Implications of data-intensive applications for next generation mobile networks

Lately, the mobile data market has moved into a growth stage triggered by two facts: affordability of mobile broadband, and availability of data-friendly devices. At this stage, market growth is no longer dependent on push strategies from suppliers; on the contrary, demand is now driving the market. However, it will not be easy for mobile operating companies to cope up with the demand to come in the near future. The infrastructure that is needed to support corresponding demand is far from completion. Operators are forced to make heavy investments to upgrade and expand their networks. To decide how to handle the present and upcoming demand, they need to identify and understand the characteristics of the scenarios they face. This is precisely the aim of this article, which provides figures on the consequences for mobile infrastructures of a generalised mobile media uptake. Data from the Spanish mobile deployment case have been used to arrive at practical figures and illustration of results, but the conclusions are easily extended to other countries and region

Working towards improved conceptualisation and identification of gaming disorder and co-occurring addictions in gamers

This doctoral research thesis investigated the neurophysiological underpinnings of gaming disorder (GD), and the way in which co-occurrence can influence and correlate with GD in a clinical and a multi-cultural context. The unique contribution of knowledge was (i) the assessment of the neurophysiological expression of gamers using a novel spiking neural network (SNN) methodology; (ii) exploring co-occurrence in gamers and substance abstinent gamers; and (iii) exploring co-occurrence in gamers across three different individualistic countries (i.e., Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom). The conceptualisation of GD and related methodologies were explored using multiple systematic research methods. A number of methodologies were then employed, including the use of electroencephalographic (EEG) data, a machine learning (ML) approach which utilised a novel SNN architecture (i.e., the NeuCube), and the use of surveys to reach a clinical cohort and three cohorts spanning three different countries in an effort to investigate the way in which co-occurrence may influence gamers and at-risk gamers. The results of the empirical studies indicated that: (i) problematic gamers experience different neurophysiological expression than those who recreational game and that ML methodologies are an effective method of classifying recreational and problematic gamers when using EEG data; (ii) maladaptive coping strategies were significantly associated to gaming scores, and that gamers appeared to experience co-occurrence more so than their non-gamer counterparts; (iii) at-risk and high-risk gamers may utilise gaming as a maladaptive coping strategy and other accompanying potentially addictive behaviour, or substance use may be influenced as a result; (iv) the manifestation of maladaptive coping strategies and potentially addictive behaviours can be influenced by the country in which an individual resides. Taken together, the present doctoral project further clarified the conceptualisation of GD, utilising a neurophysiological underpinning, which is further supported with observed behaviour as suggested by the National Institute of Mental Health. In addition, it places an emphasis on the importance of understanding co-occurrence and specific at-risk factors (e.g., coping) which may contribute to the development and maintenance of problematic or disordered gaming in both a clinical sample and general population samples

Investigating the neural substrates of gambling disorder using multiple neuromodulation and neuroimaging approaches

