106 research outputs found

    Wiktionary Popularity from a Citation Analysis Point of View

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    Wiktionary is a collaborative web-based project to produce a free-content multilingual dictionary of terms in all natural languages and in a number of artificial languages. This study aims to provide an overview of the citation rate of Wiktionary. The primary source of data utilized in this study was the Scopus database. A REFERENCE search was conducted for indexed citations in the Scopus citation index, to find citations to Wiktionary in June 2023. Bibliometrix was used to design the keyword co-occurrence network of author-supplied keywords of documents citing Wiktionary. This study determines to what extent the Wiktionary is used and cited by papers indexed in Scopus. The total number of citations to Wiktionary from 2006 was 1,766 of which the highest number of citations is 161 in the year 2017 and the lowest number of citations is five in the year 2006. Wiktionary is highly cited by the subject areas of computer science, social sciences, and arts and humanities. The analysis of the language distribution of citations to Wiktionary indicates that the authors of citing papers used Wiktionary in different languages. However, the English language was the most dominant language of citing documents with 1,642 citations (i.e., 93%). Wiktionary was cited 1,766 times in Scopus by different languages (especially English, German, and French) in different countries (especially the U.S. with 335 citations, Germany with 295 citations, and France with 122 citations) mainly by the subject areas of computer science, social sciences, and arts and humanities. The significance of Wiktionary from a citation analysis point of view goes well beyond open access and enhanced opportunities for citation in linguistics, natural language processing systems, computational linguistics, semantics, and ontology

    An Automatic Modern Standard Arabic Text Simplification System: A Corpus-Based Approach

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    This thesis brings together an overview of Text Readability (TR) about Text Simplification (TS) with an application of both to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). It will present our findings on using automatic TR and TS tools to teach MSA, along with challenges, limitations, and recommendations about enhancing the TR and TS models. Reading is one of the most vital tasks that provide language input for communication and comprehension skills. It is proved that the use of long sentences, connected sentences, embedded phrases, passive voices, non- standard word orders, and infrequent words can increase the text difficulty for people with low literacy levels, as well as second language learners. The thesis compares the use of sentence embeddings of different types (fastText, mBERT, XLM-R and Arabic-BERT), as well as traditional language features such as POS tags, dependency trees, readability scores and frequency lists for language learners. The accuracy of the 3-way CEFR (The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages Proficiency Levels) classification is F-1 of 0.80 and 0.75 for Arabic-Bert and XLM-R classification, respectively and 0.71 Spearman correlation for the regression task. At the same time, the binary difficulty classifier reaches F-1 0.94 and F-1 0.98 for the sentence-pair semantic similarity classifier. TS is an NLP task aiming to reduce the linguistic complexity of the text while maintaining its meaning and original information (Siddharthan, 2002; Camacho Collados, 2013; Saggion, 2017). The simplification study experimented using two approaches: (i) a classification approach and (ii) a generative approach. It then evaluated the effectiveness of these methods using the BERTScore (Zhang et al., 2020) evaluation metric. The simple sentences produced by the mT5 model achieved P 0.72, R 0.68 and F-1 0.70 via BERTScore while combining Arabic- BERT and fastText achieved P 0.97, R 0.97 and F-1 0.97. To reiterate, this research demonstrated the effectiveness of the implementation of a corpus-based method combined with extracting extensive linguistic features via the latest NLP techniques. It provided insights which can be of use in various Arabic corpus studies and NLP tasks such as translation for educational purposes

    XVIII. Magyar Szåmítógépes Nyelvészeti Konferencia

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    AIUCD 2022 - Proceedings

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    L’undicesima edizione del Convegno Nazionale dell’AIUCD-Associazione di Informatica Umanistica ha per titolo Culture digitali. Intersezioni: filosofia, arti, media. Nel titolo ù presente, in maniera esplicita, la richiesta di una riflessione, metodologica e teorica, sull’interrelazione tra tecnologie digitali, scienze dell’informazione, discipline filosofiche, mondo delle arti e cultural studies

    D3.8 Lexical-semantic analytics for NLP

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    UIDB/03213/2020 UIDP/03213/2020The present document illustrates the work carried out in task 3.3 (work package 3) of ELEXIS project focused on lexical-semantic analytics for Natural Language Processing (NLP). This task aims at computing analytics for lexical-semantic information such as words, senses and domains in the available resources, investigating their role in NLP applications. Specifically, this task concentrates on three research directions, namely i) sense clustering, in which grouping senses based on their semantic similarity improves the performance of NLP tasks such as Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), ii) domain labeling of text, in which the lexicographic resources made available by the ELEXIS project for research purposes allow better performances to be achieved, and finally iii) analysing the diachronic distribution of senses, for which a software package is made available.publishersversionpublishe

