Una revisión del análisis político mediante la web social

[Abstract] In democratic countries, forecasting the voting intentions of citizens and knowing their opinions on major political parties and leaders is of great interest to the parties themselves, to the media, and to the general public. Traditionally, expensive polls based on personal interviews have been used for this purpose. The rise of social networks, particularly Twitter, allows us to consider them as a cheap alternative. In this paper, we review the relevant scientific bibliographic references in this area, with special emphasis on the Spanish case.[Resumen] En los países democráticos, conocer la intención de voto de los ciudadanos y las valoraciones de los principales partidos y líderes políticos es de gran interés tanto para los propios partidos como para los medios de comunicación y el público en general. Para ello se han utilizado tradicionalmente costosas encuestas personales. El auge de las redes sociales, principalmente Twitter, permite pensar en ellas como una alternativa barata a las encuestas. En este trabajo, revisamos la bibliografía científica más relevante en este ámbito, poniendo especial énfasis en el caso español.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; FFI2014-51978-C2Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; FPU13/0118

Una revisión del análisis político mediante la web social

En los países democráticos, conocer la intención de voto de los ciudadanos y las valoraciones de los principales partidos y líderes políticos es de gran interés tanto para los propios partidos como para los medios de comunicación y el público en general. Para ello se han utilizado tradicionalmente costosas encuestas personales. El auge de las redes sociales, principalmente Twitter, permite pensar en ellas como una alternativa barata a las encuestas. En este trabajo, revisamos la bibliografía científica más relevante en este ámbito, poniendo especial énfasis en el caso español.In democratic countries, forecasting the voting intentions of citizens and knowing their opinions on major political parties and leaders is of great interest to the parties themselves, to the media, and to the general public. Traditionally, expensive polls based on personal interviews have been used for this purpose. The rise of social networks, particularly Twitter, allows us to consider them as a cheap alternative. In this paper, we review the relevant scientific bibliographic references in this area, with special emphasis on the Spanish case.This research is partially supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (FFI2014-51978-C2). David Vilares is partially funded by the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU13/01180)

Political candidates in infotainment programmes and their emotional effects on Twitter: An analysis of the 2015 Spanish general elections pre-campaign season

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Contemporary Social Science on 2019, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/21582041.2017.1367833.[EN] The infotainment format offers candidates an informal setting to show a more personal side of themselves to the electorate, opening themselves up to potential voters. An example of media hybridisation, social networks users can immediately comment on infotainment television programmes, a process known as second screening. These second screeners tend to be especially active in politics. This paper analyses the immediate emotional reaction of these users as they watch infotainment programmes that air during the campaign or pre-campaign seasons and feature political candidates as guests. We have confirmed that second screeners react more emotionally towards the candidate when his or her party is mentioned, and less emotionally when the host displays an aggressive attitude through his or her non-verbal communication. When issues related to the candidate¿s personal lives are discussed, users¿ emotional reactions improve slightly. The relevance of this research stems from the fact that we are witnessing the consolidation of a politics that increasingly strays from ideological questions, and instead focuses on more emotional and personal issues.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad under Grants CSO2013-43960-R and CSO2016-77331-C2-1-R.Baviera, T.; Peris, À.; Cano-Orón, L. (2019). Political candidates in infotainment programmes and their emotional effects on Twitter: An analysis of the 2015 Spanish general elections pre-campaign season. 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Spanish SentiStrength for real-time analysis of political tweets. Journal of Information Science, 41(6), 799-813. doi:10.1177/0165551515598926Wohn, D. Y., & Na, E.-K. (2011). Tweeting about TV: Sharing television viewing experiences via social media message streams. First Monday. doi:10.5210/fm.v16i3.336

Influence in the political Twitter sphere: Authority and retransmission in the 2015 and 2016 Spanish General Elections