Introduction : Le trouble du jeu de hasard et d'argent (GD) est caractérisé par un comportement de jeu inadapté qui interfère avec les activités personnelles ou professionnelles. Ce trouble psychiatrique est difficile à traiter avec les thérapies actuelles et les rechutes sont fréquentes. Les symptômes dépressifs et cognitifs (e.g., l'impulsivité), ainsi que le "craving" (désir intense de jouer) sont des facteurs prédictifs de rechutes. Une meilleure compréhension des substrats neuronaux et leurs significations cliniques pourraient mener au développement de nouveaux traitements. La stimulation transcrânienne à courant direct (tDCS) pourrait être l'un de ceux-ci car elle permet de cibler des circuits neuronaux spécifiques. De plus, la tDCS ciblant le cortex dorsolatéral préfrontal (DLPFC) pourrait améliorer les symptômes dépressifs et cognitifs et réduire le craving. Cependant, les effets précis de la tDCS sur la fonction cérébrale, ainsi que leurs significations cliniques, demeurent à être élucidés. Par ailleurs, étant donné que les patients avec GD présentent souvent des différences morphométriques par rapport aux individus en santé, il est possible de faire l'hypothèse que la morphométrie cérébrale influence les effets de la tDCS. Objectifs : Ce travail avait trois objectifs principaux. Le premier objectif était d'explorer s'il y avait des associations entre les substrats neuronaux et les symptômes cliniques et cognitifs. Le deuxième objectif était d'examiner les effets de la tDCS sur la fonction cérébrale. Le troisième objectif était d'explorer si la morphométrie du site de stimulation (DLPFC) pouvait influencer les effets de la tDCS sur les substrats neuronaux. Méthode : Nous avons réalisé quatre études différentes. Dans la première étude, nous avons mesuré la morphométrie cérébrale en utilisant l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) structurelle. Nous avons mesuré les corrélations entre la morphométrie et les symptômes cliniques (dépression, sévérité et durée du GD) et cognitifs (impulsivité). De plus, nous avons comparé la morphométrie des patients à celui d'une base de données normative (individus en santé) en contrôlant pour plusieurs facteurs comme l'âge. Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons mesuré la fonction cérébrale (connectivité fonctionnelle) des patients avec l'IRM fonctionnelle. Nous avons examiné s'il y avait des liens entre la connectivité fonctionnelle et les symptômes cognitifs (impulsivité et prise de risque) et cliniques (sévérité et durée du GD). Dans la troisième étude, nous avons étudié les effets de la tDCS sur la connectivité fonctionnelle et si la morphométrie du DLPFC pouvait influencer ces effets. Dernièrement, dans la quatrième étude, nous avons examiné si la morphométrie du DLPFC pouvait influencer les effets de la tDCS sur la neurochimie (avec la spectroscopie par résonance magnétique). Résultats : Nous avons démontré deux corrélations positives entre la superficie du cortex occipital et les symptômes dépressifs (étude I). Nous avons également mis en évidence une corrélation positive entre la connectivité fonctionnelle d'un réseau occipital et l'impulsivité (étude II). De plus, il y avait une corrélation positive entre la connectivité fonctionnelle de ce réseau et la sévérité du GD. Par ailleurs, il y avait des corrélations positives entre la connectivité fonctionnelle de l'opercule frontal droit et la prise de risque (étude II). En outre, la connectivité fonctionnelle d'un réseau cérébelleux était corrélée avec les symptômes dépressifs (étude II). Les patients avaient aussi plusieurs différences morphométriques par rapport aux individus en santé (cortex occipital, préfrontal, etc.). Nous avons démontré également que la tDCS appliquée sur le DLPFC a augmenté la connectivité fonctionnelle d'un réseau fronto-pariétal (étude III). Finalement, cette thèse a montré que la morphométrie du DLPFC influence les augmentations induites par la tDCS sur la connectivité fonctionnelle du réseau fronto-pariétal (étude III) et le niveau de GABA frontal (étude IV). Conclusions : Cette thèse démontre une importance clinique potentielle pour les régions occipitales, frontales et cérébelleuses, particulièrement pour les patients ayant des symptômes dépressifs ou cognitifs. De plus, elle montre que la tDCS peut renforcer le fonctionnement d'un réseau fronto-pariétal connu pour son rôle dans les fonctions exécutives. Il reste à déterminer si un plus grand nombre de sessions pourrait apporter des bénéfices cliniques additionnels afin d'aider les patients à résister le