    HOMUNCULUS Bearing Incorporeal Arcticulations

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    This dissertation studies ‘the Arctic in Change’. In contrast to a traditional research setting, its aim is to engage with questions that respond to both ‘the Arctic’ and ‘in Change’ as preformed answer and outcome. Since ‘the Arctic’ is not constituted by a single definition, mode, science, art, discipline, method, state, continent, image, symbol, instance, agent or unit, it is considered and treated with the means and matters of bricolage in the spirit of post-qualitative inquiry. Accordingly, this approach requires involvement from a multiplicity of theoretical, methodological and research material: the intra-actions of performativity theory, the genealogy of discursive material practices, studies on perception, visual culture, aesthetics and ethics, art & design, ecology and ethology, as well as the politics residing in them. Furthermore, the recognition of the partiality, influence and agency of the elements constituting this study beyond the rationalised and controlled research design requires a more fluid manner of writing, deriving from the ideals of writerly and open text, infused with inter- and intratextuality and co-conducted in phenomenological writing to produce a novel conduct in avoiding firm structuring and hierarchy while pursuing open-ended objectives. The analysis begins by compromising the cohesion of Arctic representations as objects with unaltered identities, exhibiting a diorama of a polar bear. The seemingly neutral and passive object occupies several inherited subject positions that emerge from it as material outcomes. The representation holds the capacity to record the audience’s corporeality through sensory and motoric traces and to perform through their bodies as fixed prepositions. The encounter endangers and re-establishes the participatory subject and object positions as co- and counter to each other. How representations are conducted is foremost a question of the manipulation of distance, which proceeds from aesthetics to epistemological and ontological conditions. Different characteristics emerge, disappear, become manageable or are in reach depending on their distance, which is defined as the relationship between the point of perception and the perceived. Attempts to overcome this distance with various scientific technologies and artistic techniques are inevitably influenced by what comes in-between. To penetrate the distance with direct bodily engagements for the purpose of Arctic investigation, is an act limited to the ontology of the knowing body. In order to perform under the natural and cultural environmental conditions related to the Arctic, the body is contained and reproduced as non-Arctic with specific material arrangements within the research vessel, from labour to recovery, to maintain it as a societal human subject. These discursive–material arrangements constitute the human body through an incorporeal–animal binary, constructed within the equipment of ergonomics and exercise inherited from agriculture and industrialisation. When the same adjustment, human–animal, is conducted in micro-space, it is transferred into the colonial project of discipline and cultivation as a rectilinear school: it emerges as an invasive species in the regional circular ‘ecology’ and as cultural violence towards the landscape that is formed by seasonal and regional movement that happens in circles, conducting the livelihood and the identity of the People. The reading and rewriting of the landscape, as well as the history and memory of the bodies within it, do not place these human–animal binaries beneath one another, but rather within an act of performative restructuring. While certain iconic animals, are considered representatives of the Arctic region, in the animal activist’s attempt to speak for the other, to witness animal subjectivity with documentary techniques and technologies, they do not succeed in ethically mediating or negotiating the subjectivity of the