A cognitive exploration of the “non-visual” nature of geometric proofs

Why are Geometric Proofs (Usually) “Non-Visual”? We asked this question as a way to explore the similarities and differences between diagrams and text (visual thinking versus language thinking). Traditional text-based proofs are considered (by many to be) more rigorous than diagrams alone. In this paper we focus on human perceptual-cognitive characteristics that may encourage textual modes for proofs because of the ergonomic affordances of text relative to diagrams. We suggest that visual-spatial perception of physical objects, where an object is perceived with greater acuity through foveal vision rather than peripheral vision, is similar to attention navigating a conceptual visual-spatial structure. We suggest that attention has foveal-like and peripheral-like characteristics and that textual modes appeal to what we refer to here as foveal-focal attention, an extension of prior work in focused attention

Evaluation of the usability of constraint diagrams as a visual modelling language: theoretical and empirical investigations

This research evaluates the constraint diagrams (CD) notation, which is a formal representation for program specification that has some promise to be used by people who are not expert in software design. Multiple methods were adopted in order to provide triangulated evidence of the potential benefits of constraint diagrams compared with other notational systems. Three main approaches were adopted for this research. The first approach was a semantic and task analysis of the CD notation. This was conducted by the application of the Cognitive Dimensions framework, which was used to examine the relative strengths and weaknesses of constraint diagrams and conventional notations in terms of the perceptive facilitation or impediments of these different representations. From this systematic analysis, we found that CD cognitively reduced the cost of exploratory design, modification, incrementation, searching, and transcription activities with regard to the cognitive dimensions: consistency, visibility, abstraction, closeness of mapping, secondary notation, premature commitment, role-expressiveness, progressive evaluation, diffuseness, provisionality, hidden dependency, viscosity, hard mental operations, and error-proneness. The second approach was an empirical evaluation of the comprehension of CD compared to natural language (NL) with computer science students. This experiment took the form of a web-based competition in which 33 participants were given instructions and training on either CD or the equivalent NL specification expressions, and then after each example, they responded to three multiple-choice questions requiring the interpretation of expressions in their particular notation. Although the CD group spent more time on the training and had less confidence, they obtained comparable interpretation scores to the NL group and took less time to answer the questions, although they had no prior experience of CD notation. The third approach was an experiment on the construction of CD. 20 participants were given instructions and training on either CD or the equivalent NL specification expressions, and then after each example, they responded to three questions requiring the construction of expressions in their particular notation. We built an editor to allow the construction of the two notations, which automatically logged their interactions. In general, for constructing program specification, the CD group had more accurate answers, they had spent less time in training, and their returns to the training examples were fewer than those of the NL group. Overall it was found that CD is understandable, usable, intuitive, and expressive with unambiguous semantic notation

Language and modality: Effects of the use of space in the agreement system of lengua de signos española (Spanish Sign Language)

393 p.Esta tesis examina la concordancia en la lengua de signos española (LSE) y ofrece una extensa descripción de los mecanismos que la gobiernan en base a datos recogidos de usuarios de LSE del País Vasco. Esta descripción brinda la posibilidad de comparar la concordancia en LSE con este mismo fenómeno en otras lenguas de signos, además de realizar una comparativa entre modalidades, es decir, una comparativa entre la concordancia en una lengua de signos y la concordancia en las lenguas orales. Esta comparativa nos obliga a preguntarnos si el término "concordancia" tiene el mismo significado cuando lo aplicamos a las lenguas de signos o a las lenguas orales. Así, nos permite profundizar en la cuestión de la modalidad e identificar aquellas propiedades del sistema de concordancia que son producto de la modalidad de la lengua. Por otro lado, es posible que las características comunes a los dos tipos de lenguas representen propiedades universales de lenguaje, sea cual sea la modalidad. Esta tesis pretende delinear un aspecto del uso de espacio en lengua de signos, pero queda mucho espacio por conquistar

Ubiquitous Libidinal Infrastructures Of Urbanism: The Fringing Benefits Of Rhetorics In Architecture

Big-box culture - generally thought of as sprawl - is often suppressed or ignored within architectural design curricula. The overwhelming pervasiveness of big-box culture threatens the foundation of our discipline. We turn away, though it generates the context for many lives to happily unfold in this country. We remain only partially engaged with big-box because we do not fully understand its complexity. We argue with it, but at cross-purposes. This trans-disciplinary project brings rhetorical scholarship to bear on big-box culture. Emphasizing pedagogy, it offers architects and urbanists opportunities to design with more awareness about the ubiquitous, what drives it, and why its there. The project advances the concept ubiquitous libidinal infrastructures, defined as the externalized (physical and/ or digital) manifestations of human desire-driven energy flows. Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Orlando, Florida are used as primary subjects of investigation through which theories of Jean-François Lyotard and Gregory Ulmer are introduced into the field of urbanism. In turn, this material and spatial re-reading of Lyotard and Ulmer offers the field of rhetoric important and timely access into the fields of urbanism and architecture, pushing both disciplines toward more actionable research on urbanism in light of today\u27s digital and networked society. The project also includes an account of a research venture involving two designers who intervened within the animal rendering industry. The author\u27s close encounter with rendering serves as another subject matter by which the concept of ubiquitous libidinal infrastructures gets developed. This chapter reveals a side of America\u27s libidinal infrastructure that we are blissfully unaware of. Conversely, it importantly exposes the rendering industry as a vital infrastructure supporting the standards of living within American urbanism This project argues that deeper investigations into big-box culture require disciplinary invention and expansion. It demonstrates that rhetoric can help designers and planners include a fuller spectrum of urbanism within their analysis. This design research project doesn\u27t try to solve the problem of big-box. It seeks to tease out, by way of trans-disciplinary invention, what we do not yet fully understand about it in order to bear witness to new architectural idioms

Role of an artefact of Dynamic algebra in the conceptualisation of the algebraic equality

In this contribution, we explore the impact of Alnuset, an artefact of dynamic algebra, on the conceptualisation of algebraic equality. Many research works report about obstacles to conceptualise this notion due to interference of the previous arithmetic knowledge. New meanings need to be assigned to the equal sign and to letters used in algebraic expressions. Based on the hypothesis that Alnuset can be effectively used to mediate the conceptual development necessary to master the algebraic equality notion, two experiments have been designed and implemented in Italy and in France. They are reported in the second part of this pape

The student-produced electronic portfolio in craft education

The authors studied primary school students’ experiences of using an electronic portfolio in their craft education over four years. A stimulated recall interview was applied to collect user experiences and qualitative content analysis to analyse the collected data. The results indicate that the electronic portfolio was experienced as a multipurpose tool to support learning. It makes the learning process visible and in that way helps focus on and improves the quality of learning. © ISLS.Peer reviewe