6

Anycast routing is an efficient routing mechanism that enables the network to choose the nearest and most appropriate server very quickly. However, IPv6 Anycast is not used widely in practice yet, and there are many reasons for this. Firstly, IPv6 Anycast does not have its own standard protocol because anycast builds its anycast membership tree like multicast does but unlike multicast it sends only to one of the groups using unicast mechanism. The other problem is that IPv6 Anycast mechanism could not provide stateful connections between the sender and the receiver because the sender always change the receiver based on the metric or the distance. In this thesis a new IPv6 anycast routing protocol is developed to provide a stateful communication between the anycast sender and the receiver. Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) has been chosen to establish the new IPv6 anycast mechanism because of many similar properties between multicast and anycast. A new variable is proposed in the routing table called Best Metric Factor (BMF) to describe the status of the receiver (free or Busy). This factor is used to decide the appropriate receiver to choose, the advantage of the proposed design can be observed easily when there are multi-anycast senders sending their traffic to the appropriate receiver at the same time. Next we improve the mechanism by building a direct connection between the anycast sender and the anycast receiver using route optimization by mapping the objects in Mobile IPv6 to the objects in the proposed mechanism. This is because there are many similar properties between Mobile IPv6 and the proposed design. The proposed mechanism has been shown to achieve a good performance with multi-anycast senders and can provide a stateful communication between the sender and the appropriate receiver

Encaminhamento anycast em redes IPv6: uma proposta

O aparecimento do protocolo de comunicação IPv6 introduziu um novo paradigma de comunicação denominado anycast (um-para-um-de-muitos). Este novo paradigma, utiliza o conceito de grupo, à semelhança do que acontece com o multicast, mas em oposição a este, a informação é enviada apenas para um dos membros do grupo (tipicamente o mais próximo) e não para todos. Embora já se tenham passado alguns anos desde o seu aparecimento anycast tem sofrido uma lenta evolução,contribuindo para esta situação o facto de não existir ainda um protocolo normalizado, que permita `as aplicações usar de forma generalizada este paradigma de comunicação. Tradicionalmente as soluções para o problema de encaminhamento anycast são simplesmente baseadas no encaminhamento unicast sem alterações. No entanto, e tratando-se de um paradigma que usa o conceito de grupo,é de esperar que os protocolos de encaminhamento multicast, ou alguma variante destes, possam vir a constituir uma boa solução para a implementação do anycast ao nível da rede. O presente artigo apresenta um levantamento de propostas relacionadas com o tema e propõe um novo protocolo de encaminhamento anycast baseado no protocolo PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast -Sparse Mode), denominado Tree-based Anycast Protocol (TAP). As alterações propostas ao protocolo PIM-SM são apresentadas na especificação do sistema, tendo sido o seu correto funcionamento aferido recorrendo ao Network Simulator 2 (ns-2.35)

Performance evaluation of multicast routing on IPv4 and IPv6 networks

Even though the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 has not been realized at the pace that it was anticipated, eventually with the depletion of IPv4 address space and the ever-growing demands of the Internet, the transition is inevitable. In the rapidly evolving world of technology, multimedia applications and voice/video conferencing are fast finding their ways into the Internet and corporate networks. Multicast routing protocols run over unicast routing protocols to provide efficient routing of such applications. This thesis was aimed at understanding how the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 would impact multicast routing. The multicast routing protocol Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) was used over both IPv4 and IPv6 networks and a mixed IPv4-IPv6 network. Parameters such as protocol overheads, throughput and jitter were evaluated in a lab environment using jperf

Usage of NS2 simulator in multicast networks

Práce je zaměřena na směrování v datových sítích, především na síťovou metodu multicast. Také se podrobněji zabývá jednotlivými multicastovými protokoly a dále modely multicastu, zejména ASM (Any Source Multicast) a SSM (Source Specific Multicast). Hlavním tématem práce je implementace multicastu pomocí nástroje NS2 (Network Simulator). Praktická část obsahuje dvě laboratorní úlohy, kde si čtenář může ověřit nabyté znalosti o multicastu a jeho implementaci v NS2.The thesis is focused on routing in data network, especially on network method of multicast. The first section closely deals with particular multicast protocols and next with models of multicast, mainly Any Source Multicast and Source Specific Multicast. The main point of this work is implementation of multicast using Network Simulator. On the practical level, two laboratory exercises are included. In this part, readers have the possibility to make sure of reached knowledge of multicast and its implementation in NS2.