animal-other as such. Such technique produces a hybrid subjectivity of the human, animal and recording technology combined that also fails to free itself from the weight of the genealogy of the human–animal relations of trapping, hunting, slaughter and putting on display. While problematising the capability to engage with the animal subject as an animal, the study further indicates the ‘small other’ taking place in subject–object encounters, restating ‘in-between’ as ‘in-the-midst’. The human–animal relation contained in an artefact, and its capacity to contain and surface such genealogies, is finally studied in the context of contemporary political debate on the use, meaning and matter of the inuksuit, communities building and enacting stone figures erected traditionally by the Inuit for various purposes. While the inuksuit have been adopted by the national state with its colonial practices towards the indigenous peoples, the inukshuk re-emerges as a re-establishment of identity and power over life and region, natural, social and political bodies. The questions throughout the thesis suggest that ‘the Arctic’ is not accessible or returnable as the ‘truth’; it is not capable to exist in the Lacanian Real, resisting all definitions and relations. It is composed in linguistic, imaginary and symbolic manner and matter as a figuration ‘arcticulated’ into an entity existing only ‘in Change’. This entity is to be expressed with a figure that bends and reads in multiple modes. The Arctic is therefore a bearing in which one can dwell as a human being, where this being owes and invests itself in an intra-face, named a ‘homunculus’, a transferring and conducting of human characteristics. The outcomes ought to enable radical and critical thinking towards the ‘taken for granted’ truths of the Arctic as an object of inquiry through established metatheoretical conceptualisations. The ‘homunculus’ is offered as a guide for understanding the forms and matters of politics on the issue in a new way in order to have an impact on political science and beyond.VĂ€itöskirjan tutkimuskohteena on ”Arktinen muutoksessa”. Perinteisesti tutkimuskysymyksestĂ€ johdettavan tutkimusasetelman sijaan tutkimuskohteen osat ”Arktinen” ja ”muutoksessa” tulkitaan ennakko-olettamina, tutkimusvastauksina, jolloin tutkimustavoitteeksi syntyy nĂ€ihin lopputulemiin johtavien tutkimuskysymysten löytĂ€minen. Koska Arktinen ei koostu yhdestĂ€ mÀÀritelmĂ€stĂ€, modaliteetista, tieteen- tai taiteenalasta, oppiaineesta, metodista, valtiosta, mantereesta, kuvasta, symbolista, tilanteesta, toimijasta tai yksiköstĂ€, kĂ€sitellÀÀn sitĂ€ brikolaasina jĂ€lkilaadullisen tutkimuksen hengessĂ€. LĂ€hestymistapa edellyttÀÀ useiden erilaisten teoreettisten, metodologisten ja tutkimusaineistollisten lĂ€htökohtien hyödyntĂ€mistĂ€ performatiivisuusteoriasta genealogiaan, havainnon, visuaalisen kulttuurin, estetiikan, etiikan ja taiteen tutkimukseen, ekologiasta elĂ€inten kĂ€yttĂ€ytymistieteeseen, sekĂ€ niiden poliittisen luonteen tunnistamiseen. Tavoitteen saavuttaminen edellyttÀÀ tiukasti kontrolloitua tutkimusasetelmaa ja raportointia joustavampaa kirjoittamistapaa, liikkuen fenomenologisesta kirjoittamisesta ja avoimesta tekstistĂ€, intertekstuaalisuuteen ja intratekstiin, vĂ€lttĂ€en tutkimusta rajoittavia rakenteita ja hierarkioita, uudenlaisten sisĂ€ltöjen ja avointen lopputulosten tuottamiseksi. Tutkimusanalyyttinen matka alkaa Arktisen representaatioiden koheesion ja identiteetin muuttumattomuuden kyseenalaistamisella. Tiedekeskuksen jÀÀkarhudiorama ymmĂ€rretÀÀn performatiivisena artefaktina, joka ilmeisen neutraalina ja passiivisena esillepanona sisĂ€llyttÀÀ joukon polveutuvia subjektipositioita ja materiaalisia voimasuhteita. JÀÀkarhun representaatiolla on kapasiteetti tallentaa yleisön ruumiillisuus sensorisina ja motorisina jĂ€lkinĂ€, ja liikuttaa yleisöÀÀn prepositioihin, asemoiden subjektin ja objektin tietynlaiseen keskinĂ€issuhteeseen. Representaatioiden tuottamisessa on keskeisesti kysymys etĂ€isyyden manipuloinnista, edeten estetiikasta, epistemologisiin