jeu. Finalement, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que la morphométrie des régions sous les électrodes pourrait aider à identifier les meilleurs candidats pour la tDCS et pourrait être considéré pour la sélection des cibles de stimulation.Introduction: Gambling disorder (GD) is characterised by maladaptive gambling behaviour that interferes with personal or professional activities. This psychiatric disorder is difficult to treat with currently available treatments and relapse rates are high. Several factors can predict relapse, including depressive and cognitive (e.g., impulsivity, risk taking) symptoms, in addition to craving (strong desire to gamble). A better understanding of neural substrates and their clinical significance could help develop new treatments. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) might be one of these since it can target specific neural circuits. In addition, tDCS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) could improve depressive and cognitive symptoms as well as reduce craving. However, the precise effects of tDCS on brain function, as well as their clinical significance, remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, considering that patients with GD often display morphometric differences as compared to healthy individuals, it may be worth investigating whether brain morphometry influences the effects of tDCS. Objectives: This work had three main objectives. The first objective was to explore whether there were associations between neural substrates and clinical and cognitive symptoms. The second objective was to examine the effects of tDCS on brain function. The third objective was to explore whether morphometry of the stimulation site (DLPFC) influenced the effects of tDCS on neural substrates. Methods: We carried out four different studies. In the first study, we investigated brain morphometry using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We tested for correlations between morphometry and clinical symptoms (depression, GD severity, GD duration) and cognitive symptoms (impulsivity). In addition, we compared the morphometry of patients with GD to that of a normative database (healthy individuals) while controlling for several factors such as age. In a second study, we assessed brain function (functional connectivity) in patients with functional MRI (fMRI). We examined whether there were associations between brain function and cognitive symptoms (impulsivity and risk taking) as well as clinical symptoms (GD severity and duration). In the third study, we examined tDCS-induced effects on brain function and whether morphometry of the DLPFC influenced these effects. Lastly, in the fourth study, we examined whether DLPFC morphometry influenced tDCS-induced effects on neurochemistry (using magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging). Results: Firstly, we found two positive correlations between surface area of the occipital cortex and depressive symptoms (study I). We also showed a positive correlation between functional connectivity of an occipital network and impulsivity (study II). In addition, there was a positive correlation between functional connectivity of this network and GD severity (study II). In addition, there were positive correlations between functional connectivity of the right frontal operculum and risk-taking (study II). Also, functional connectivity of a cerebellar network was positively correlated with depressive symptoms (study II). Moreover, patients with GD had several morphometric differences as compared to healthy individuals (occipital and prefrontal cortices, etc.). Furthermore, we observed that tDCS over the DLPFC increased functional connectivity of a fronto-parietal circuit during stimulation (study III). Lastly, this thesis indicated that DLPFC morphometry influenced tDCS-induced elevations on fronto-parietal functional connectivity (study III) and frontal GABA levels (study IV). Conclusions: This thesis suggests the potential clinical relevance of occipital, frontal, and cerebellar regions, particularly for those with depressive and cognitive symptoms. It also indicates that tDCS can strengthen the functioning of a fronto-parietal network known to be implicated in executive functions. It remains to be seen whether a greater number of tDCS sessions could lead to clinical benefits to help patients resist gambling. Finally, the results of this thesis suggest that morphometry of the regions under the electrodes might help predict better candidates for tDCS and could be considered to select stimulation targets