[EN] Candidates, parties, media and citizens have the same ability to post tweets. For this reason, mapping the dynamics of interaction among users is essential to evaluate the processes of influence in an electoral campaign. However, characterising these aspects requires methodologies that consider the interconnections generated by users globally. The discipline of social network analysis provides the concepts of centrality and modularity, both very suitable for the context of network communication. This article analyses the political conversation on Twitter during the 2015 and 2016 General Elections in Spain, in which four candidates with significant popularity in the electorate participated. Two corpora of 8.9¿million and 9.7¿million tweets were collected from each campaign, respectively, to analyse the networks of mentions and retweets. The network of mentions appears more blurred than that of retweets, allowing us to better estimate users¿ partisan preference. The graphs of the network of retweets show a strong internal activity within clusters, and the proximity between them reflects the ideological axis of each party.This study would have been impossible if not for the assistance of Emilio Giner, who helped the author in the Twitter mining process. This work was supported by the Spanish Government's Ministry for the Economy and Competitiveness, with Grants CSO2013-43960-R ('Communication flows in the political mobilisation processes: media, blogs, and opinion leaders') and CSO2016-77331-C2-1-R ('Strategies, agendas and discourse in electoral cyber campaigns: media and citizens').Baviera, T. (2018). Influence in the political Twitter sphere: Authority and retransmission in the 2015 and 2016 Spanish General Elections. European Journal of Communication. 33(3):321-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118763910S321337333Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right. 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Political conversations on Twitter in a disruptive scenario: The role of "party evangelists" during the 2015 Spanish general elections

"This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in The Communication Review on 2019, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10714421.2019.1599642"[EN] During election campaigns, candidates, parties, and media share their relevance on Twitter with a group of especially active users, aligned with a particular party. This paper introduces the profile of ¿party evangelists,¿ and explores the activity and effects these users had on the general political conversation during the 2015 Spanish general election. On that occasion, the electoral expectations were uncertain for the two major parties (PP and PSOE) because of the rise of two emerging parties that were disrupting the political status quo (Podemos and Ciudadanos). This was an ideal situation to assess the differences between the evangelists of established and emerging parties. The paper evaluates two aspects of the political conversation based on a corpus of 8.9 million tweets: the retweet- ing effectiveness, and the sentiment analysis of the overall conver- sation. We found that one of the emerging party¿s evangelists dominated message dissemination to a much greater extent.The present research was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad [CSO2013-43960-R] [CSO2016-77331-C2-1-R]. The present research was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain, under Grants CSO2013-43960-R ("2015-2016 Spanish political parties' online campaign strategies") and CSO2016-77331-C2-1-R ("Strategies, agendas and discourse in electoral cybercampaigns: media and citizens"). This work was possible thanks to help received from Emilio Giner in his task of extracting the corpus of tweets and from assistance provided by Mike Thelwall and David Vilares in the use of the SentiStrength application. We have benefited from valuable comments on drafts of this article from professors Joaquín Aldás, Amparo Baviera-Puig, Guillermo López-García, and especially Lidia Valera-Ordaz.Baviera, T.; Sampietro, A.; García-Ull, FJ. (2019). Political conversations on Twitter in a disruptive scenario: The role of "party evangelists" during the 2015 Spanish general elections. The Communication Review. 22(2):117-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2019.1599642S117138222Alvarez, R., Garcia, D., Moreno, Y., & Schweitzer, F. (2015). Sentiment cascades in the 15M movement. EPJ Data Science, 4(1). doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-015-0042-4Anduiza, E., Cristancho, C., & Sabucedo, J. M. (2013). Mobilization through online social networks: the political protest of theindignadosin Spain. Information, Communication & Society, 17(6), 750-764. doi:10.1080/1369118x.2013.808360Anstead, N., & O’Loughlin, B. (2011). The Emerging Viewertariat and BBC Question Time. 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Sentiment Analysis for Fake News Detection

[Abstract] In recent years, we have witnessed a rise in fake news, i.e., provably false pieces of information created with the intention of deception. The dissemination of this type of news poses a serious threat to cohesion and social well-being, since it fosters political polarization and the distrust of people with respect to their leaders. The huge amount of news that is disseminated through social media makes manual verification unfeasible, which has promoted the design and implementation of automatic systems for fake news detection. The creators of fake news use various stylistic tricks to promote the success of their creations, with one of them being to excite the sentiments of the recipients. This has led to sentiment analysis, the part of text analytics in charge of determining the polarity and strength of sentiments expressed in a text, to be used in fake news detection approaches, either as a basis of the system or as a complementary element. In this article, we study the different uses of sentiment analysis in the detection of fake news, with a discussion of the most relevant elements and shortcomings, and the requirements that should be met in the near future, such as multilingualism, explainability, mitigation of biases, or treatment of multimedia elements.Xunta de Galicia; ED431G 2019/01Xunta de Galicia; ED431C 2020/11This work has been funded by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades — Agencia Estatal de Investigación through the ANSWERASAP project (TIN2017-85160-C2-1-R); and by Xunta de Galicia through a Competitive Reference Group grant (ED431C 2020/11). CITIC, as Research Center of the Galician University System, is funded by the Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional of the Xunta de Galicia through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER) with 80%, the Galicia ERDF 2014-20 Operational Programme, and the remaining 20% from the Secretaría Xeral de Universidades (ref. ED431G 2019/01). David Vilares is also supported by a 2020 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators from the BBVA Foundation. Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez has also received funding from the European Research Council (ERC), under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (FASTPARSE, grant No. 714150