ja ontologisiin kysymyksiin. Eri piirteet ilmaantuvat, katoavat, tulevat hallittaviksi tai tavoitettaviksi riippuen etĂ€isyydestĂ€ eli suhteesta havaitsijan ja havainnoitavan vĂ€lillĂ€. Yritykset ylittÀÀ etĂ€isyys tieteen kĂ€yttĂ€mien teknologioiden sekĂ€ taiteellisten tekniikoiden avulla tuottavat vĂ€littĂ€vĂ€n ja vĂ€liin tulevan tason, josta tulee erottamaton osa havainnoitavaa kohdetta. Yritys ylittÀÀ etĂ€isyys Arktiseen suoran kehollisen kontaktin keinoin rajoittuu vĂ€istĂ€mĂ€ttĂ€ tietĂ€vĂ€n kehon ontologiaan. Kuten tutkimusaluksella, Arktisen luonto- ja kulttuuriympĂ€ristössĂ€ suoriutuva keho on sĂ€ilötty ja uudelleentuotettu ei-arktisena erityisillĂ€ materiaalisilla jĂ€rjestelyillĂ€ ja tekniikoilla, sĂ€ilyttÀÀkseen inhimillisen kehon lĂ€nsimaiseen yhteiskuntaan sovitettavana. Ihmiskehoa tukeva elĂ€inten hyötykĂ€ytöstĂ€ liikkumisessa sekĂ€ maatalouden ja teollisuuden voimansiirrossa. NĂ€in ollen ihmiskehoa muokkaavat diskursiivismateriaaliset kĂ€ytĂ€nnöt rakentuvat ihmisen ja elĂ€imen yhdistĂ€vĂ€stĂ€ teknologisesta suhteesta, jossa elĂ€imen ruumiillisuus on muutoin poissaolevana. Kun ihmisen ja elĂ€imen agraarisesta suhteesta syntyvĂ€ mikro-tilallinen rakennekaava siirretÀÀn osaksi koloniaalista koulutusta ja kurinpitoa, ilmenee kultivointi suorakaiteenmuotoisena kouluympĂ€ristönĂ€. Lineaarisuus ja suorakulmaiset muodot toimivat vieraslajin tavoin vaarantaen alueellisen kehĂ€llisen ekologian, toimien kulttuurisena vĂ€kivaltana kehĂ€llisen ja kausittaisen liikkeen muodostamaa maisemaa kohtaan, joka liittyy erottamattomana osana luontaiselinkeinoihin ja alueelliseen ryhmĂ€identiteettiin. Maiseman lukeminen ja uudelleenkirjoittaminen, ja sen sisĂ€ltĂ€mien kehojen historia ja muisti, eivĂ€t aseta elĂ€in-ihmis binaarin osapuolia toisilleen alisteisiksi, vaan keskinĂ€iseen performatiiviseen suhteeseen. Tiettyjen ikonisten elĂ€inten, kuten poron, tunnistetaan edustavan Arktista aluetta. ElĂ€inaktivistiset yritykset todistaa elĂ€imen subjektiivista kokemusta eri dokumentointitekniikoiden ja teknologioiden vĂ€littĂ€mĂ€nĂ€ epĂ€onnistuvat todentamaan elĂ€imen kokemuksen eettisesti. Kyseiset tekniikat tuottavat elĂ€imen sijaan hybridisen subjektiviteetin koostuen ihmisen, elĂ€imen ja tallentavan teknologian yhdistelmĂ€stĂ€, joka ei onnistu vapautumaan tappamisen genealogiastaan, kuten ansapyynnistĂ€, metsĂ€styksestĂ€, teurastuksesta ja voitonmerkeistĂ€. ElĂ€imen subjektiviteetin autenttisen esittĂ€misen problematiikka paljastaa ”pienen toisen” lĂ€snĂ€olon subjektin ja objektin vĂ€lisessĂ€ suhteessa, jolloin suhteen tarkastelu “toista” kohtaan muuttuu vĂ€lisestĂ€ keskiseksi. Ihmisen ja elĂ€imen suhteen genealogian tallentuminen artefaktiin, joka toimii niin sĂ€ilönĂ€ kuin esiintulopintana, tutkitaan lopuksi osana poliittista debattia koskien Kanadan Inuiitti- yhteisöjen eri tarkoituksiin perinteisesti kivistĂ€ pystyttĂ€mien inuksuk-hahmojen kĂ€yttöÀ ja merkitystĂ€. Inukshuk edelleen toimii maisemallisesti alkuperĂ€iskansaan kuuluvia ihmisiĂ€ toisiinsa, elinkeinoonsa, sekĂ€ ympĂ€ristönsĂ€ elĂ€imistöön konkreettisesti sitovana sosiaalisen ja poliittisena ruumiina, samalla kun kansallisvaltio on kolonisoinut sen kĂ€yttöÀ. Kysymykset lĂ€pi tutkielman johtavat ymmĂ€rrykseen ettĂ€ ”Arktinen” ei avaudu tai palaudu ”totuudeksi” Lacanilaisessa ymmĂ€rryksessĂ€, jossa ”Todellinen” vastustaa kaikkia mÀÀritelmiĂ€ ja suhteellistuksia. Arktinen koostuu lingvistisestĂ€, kuvitteellisesta, kuvallisesta ja symbolisesta hahmotelmasta, joka on ”arktikuloitu” olevaksi vain ”muutoksesssa”. TĂ€mĂ€n kokonaisuuden voi ilmaista hahmolla, joka taipuu ja on luettavissa eri modaliteeteissa. Arktinen on siten asema ja suuntima, jossa voidaan sĂ€ilyĂ€ ihmisinĂ€, investoiden siihen oman inhimillisen jĂ€lkensĂ€ ’homunculuksen’. Tutkimustuloksen on tarkoitus mahdollistaa radikaali ja kriittinen tapa ajatella Arktista totuudellisuutta, joka on ”otettu annettuna”, kehitettyjen metateoreettisten konseptien avulla. Homunculus toimii oppaana ymmĂ€rrykseen arktisen poliittisuudesta, uudistaen kĂ€sityksiĂ€mme yli politiikkatieteen rajojen

    Pragmatic borrowing between English and Chinese: A comparative study of two-way exchanges

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    Through centuries of cross-cultural communication, English has been enriched by elements from other languages around the world, including Chinese; meanwhile, English has also exerted considerable influence on the Chinese language. Lexical exchanges between the two languages have been studied in previous research, and yet are mostly restricted to the lexical items themselves. This thesis particularly explores the pragmatic aspect of this language contact, examining items that are used to convey attitudinal or interpersonal meanings. I conduct a series of case studies on bi-directional pragmatic borrowing between English and Chinese, using a variety of data sources, which include dictionaries, corpora, social media data, and other online resources. I take a broad view of what constitutes pragmatic borrowing: I not only investigate the borrowing and integration of discourse-pragmatic items that are transferred between the two languages, but also examine the pragmatic motivations for the borrowing of other lexical items and even grammatical units. The items discussed in the thesis range from parts of words, specifically affixes, to individual words to longer structures, and contextual analysis shows that all of these have been used to achieve pragmatic effects. The study demonstrates the important role of cultural context, speaker creativity, and sociolinguistic factors in the borrowing, integration, and innovative use of linguistic items

    Aspectual pairs of recently borrowed verbs in Russian

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    The topic of this dissertation is the formation of aspectual pairs of modern loan verbs in Russian. The questions it aims to answer are which aspectual affixes (prefixes and/or suffixes) are used to form aspectual pairs and what are the reasons behind the choice of aspectual affix? The dissertation consists of four articles and an introductory section (“summary”). The summary discusses theoretical issues regarding verbal aspect, aspectual pairs, and loan verbs, as well as the results of the four articles and my interpretation of the results. Article I is an observational study of verbs borrowed into Russian during the 20th century and their aspectual pairs in nine dictionaries aimed at a general audience. The most common perfectivizing prefix in this study is za-, with 17 verbs. In second place is s-, in third place pro-, and the fourth most common prefix is ot-. After these prefixes, the prefix po- is attested for two verbs, and attested with one single verbare na-, o-, and raz-. Article II reports on an experiment in which 120 native Russian speakers were asked to form perfective counterparts of a number of loan verbs, most of which are related to new technologies from the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The participants read constructions with a light verb (or “compensator verb”) and a noun or company name written in italics, and were asked to form a synonymous verb in the same aspect as the light verb. An example is postavitÂŽ lajk ‘press “like” [=the “like” button on social media sites or apps]’, to which most respondents answered lajknutÂŽ ‘like’. The most common perfectivizing affixes for the 19 perfective verbs in the experiment turned out to be -nu- and za-, followed by pro-, ot-, and s-. The results of this study furthermore indicate that prefix variation is common in recent loan verbs in Russian, as no verb in the study showed 100% agreement by all participants in the choice of aspectual affix. The two last articles discuss prefix variation in loan verbs, i.e. imperfective verbs with two or more corresponding perfective verbs. Article III is a case study of the verb guglitÂŽ ‘google’ and semantic differences between its corresponding perfectives zaguglitÂŽ, naguglitÂŽ, poguglitÂŽ, and proguglitÂŽ on the basis of the co-occurrences (adverbs and direct objects) in Russian mass-media texts collected from the Integrum mass-media database. Article IV is written in Russian and is concerned with prefix variation in a broader sense: stylistic, diachronic, and semantic facets of prefix variation, including prefix variation in loan verbs. It also contains two small corpus analyses. The first shows that some prefixed loan verbs have become outdated, which indicates that prefix variation can also be a diachronic phenomenon. The other is a small co-occurrence study, similar to that in in Article III, on the verbs zaĆĄeritÂŽ, poĆĄeritÂŽ, and rasĆĄeritÂŽ, aspectual correlates to ĆĄeritÂŽ ‘share (often: on social media, on the internet)’, which show smaller semantic differences than the verbs in Article III za-/na-/po-/proguglitÂŽ ‘google’. A hypothesis that has guided the work in this dissertation and in all articles is that prefixes in aspectual pairs are not purely aspectual, “empty” markers of perfective aspect, but rather express a specific semantic element also present in the base verb. This hypothesis, called the “overlap hypothesis”, is especially visible in verbs with a spatial meaning and in verbs with prefix variation, where different prefixes underline different semantic nuances of the base verb. A few prefixes (za-, s-, pro- and ot-, as well as the suffix -nu-) have broad meanings and are used in a number of different verbs with different meanings, whereas other, “small” prefixes are used in fewer verbs, with more specific, often spatial, meaning.VenĂ€jĂ€n kielen uusien lainaverbien aspektiparit TĂ€mĂ€n vĂ€itöskirjan aiheena on lainaverbien aspektiparien muodostaminen nykyvenĂ€jĂ€ssĂ€. VĂ€itöskirja pyrkii vastaamaan seuraaviin kysymyksiin: mitĂ€ affikseja (prefiksejĂ€ tai suffikseja) kĂ€ytetÀÀn aspektiparien muodostuksessa nykyvenĂ€jĂ€ssĂ€ ja miksi juuri nĂ€itĂ€ affikseja kĂ€ytetÀÀn? VĂ€itöskirja koostuu neljĂ€stĂ€ tieteellisestĂ€ artikkelista ja johdannosta. Johdanto kĂ€sittelee kieliteoreettisia kysymyksiĂ€ venĂ€jĂ€n verbiaspekteista, aspektipareista, lainaverbeistĂ€ sekĂ€ vĂ€itöskirjan neljĂ€n artikkelin tuloksia. Johdannossa on myös tutkimustulosten analyysi. Artikkeli I on havainnollinen tutkimus 1900-luvun lainaverbeistĂ€ venĂ€jĂ€n kielessĂ€ ja niiden aspektipareista yhdeksĂ€n laajalle kĂ€yttĂ€jĂ€kunnalle suunnatun sanakirjan mukaan. Yleisin kĂ€ytetty aspektuaalinen prefiksi tĂ€ssĂ€ tutkimuksessa on za-, joka esiintyy 17 verbin yhteydessĂ€. Toisena on s-, kolmantena pro- ja neljĂ€nneksi yleisin aspektuaalinen prefiksi on ot-. VĂ€hemmĂ€n yleisiĂ€ ovat prefiksit po-, na-, o- ja raz- sekĂ€ suffiksi -yva-. Artikkelissa II kuvataan koeasetelmasta saatuja tuloksia. Kokeeseen osallistui 120 henkilöÀ, joiden Ă€idinkieli oli venĂ€jĂ€. HeitĂ€ pyydettiin muodostamaan perfektiiviset parit uusille lainaverbeille, joista suurin osa kuuluu tekniikan alaan ja on lainattu venĂ€jÀÀn 2000-luvulla tai 1900-luvun lopulla. Kokeen osallistujat nĂ€kivĂ€t rakenteita, joissa oli ns. ”kompensaattoriverbi” ja kursivoitu substantiivi. NĂ€mĂ€ he muuttivat yhdeksi verbiksi, jolla on sama merkitys ja aspekti kuin kompensaattoriverbillĂ€. Esimerkiksi rakenteesta postavitÂŽ lajk ’paina ”tykkÀÀn” [”tykkÀÀn”-painike sosiaalisessa mediassa - verkkosivustoilla tai sovelluksissa]’ useimmat osallistujat muodostivat verbin lajknut’. Kokeen yleisimmĂ€t affiksit olivat -nu- ja za-, sitten seurasivat pro-, ot- ja s-. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat myös, ettĂ€ prefiksivaihtelu on yleistĂ€ uusissa lainaverbeissĂ€: yhdenkÀÀn verbin yhteydessĂ€ kaikki koehenkilöt eivĂ€t valinneet samaa aspektiprefiksiĂ€. Kahdessa viimeisessĂ€ artikkelissa kĂ€sitellÀÀn lainaverbien prefiksivaihtelua, eli tapauksia, joissa imperfektiivisen aspektin verbillĂ€ on kaksi tai useampia eri prefiksillĂ€ muodostettuja perfektiivisiĂ€ aspektipareja. Artikkeli III on tapaustutkimus verbistĂ€ guglitÂŽ ’googlettaa’, sen perfektiivisistĂ€ pareista zaguglitÂŽ, naguglitÂŽ, poguglitÂŽ ja proguglitÂŽ ja niiden semanttisista eroista. Tutkimus perustuu nĂ€iden verbien kollokaatioihin (adverbit ja suorat objektit) Integrum-tietokannasta poimituissa venĂ€lĂ€isissĂ€ mediateksteissĂ€. Artikkeli IV on kirjoitettu venĂ€jĂ€ksi ja se kĂ€sittelee prefiksivaihtelua laajemmasta nĂ€kökulmasta, prefiksivaihtelun eri ulottuvuuksia kuten tyylieroja, diakronista kielenmuutosta ja semanttisia eroja. Se sisĂ€ltÀÀ myös kaksi pientĂ€ korpustutkimusta. EnsimmĂ€inen niistĂ€ osoittaa, ettĂ€ jotkut prefiksin avulla muodostetut lainaverbit ovat vanhentuneet eivĂ€tkĂ€ ole enÀÀ kĂ€ytössĂ€ nykyvenĂ€jĂ€ssĂ€. Toinen on samanlainen kollokaattitutkimus kuin artikkelissa III, tĂ€llĂ€ kertaa prefiksiverbeistĂ€ zaĆĄeritÂŽ, poĆĄeritÂŽ ja rasĆĄeritÂŽ, jotka tulevat sanasta ĆĄeritÂŽ ’jakaa (usein sosiaalisessa mediassa tai InternetissĂ€, sana tulee englannin kielen sanasta share)’. NĂ€illĂ€ verbeillĂ€ ei ole yhtĂ€ suuria semanttisia eroja kuin verbeillĂ€ za-/na-/po-/proguglitÂŽ 'googlettaa'. VĂ€itöskirjatyöskentelyĂ€ on ohjannut hypoteesi, ettĂ€ aspektien muodostamisessa kĂ€ytettĂ€vĂ€t prefiksit eivĂ€t ole ”puhtaasti aspektuaalisia” tai ”tyhjiĂ€â€ aspektimerkkejĂ€, vaan ne ilmaisevat jotakin semanttista komponenttia, joka on jo olemassa verbivartalossa. Hypoteesi tunnetaan nimellĂ€ ”overlap hypothesis” (suomeksi: ”pÀÀllekkĂ€isyyshypoteesi”) ja se nĂ€kyy selkeimmin verbeissĂ€, joilla on spatiaalinen merkitys, ja verbeissĂ€, joilla on prefiksivaihtelu, jolloin eri prefiksit korostavat alkuperĂ€isen verbin erilaisia semanttisia vivahteita. Jotkut prefiksit (za-, s-, pro- ja ot- sekĂ€ suffiksi -nu-) sisĂ€ltĂ€vĂ€t paljon eri merkityksiĂ€, ja niitĂ€ kĂ€ytetÀÀn monissa verbeissĂ€, joilla on erilainen merkitys. Muita, “pieniĂ€â€ prefiksejĂ€ kĂ€ytetÀÀn pienemmĂ€ssĂ€ mÀÀrĂ€ssĂ€ verbejĂ€, joilla on tarkempi, usein spatiaalinen merkitys.Aspektpar hos nya lĂ„nverb i ryska Denna avhandling handlar om hur aspektpar av lĂ„nverb i modern ryska bildas. Avhandlingen söker besvara följande frĂ„gor: vilka affix (prefix och/eller suffix) anvĂ€nds i bildandet av nya aspektpar och vilka Ă€r orsakerna bakom valet av affix? Avhandlingen bestĂ„r av fyra vetenskapliga artiklar samt en inledande kappa. Kappan behandlar övergripande teoretiska frĂ„gor om verbaspekt i ryska, aspektpar, lĂ„nverb samt resultaten av de fyra artiklarna och analys av deras resultat. Artikel I Ă€r en observationsstudie över verb som lĂ„nats in i ryskan under 1900-talet och deras aspektpar enligt nio stora ordböcker som Ă€r skrivna för allmĂ€nheten. Det vanligaste aspektuella prefixet i denna studie var za-, med 17 verb. PĂ„ andra plats kom s-, pĂ„ tredje plats pro- och det fjĂ€rde vanligaste aspektuella prefixet var ot-. Mindre vanligt förekommande var prefixen po-, na-, o- och raz- samt suffixet -yva-. Artikel II beskriver resultaten av ett lingvistiskt experiment dĂ€r 120 deltagare med ryska som modersmĂ„l ombads att bilda perfektiva motsvarigheter till en mĂ€ngd moderna lĂ„nverb, varav de flesta hör till den teknologiska sfĂ€ren och Ă€r bildade pĂ„ 2000-talet eller i slutet av 1900-talet. I experimentet fick de deltagande se konstruktioner med ett sĂ„ kallat ”kompensatorverb” och ett kursiverat nomen, som de skulle skriva om till ett verb med samma betydelse och aspekt som kompensatorverbet. Ett exempel Ă€r postavitÂŽ lajk ’trycka ”like” [”gilla”-knappen pĂ„ sociala medier – hemsidor eller appar]’, vilket de flesta deltagande skrev om till lajknutÂŽ ’gilla, lajka’. De vanligaste aspektuella affixen för de 19 perfektiva verben i studien var -nu- och za-, följda av pro-, ot- och s-. Vidare tyder studiens resultat pĂ„ att prefixvariation Ă€r vanligt i nya lĂ„nverb, dĂ„ inget verb uppvisade hundraprocentig enighet bland de deltagande i valet av aspektuellt affix. De tvĂ„ sista artiklarna diskuterar prefixvariation i lĂ„nverb, det vill sĂ€ga nĂ€r ett imperfektivt verb har tvĂ„ eller flera perfektiva motsvarigheter, bildade med olika prefix. Artikel III Ă€r en fallstudie av ett verb: guglitÂŽ ’googla’ och de semantiska skillnaderna mellan dess motsvarande perfektiva verb zaguglitÂŽ, naguglitÂŽ, poguglitÂŽ och proguglitÂŽ. Studien utgĂ„r frĂ„n dessa verbs kollokater (adverb och direkta objekt) i ryska massmedietexter hĂ€mtade frĂ„n databasen Integrum. Artikel IV Ă€r skriven pĂ„ ryska och behandlar prefixvariation ur ett nĂ„got större perspektiv, olika uttryck av prefixvariation sĂ„som stilistiska skillnader, diakron sprĂ„kförĂ€ndring och semantiska skillnader. Den innehĂ„ller dessutom tvĂ„ mindre korpusstudier. Den första visar att vissa prefigerade lĂ„nverb har blivit omoderna och inte anvĂ€nds i modern ryska, och den andra Ă€r en kollokatstudie liknande den i Artikel III pĂ„ de prefigerade verben zaĆĄeritÂŽ, poĆĄeritÂŽ och rasĆĄeritÂŽ som kommer av ĆĄeritÂŽ ’dela (ofta pĂ„ sociala medier eller pĂ„ internet, av engelskans share)’. Dessa verb uppvisar inte fullt lika stora semantiska skillnader som verben i Artikel III: za-/na-/po-/proguglitÂŽ ’googla’. En hypotes som vĂ€glett arbetet med avhandlingen Ă€r att aspektuella prefix inte Ă€r rent aspektuella eller ”tomma” aspektmarkörer. De uttrycker i stĂ€llet nĂ„gon semantisk komponent som redan finns i verbstammen. Den hĂ€r hypotesen kallas â€Ă¶verlappningshypotesen” och syns tydligast i verb med rumsbetydelse och i verb med prefixvariation, dĂ€r olika prefix understryker olika semantiska nyanser hos verbstammen. Ett smĂ€rre antal prefix (za-, s-, pro- och ot- samt suffixet -nu-) har en mĂ€ngd olika betydelser och anvĂ€nds i mĂ„nga verb med olika betydelser, medan andra, ”mindre” prefix anvĂ€nds för ett mindre antal verb med mer specifik, inte sĂ€llan rumslig, betydelse

    Navigating Copyright for Libraries

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    Much of the information that libraries make available is protected by copyright or subject to the terms of license agreements. This reader presents an overview of current issues in copyright law reform. The chapters present salient points, overviews of the law and legal concepts, selected comparisons of approaches around the world, significance of the topic, and opportunities for reform, advocacy, and other related resources

    Discussing the Past: The Production of Historical Knowledge on Wikipedia

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    This dissertation investigates how historical knowledge is produced in one of the most central digital communities of knowledge, Wikipedia. In 2001, the American Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales founded the online encyclopedia, its main concept being that “anyone can edit any page at any time.” This concept allowed Wikipedia to function also as a common and public space for personal reflection. Wikipedia provides this opportunity through the portal of “talk,” as each Wikipedia entry has its own “talk” area. This study explores how historical knowledge is produced on Wikipedia. The project is based on multiple methodologies ranging from qualitative analysis of Wikipedia pages related to history, survey with Wikipedia editors, to quantitative analysis of participatory practices within the Wikipedia community. The main argument is that Wikipedia allows people to discuss the past, express their opinions and emotions about history and its significance in the present and the future through the portal of “talk” that Wikipedia provides. Wikipedia offers a public and digital space for personal engagement and reflection on the production of historical knowledge. Wikipedia users develop multiple relations with the past, take part in discussions and debates about history and its representation, and in that way produce historical knowledge. This does not mean that all Wikipedia users have the same role and power in the production of historical knowledge. Historical knowledge is not just a product of collaboration and public discussion but result of hierarchy and power. That explains why there is so much discussion behind the main articles, which leads in so little editing. Wikipedia allows all its users to discuss the editing process of a Wikipedia article and express their own historical understandings in the “talk page” of the article, but few of them, the most experienced editors, can make their contributions part of the main entry
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