Improved planning and resource management in next generation green mobile communication networks

In upcoming years, mobile communication networks will experience a disruptive reinventing process through the deployment of post 5th Generation (5G) mobile networks. Profound impacts are expected on network planning processes, maintenance and operations, on mobile services, subscribers with major changes in their data consumption and generation behaviours, as well as on devices itself, with a myriad of different equipment communicating over such networks. Post 5G will be characterized by a profound transformation of several aspects: processes, technology, economic, social, but also environmental aspects, with energy efficiency and carbon neutrality playing an important role. It will represent a network of networks: where different types of access networks will coexist, an increasing diversity of devices of different nature, massive cloud computing utilization and subscribers with unprecedented data-consuming behaviours. All at greater throughput and quality of service, as unseen in previous generations. The present research work uses 5G new radio (NR) latest release as baseline for developing the research activities, with future networks post 5G NR in focus. Two approaches were followed: i) method re-engineering, to propose new mechanisms and overcome existing or predictably existing limitations and ii) concept design and innovation, to propose and present innovative methods or mechanisms to enhance and improve the design, planning, operation, maintenance and optimization of 5G networks. Four main research areas were addressed, focusing on optimization and enhancement of 5G NR future networks, the usage of edge virtualized functions, subscriber’s behavior towards the generation of data and a carbon sequestering model aiming to achieve carbon neutrality. Several contributions have been made and demonstrated, either through models of methodologies that will, on each of the research areas, provide significant improvements and enhancements from the planning phase to the operational phase, always focusing on optimizing resource management. All the contributions are retro compatible with 5G NR and can also be applied to what starts being foreseen as future mobile networks. From the subscriber’s perspective and the ultimate goal of providing the best quality of experience possible, still considering the mobile network operator’s (MNO) perspective, the different proposed or developed approaches resulted in optimization methods for the numerous problems identified throughout the work. Overall, all of such contributed individually but aggregately as a whole to improve and enhance globally future mobile networks. Therefore, an answer to the main question was provided: how to further optimize a next-generation network - developed with optimization in mind - making it even more efficient while, simultaneously, becoming neutral concerning carbon emissions. The developed model for MNOs which aimed to achieve carbon neutrality through CO2 sequestration together with the subscriber’s behaviour model - topics still not deeply focused nowadays – are two of the main contributions of this thesis and of utmost importance for post-5G networks.Nos próximos anos espera-se que as redes de comunicações móveis se reinventem para lá da 5ª Geração (5G), com impactos profundos ao nível da forma como são planeadas, mantidas e operacionalizadas, ao nível do comportamento dos subscritores de serviços móveis, e através de uma miríade de dispositivos a comunicar através das mesmas. Estas redes serão profundamente transformadoras em termos tecnológicos, económicos, sociais, mas também ambientais, sendo a eficiência energética e a neutralidade carbónica aspetos que sofrem uma profunda melhoria. Paradoxalmente, numa rede em que coexistirão diferentes tipos de redes de acesso, mais dispositivos, utilização massiva de sistema de computação em nuvem, e subscritores com comportamentos de consumo de serviços inéditos nas gerações anteriores. O trabalho desenvolvido utiliza como base a release mais recente das redes 5G NR (New Radio), sendo o principal focus as redes pós-5G. Foi adotada uma abordagem de "reengenharia de métodos” (com o objetivo de propor mecanismos para resolver limitações existentes ou previsíveis) e de “inovação e design de conceitos”, em que são apresentadas técnicas e metodologias inovadoras, com o principal objetivo de contribuir para um desenho e operação otimizadas desta geração de redes celulares. Quatro grandes áreas de investigação foram endereçadas, contribuindo individualmente para um todo: melhorias e otimização generalizada de redes pós-5G, a utilização de virtualização de funções de rede, a análise comportamental dos subscritores no respeitante à geração e consumo de tráfego e finalmente, um modelo de sequestro de carbono com o objetivo de compensar as emissões produzidas por esse tipo de redes que se prevê ser massiva, almejando atingir a neutralidade carbónica. Como resultado deste trabalho, foram feitas e demonstradas várias contribuições, através de modelos ou metodologias, representando em cada área de investigação melhorias e otimizações, que, todas contribuindo para o mesmo objetivo, tiveram em consideração a retro compatibilidade e aplicabilidade ao que se prevê que sejam as futuras redes pós 5G. Focando sempre na perspetiva do subscritor da melhor experiência possível, mas também no lado do operador de serviço móvel – que pretende otimizar as suas redes, reduzir custos e maximizar o nível de qualidade de serviço prestado - as diferentes abordagens que foram desenvolvidas ou propostas, tiveram como resultado a resolução ou otimização dos diferentes problemas identificados, contribuindo de forma agregada para a melhoria do sistema no seu todo, respondendo à questão principal de como otimizar ainda mais uma rede desenvolvida para ser extremamente eficiente, tornando-a, simultaneamente, neutra em termos de emissões de carbono. Das principais contribuições deste trabalho relevam-se precisamente o modelo de compensação das emissões de CO2, com vista à neutralidade carbónica e um modelo de análise comportamental dos subscritores, dois temas ainda pouco explorados e extremamente importantes em contexto de redes futuras pós-5G