Comunicar emociones en el discurso metapolítico de twitter: el caso de #MADURO versus @NICOLASMADURO

Redes sociales, como Twitter o Facebook, están permitiendo un espacio esencial para el desarrollo del debate político. En este estudio, investigamos cómo se comunican las emociones en este entorno público prestando una especial atención a qué emociones emergen, qué estimulo las provoca, y con qué objetivo y de qué modo se comunican. Se analiza un corpus de 1353 tuits, que contiene #Maduro (Subcorpus1) o NicolasMaduro (Subcorpus2). Estos tuits se publicaron el 24 de julio de 2017, fecha equidistante entre el 16 de julio, día en que la oposición a Maduro convoca un referéndum y, el 30 julio, día de la votación oficial para la Asamblea Constituyente. A través de la lectura directa de tuits y combinando el método cuantitativo y cualitativo, demostramos que las emociones son una parte esencial de esta red y, entre ellas, las más frecuentes son ‘ira’ y ‘temor’.Social networks, such as Twitter or Facebook, are providing an essential space for the development of political debate. In this study, we investigate how the emotions are communicated in this public sphere, paying special attention to emotions, stimulus, purpose and style. We analyse a corpus of 1353 tweets, which contain #Maduro (Subcorpus1) or NicolasMaduro (Subcorpus2). These tweets were published on July 24, 2017, a date between July 16 -when the opposition to Maduro convened a referendum- and, on July 30 -the day of the official vote for the Constituent Assembly. Through the direct reading of tweets and using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, we demonstrate that the emotions are an essential part of this network and, among them, the most frequent are anger and fear

Claves del periodismo político y la comunicación estratégica en el escenario comunicativo convergente

378 p.[EU] 2016ko urrian, irailaren 25eko Euskadiko hauteskunde autonomikoak igaro eta handik astebetera, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateko (UPV/EHU) Gizarte eta Komunikazio Zientzien Fakultatean mintegi hau egin zen: Kazetaritza politikoaren eta komunikazio estrategikoaren giltzarriak konbergentzia-eszenatokian; Claves del periodismo político y la comunicación estratégica en el escenario comunicativo convergente; Keys for political journalism and strategic communication in a convergent communication scenario. Ekitaldia euskal unibertsitate-sistemako Gureiker ikertaldeko (IT 1112-16) kideek antolatu zuten Euskadiko politika arloko erakundeen komunikazioaren inguruko ideiak trukatzeko eta eztabaida sortzeko. Horretarako, komunikabideetako kazetari politikoak eta Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko komunikazio politikoko ikertzaileak eta arduradunak bildu ziren.[ES] El 3 de octubre de 2016, una semana después de las Elecciones Autonómicas del País Vasco del 25 de septiembre, tenía lugar en la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y de la Comunicación de la Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) el seminario Kazetaritza politikoaren eta komunikazio estrategikoaren giltzarriak konbergentzia-eszenatokian; Claves del periodismo político y la comunicación estratégica en el escenario comunicativo convergente; Keys for political journalism and strategic communication in a convergent communication scenario. El encuentro, organizado por miembros de Gureiker -grupo de investigación consolidado del sistema universitario vasco (IT 1112-16)- buscó el intercambio de ideas y la discusión en torno a la comunicación organizacional política en Euskadi. Para ello, reunió a periodistas políticos de medios de comunicación y a investigadores y responsables de comunicación política de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca.Al Vicerrectorado de Investigación la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), por financiar el proyecto EHUA10/13 (2013/2015), y al Gobierno Vasco, por financiar y apoyar el grupo de Investigación Consolidado ‘Gureiker’ (IT1112-16