Performance Analysis of Protocol Independent Multicasting-Dense Mode in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks

This research explored the implementation of Protocol Independent Multicasting - Dense Mode (PIM-DM) in a LEO satellite constellation. PIM-DM is a terrestrial protocol for distributing traffic efficiently between subscriber nodes by combining data streams into a tree-based structure, spreading from the root of the tree to the branches. Using this structure, a minimum number of connections are required to transfer data, decreasing the load on intermediate satellite routers. The PIM-DM protocol was developed for terrestrial systems and this research implemented an adaptation of this protocol in a satellite system. This research examined the PIM-DM performance characteristics which were compared to earlier work for On- Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) and Distance Vector Multicasting Routing Protocol (DVMRP) - all in a LEO satellite network environment. Experimental results show that PIM-DM is extremely scalable and has equivalent performance across diverse workloads. Three performance metrics are used to determine protocol performance in the dynamic LEO satellite environment, including Data-to- Overhead ratio, Received-to-Sent ratio, and End-to-End Delay. The OPNET® simulations show that the PIM-DM Data-to-Overhead ratio is approximately 80% and the protocol reliability is extremely high, achieving a Receive-to-Sent ratio of 99.98% across all loading levels. Finally, the PIM-DM protocol introduces minimal delay, exhibiting an average End-to-End Delay of approximately 76 ms; this is well within the time necessary to support real-time communications. Though fundamental differences between the DVMRP, ODMRP, and PIM-DM implementations precluded a direct comparison for each experiment, by comparing average values, PIM-DM generally provides equivalent or better performance

A Common API for Transparent Hybrid Multicast

Group communication services exist in a large variety of flavors and technical implementations at different protocol layers. Multicast data distribution is most efficiently performed on the lowest available layer, but a heterogeneous deployment status of multicast technologies throughout the Internet requires an adaptive service binding at runtime. Today, it is difficult to write an application that runs everywhere and at the same time makes use of the most efficient multicast service available in the network. Facing robustness requirements, developers are frequently forced to use a stable upper-layer protocol provided by the application itself. This document describes a common multicast API that is suitable for transparent communication in underlay and overlay and that grants access to the different flavors of multicast. It proposes an abstract naming scheme that uses multicast URIs, and it discusses mapping mechanisms between different namespaces and distribution technologies. Additionally, this document describes the application of this API for building gateways that interconnect current Multicast Domains throughout the Internet. It reports on an implementation of the programming Interface, including service middleware. This document is a product of the Scalable Adaptive Multicast (SAM) Research Group

Networks for Multicast Distribution

Import 22/07/2015Teoretická časť tejto práce popisuje problematiku multicastov a ich šírenia v sieti. V úvode vysvetľuje základné druhy komunikácie, z ktorých vyplýva výhodnosť použitia multicastu. V ďalšej časti je multicastová komunikácia vysvetlená detailnejšie. V praktickej časti sú zostavené rôzne topológie za použitia jednotlivých protokolov pre distribúciu multicastu. V topológiach sú použité smerovače a prepínače od firiem Cisco a Huawei. Otestovaním navrhnutých topológii sa preukáže vzájomná kompatibilita týchto zariadení. Po úspešnom otestovaní v laboratórnom prostredí bude preukázané, že multicast môže byť šírený medzi týmito zariadeniami aj v reálnom svete.The theoretical part of this work describes multicasts and their distribution in the network. The introduction explains the basic types of communication which shows advantages of using multicast. The next part explaines multicast communication in more detail. In the practical part various topologies are assembled using different protocols for multicast distribution. These topologies are using routers and switches from Cisco and Huawei Companies. Testing of proposed topologies demonstrates cross-compatibility of these devices. After successful testing in a laboratory environment we will demonstrate that the multicast can be distributed between these devices in the real world.440 - Katedra telekomunikační technikyvýborn

Encaminhamento Anycast em redes IPv6

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia de ComunicaçõesO aparecimento do protocolo de comunicação Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) introduziu um novo paradigma de comunicação, denominado anycast (um-para-um-de-muitos). Este novo paradigma, utiliza o conceito de grupo, à semelhança do que acontece com o multicast, mas em oposição a este, a informação é enviada apenas para um dos membros do grupo (tipicamente o mais próximo) e não para todos. Embora já se tenham passado alguns anos desde o seu aparecimento, o anycast tem sofrido uma lenta evolução, contribuindo para esta situação o facto de não existir ainda um protocolo normalizado, que permita às aplicações usar de forma generalizada este paradigma de comunicação. Tradicionalmente as soluções para o problema de encaminhamento anycast são simplesmente baseadas no encaminhamento unicast sem alterações. No entanto, e tratando-se de um paradigma que usa o conceito de grupo, é de esperar que os protocolos de encaminhamento multicast, ou alguma variante destes, possam vir a constituir uma boa solução para a implementação do anycast ao nível da rede. A presente dissertação apresenta um levantamento de propostas relacionadas com o tema e propõe um novo protocolo de encaminhamento anycast baseado no protocolo Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), denominado Tree-based Anycast Protocol (TAP). As alterações propostas ao protocolo PIM-SM são apresentadas na especificação do sistema, tendo sido o seu correto funcionamento aferido recorrendo ao Network Simulator 2 (ns-2.35).The introduction of the new Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), came with a new communication paradigm, named anycast. This new paradigm, uses the group as a concept, similar to what happens with multicast, but in opposition to this, the information is sent only for one of the members on the group (usually the closest one) and not for all. Although some years have passed since its appearance, anycast had a slow development, being the main reason the fact that it doesn't have a standard protocol that allows applications to use widely this communication paradigm. The solutions for the anycast routing problem, traditionally, are based on unicast routing without any changes. However, and being this a paradigm that uses the group concept, it's expected that multicast routing protocols, or some kind of variant, would be a good solution to implement an anycast network-based protocol. This dissertation presents a survey of proposed anycast protocols and suggests a new routing protocol based on Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), designated as Tree-based Anycast Protocol (TAP). The chapter of the system specification introduce the changes to the protocol PIM-SM, and the correct behaviour measured using the Network Simulator 2 (ns-2.35)

A data-oriented network architecture

In the 25 years since becoming commercially available, the Internet has grown into a global communication infrastructure connecting a significant part of mankind and has become an important part of modern society. Its impressive growth has been fostered by innovative applications, many of which were completely unforeseen by the Internet's inventors. While fully acknowledging ingenuity and creativity of application designers, it is equally impressive how little the core architecture of the Internet has evolved during this time. However, the ever evolving applications and growing importance of the Internet have resulted in increasing discordance between the Internet's current use and its original design. In this thesis, we focus on four sources of discomfort caused by this divergence. First, the Internet was developed around host-to-host applications, such as telnet and ftp, but the vast majority of its current usage is service access and data retrieval. Second, while the freedom to connect from any host to any other host was a major factor behind the success of the Internet, it provides little protection for connected hosts today. As a result, distributed denial of service attacks against Internet services have become a common nuisance, and are difficult to resolve within the current architecture. Third, Internet connectivity is becoming nearly ubiquitous and reaches increasingly often mobile devices. Moreover, connectivity is expected to extend its reach to even most extreme places. Hence, applications' view to network has changed radically; it's commonplace that they are offered intermittent connectivity at best and required to be smart enough to use heterogeneous network technologies. Finally, modern networks deploy so-called middleboxes both to improve performance and provide protection. However, when doing so, the middleboxes have to impose themselves between the communication end-points, which is against the design principles of the original Internet and a source of complications both for the management of networks and design of application protocols. In this thesis, we design a clean-slate network architecture that is a better fit with the current use of the Internet. We present a name resolution system based on name-based routing. It matches with the service access and data retrieval oriented usage of the Internet, and takes the network imposed middleboxes properly into account. We then propose modest addressing-related changes to the network layer as a remedy for the denial of service attacks. Finally, we take steps towards a data-oriented communications API that provides better decoupling for applications from the network stack than the original Sockets API does. The improved decoupling both simplifies applications and allows them to be unaffected by evolving network technologies: in this architecture, coping with intermittent connectivity and heterogenous network technologies is a burden of the network stack