Proceedings of the SAB'06 Workshop on Adaptive Approaches for Optimizing Player Satisfaction in Computer and Physical Games

These proceedings contain the papers presented at the Workshop on Adaptive approaches for Optimizing Player Satisfaction in Computer and Physical Games held at the Ninth international conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB’06): From Animals to Animats 9 in Rome, Italy on 1 October 2006. We were motivated by the current state-of-the-art in intelligent game design using adaptive approaches. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are mainly focused on generating human-like and intelligent character behaviors. Meanwhile there is generally little further analysis of whether these behaviors contribute to the satisfaction of the player. The implicit hypothesis motivating this research is that intelligent opponent behaviors enable the player to gain more satisfaction from the game. This hypothesis may well be true; however, since no notion of entertainment or enjoyment is explicitly defined, there is therefore little evidence that a specific character behavior generates enjoyable games. Our objective for holding this workshop was to encourage the study, development, integration, and evaluation of adaptive methodologies based on richer forms of humanmachine interaction for augmenting gameplay experiences for the player. We wanted to encourage a dialogue among researchers in AI, human-computer interaction and psychology disciplines who investigate dissimilar methodologies for improving gameplay experiences. We expected that this workshop would yield an understanding of state-ofthe- art approaches for capturing and augmenting player satisfaction in interactive systems such as computer games. Our invited speaker was Hakon Steinø, Technical Producer of IO-Interactive, who discussed applied AI research at IO-Interactive, portrayed the future trends of AI in computer game industry and debated the use of academic-oriented methodologies for augmenting player satisfaction. The sessions of presentations and discussions where classified into three themes: Adaptive Learning, Examples of Adaptive Games and Player Modeling. The Workshop Committee did a great job in providing suggestions and informative reviews for the submissions; thank you! This workshop was in part supported by the Danish National Research Council (project no: 274-05-0511). Finally, thanks to all the participants; we hope you found this to be useful!peer-reviewe

Streaming and User Behaviour in Omnidirectional Videos

Omnidirectional videos (ODVs) have gone beyond the passive paradigm of traditional video, offering higher degrees of immersion and interaction. The revolutionary novelty of this technology is the possibility for users to interact with the surrounding environment, and to feel a sense of engagement and presence in a virtual space. Users are clearly the main driving force of immersive applications and consequentially the services need to be properly tailored to them. In this context, this chapter highlights the importance of the new role of users in ODV streaming applications, and thus the need for understanding their behaviour while navigating within ODVs. A comprehensive overview of the research efforts aimed at advancing ODV streaming systems is also presented. In particular, the state-of-the-art solutions under examination in this chapter are distinguished in terms of system-centric and user-centric streaming approaches: the former approach comes from a quite straightforward extension of well-established solutions for the 2D video pipeline while the latter one takes the benefit of understanding users’ behaviour and enable more personalised ODV streaming

Demand response performance and uncertainty: A systematic literature review

The present review has been carried out, resorting to the PRISMA methodology, analyzing 218 published articles. A comprehensive analysis has been conducted regarding the consumer's role in the energy market. Moreover, the methods used to address demand response uncertainty and the strategies used to enhance performance and motivate participation have been reviewed. The authors find that participants will be willing to change their consumption pattern and behavior given that they have a complete awareness of the market environment, seeking the optimal decision. The authors also find that a contextual solution, giving the right signals according to the different behaviors and to the different types of participants in the DR event, can improve the performance of consumers' participation, providing a reliable response. DR is a mean of demand-side management, so both these concepts are addressed in the present paper. Finally, the pathways for future research are discussed.This article is a result of the project RETINA (NORTE-01-0145- FEDER-000062), supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). We also acknowledge the work facilities and equipment provided by GECAD research center (UIDB/00760/2020) to the project team, and grants CEECIND/02887/2017 and SFRH/BD/144200/2019.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio