가까운 은하들의 동역학적 특성과 환경 의존성

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :자연과학대학 물리·천문학부(천문학전공),2019. 8. 박용선.본 학위논문에서는 가까운 은하들의 동역학적 특성과, 그 은하들이 위치한 환경이 동역학적 특성에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 은하들의 동역학적 특성에 관한 연구는 직접적인 관측이 불가능한 암흑 물질에 대한 연구를 가능케 한다는 점에서 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 또한 은하들의 동역학적 특성과 환경의 관계에 대한 연구는 은하 환경이 은하를 구성하는 물질의 분포에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 이해하는 데 있어 꼭 필요한 연구이다. 본 학위논문에서 사용한 주 관측 자료는 4세대 슬로언 전천 탐사 (Sloan Digital Sky Survey-IV) 중 Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) 탐사에서 제공하는 2차원 영역에서의 분광 자료인 Integral Field Unit (IFU) 자료이다. MaNGA는 지금까지 수행된 IFU 탐사들 중 가장 많은 은하를 관측한 탐사로써, 이를 이용하면 넓은 범위의 은하 질량과 형태에 걸쳐 은하의 동역학적 특성에 대한 통계적인 연구를 할 수 있다. 2장에서는 IFU 자료의 공간 분해능을 낮추는 점퍼짐함수 (Point Spread Function, PSF)의 효과를 감소시키고자 IFU 자료에 적용 가능한 PSF 디컨볼루션 (Deconvolution) 기법을 개발하였다. 이 기법은 IFU 자료를 파장별 2차원 이미지로 나누고 각각의 이미지에 대해 Lucy-Richardson 알고리즘을 사용하여 디컨볼루션을 수행한다. 이때 파장에 따라 PSF의 크기를 나타내는 PSF Full-Width-Half-Maximum (FWHM) 값이 변함을 고려하였다. 이 기법은 PSF의 모양을 가우시안 (Gaussian) 으로 가정했을 경우의 PSF FWHM 값과 계산의 반복 횟수, 이 두 가지 변수만을 필요로 하는 것이 장점이다. 본 연구에서는 모형 IFU 자료를 사용하여 PSF가 IFU 자료에 미치는 영향을 양적으로 확인하였고, 동시에 PSF 디컨볼루션 기법이 그러한 영향을 효과적으로 줄일 수 있음을 보였다. 이를 위해 다양한 빛의 분포, 시선방향에 따른 은하의 겉보기 모양, 신호 대 잡음비, 속도 및 속도 분산 분포의 조합으로 만들어진 150,000개 이상의 모형 IFU 자료를 이용하였다. 모형 IFU 자료를 이용한 분석 결과 PSF 디컨볼루션 기법이 잘 작동함을 확인하였고, 기법 적용에 필요한 적절한 계산 반복 횟수가 20회 임을 찾았다. 또한 PSF 디컨볼루션 기법에 사용된 PSF FWHM 값이 실제 자료에 적용되었던 PSF FWHM 값과 \rm \pm0.3\arcsec 정도 차이가 나더라도 PSF 디컨볼루션 기법이 유의미한 결과를 준다는 것을 보였다. 본 연구에서는 이 기법을 MaNGA 자료에 적용하였으며, 그 결과로부터 구한 2차원 속도/속도 분산 분포가 이전과 비교하여 눈에 띄는 차이를 보임을 확인하였다. 또한 모형 IFU 자료를 이용한 분석한 결과 스핀 변수의 대체값으로 사용되는 \lre 변숫값이 이 기법을 적용한 IFU 자료로부터 측정되었을 때 훨씬 정확하게 측정됨을 보였다. 3장에서는 가까운 은하들의 회전속도곡선을 측정하고, 회전속도곡선의 환경 의존성을 연구하였다.회전속도곡선의 형태를 더 잘 모사하기 위하여 하이퍼볼릭 탄젠트 (hyperbolic tangent) 함수에 선형 항을 더한 함수를 제안하였다. 회전속도곡선 측정에는 PSF 디컨볼루션 기법을 적용한 4,425개 MaNGA 자료로부터 구한 시선방향 속도/속도 분산 분포를 사용하였다. 또한 환경 의존성 연구를 위해 MaNGA 은하들 각각에 대한 작은 범위 환경 변수 ($\rm R_{n}$, 가장 가까운 이웃 은하까지의 시선방향으로 투영된 거리)와 넓은 범위 환경 변수 ($\rm \rho_{20}$, 20개의 이웃 은하들로부터 구한 질량 밀도) 값을 계산하였다. 회전속도곡선 측정이 잘 이루어진 600여 개의 만기형 MaNGA 은하들을 이용한 분석 결과, 은하 바깥쪽의 회전속도곡선 기울기가 다양하게 나타남을 확인하였다. 이러한 바깥쪽 회전속도곡선 기울기는 은하의 별 질량 및 회전속도곡선의 중앙 강체 회전이 끝나는 지점까지의 거리와 양의 상관관계를 보인다. 또한 은하의 T-형태 분류 값이 2 이상일 경우 회전속도곡선의 기울기는 강한 질량 의존성을 나타내었으며 T-형태 분류 값에 따른 의존성은 나타나지 않았다. 반면 은하의 T-형태 분류 값이 2 미만일 경우에는 질량 의존성이 사라지고 T-형태 분류 값에 따른 의존성이 나타났다. 우리의 연구 결과는 회전속도곡선의 모양이 은하의 환경, 특히 가장 가까운 이웃 은하 까지의 거리 및 배경 질량 밀도와 밀접한 관련이 있음을 나타낸다. 이러한 결과는 은하와 은하 사이의 누적된 상호작용과 가장 가까운 이웃 은하의 즉각적인 영향에 따른 것으로 추정된다. 4장에서는 은하회전속도 곡선을 더 정량적으로 이해하기 위해 Jeans-Anisotropsic-Model (JAM) 방법을 사용하여 MaNGA 자료 은하들에 대해 은하들의 질량 구성요소에 따른 질량 분포를 모델링 하였다. 은하 모델의 질량 요소로써는 별과 암흑 물질 헤일로, 두 가지를 사용하였다. Multi-Gaussian-Expansion 방법을 이용하여 은하의 빛과 질량 모형을 기술하였고, 그 결과를 JAM 방법에 적용하여 모형으로부터 예측되는 시선방향 속도 Root-Mean-Square (RMS) 분포와 MaNGA 자료로부터 얻어진 시선방향 속도 RMS 분포를 비교하는 방식으로 은하의 질량 분포를 모델링 하였다. 관측 결과와 가장 잘 일치하는 모델 변수 조합을 구하기 위하여 Markov-Chain Monte Carlo 방법을 사용하였다. 얻어진 은하들의 3차원 질량 밀도 분포는 다양한 별 질량-광도 비율, 속도 타원체의 이방성, 암흑 물질 비율과 암흑 물질 분포의 안쪽 기울기 값을 보였다. 더불어 지금까지의 이루어진 연구들의 후속 연구를 가능케 하는 관측 기기 개발 연구를 수행하였다. Devasthal Optical Telescope Integral Field Spectrograph (DOTIFS)라고 불리는 이 관측기기는 광섬유와 렌즈 조합을 기반으로 한 여러 개의 IFU를 가진 분광기로써 16개의 물체를 한 번에 관측할 수 있다는 점이 특징이다. DOTIFS의 실시간 IFU 배치 시스템은 IFU 재배치에 많은 준비 시간이 필요한 다른 분광기들과 비교하여 큰 강점이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이 기기의 개발 초기부터 기기의 개념설계를 수행하였고, 기기의 요구 조건에 부합하는 실현 가능한 기기 디자인을 제시하였다. 또한 기기의 분광기 콜리메이터와 카메라 광학계, 전방 광학계, 보정 광학계를 설계하였다. 더불어 공차분석과 열분석을 수행하였고, 분석 결과를 이용하여 온도 변화가 광학계에 미치는 영향을 줄이기 위한 해결방안을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 기기에 필요한 프로그램인 분광기 CCD 이미지 시뮬레이터 (simulator)와 이 기기를 이용한 관측에서 예상되는 신호 대 잡음비 (signal-to-noise ratio) 를 계산하는 프로그램을 개발하였다. DOTIFS는 미래에 MaNGA 은하들에 대한 후속 관측 및 가까운 은하들의 외곽부 관측과 상호작용은하, 그리고 병합은하 시스템 관측 등에 사용될 예정이다.We study the internal dynamical properties of nearby galaxies ($\rm z \sim 0.01 - 0.15$) in the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey data, a part of the 4th generation of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), the largest Integral Field Unit (IFU) survey up to date. The main objective of this study is to measure various kinematic properties and the mass profile of galaxies, and find the relation between the characteristics of their mass components and environment. Accordingly, we study the following three research topics. First, we develop a deconvolution technique for the IFU data to mitigate the effects of the PSF convolution. A simulation shows that the effects of the PSF convolution are significant not only on the observed flux distribution, but also on the derived kinematics, which is linked directly to the dynamical mass distribution. We use the Lucy-Richardson algorithm to deconvolve the IFU data with the knowledge of the wavelength-dependent PSF. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by using mock IFU data. Simulations show that the kinematics of galaxies can be well-recovered for the galaxies with various radial profiles of line-of-sight velocity and velocity dispersion. We apply the technique to the SDSS-IV MaNGA data and show that the method results in noticeable difference in the derived kinematics. We also show that the estimation of $\lambda_{R}$ parameter, a proxy of the spin parameter $\lambda$, can be significantly improved when measured from the deconvolved mock IFU data. Second, we measure the rotation curve (RC) of nearby galaxies and study its environmental dependence. We propose an improved analytic model of RC, a combination of the hyperbolic tangent function and a linear term, to properly model the shape of galaxy rotation curves, especially at the outskirt of galaxies. We measure the 2D distribution of the line-of-sight velocity from the deconvolved IFU data of 4,425 unique MaNGA main galaxies and fit our RC model to them. We also calculate the small-scale ($R_n$, the projected distance to the nearest neighbor galaxy) and the large-scale ($\rho_{20}$, the background mass density estimated from the 20 nearest galaxies) environmental parameters of the MaNGA galaxy samples. We investigate the RC of $\sim600$ late-type MaNGA galaxies in details. It is found that the slope of RC is quite diverse at their outer radii (> 1\Reff). The slope has a strong positive correlation with the galaxy stellar mass and the RC scale radius, where the central rigid body rotation ends. When the T morphological type (T-Type) of the galaxies is greater than or equal to 2, the slope shows strong mass dependence and no T-Type dependence. However, for the galaxies with T-Type less than 2, the mass dependence disappears and only T-Type dependence remains. Our results show that the shape of galaxy RC is closely related with environment, in particular with the distance to the nearest neighbor galaxy and the background mass density. We speculate that this is resulted by the cumulative effects of galaxy-galaxy interactions and also by the instantaneous influence by the nearest neighbor galaxy. Third, we measure the radial profile of the mass components of MaNGA galaxies using Jeans-anisotropic-model (JAM). We use the mass density model composed of stellar mass and dark matter halo components. We fit the surface brightness distribution of the galaxies using the Multi-Gaussian-Expansion method, and apply the JAM method with the 2D line-of-sight RMS velocity distribution ($\rm V_{RMS}=\sqrt{V^2+\sigma^2}$) to fit the mass density model parameters under the Markov Chain Monte Carlo scheme. The obtained 3D mass density distributions exhibit a various combination of the $M_{*}/L$ ratio, the velocity anisotropy, the dark matter fraction, and the dark matter halo inner density slope. In addition to the above studies, we work on an instrument development project that can extend the current study. The instrument called Devasthal Optical Telescope Integral Field Spectrograph (DOTIFS) is a fiber-lenslet based multi-IFU optical spectrograph which can observe 16 objects simultaneously. The real-time deployable IFUs have a significant advantage over the other optical multi-IFU instruments, which have considerable overhead time for the IFU reconfiguration. We have performed a conceptual design study of the instrument in the early stage of the project and proposed a feasible design which fulfills all the demands from science requirements. We have designed the optical systems of the instrument, which are the spectrograph collimator and camera optics, the fore-optics, and the calibration unit optics. We perform a tolerance analysis and a thermal analysis and suggest a solution to mitigate the impact of temperature variation on optical performance. We also have developed ancillary software for the instrument, such as a spectrograph CCD image simulator and a signal to noise ratio calculator.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Dynamics of Galaxies and Integral-Field-Unit Spectroscopy . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Environmental Effects on Galaxy Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 SDSS-IV MaNGA IFU Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 Devasthal Optical Telescope Integral Field Spectrograph (DOTIFS) . . 8 1.5 Purpose of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2 PSF Deconvolution of the IFU Data and Restoration of Galaxy Stellar Kinematics 13 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 PSF Deconvolution of IFS Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.1 Lucy-Richardson Deconvolution Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.2 Implementation to the IFU Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3 Deconvolution Performance Veri cation on the Mock IFS Data . . . . . 18 2.3.1 Mock Galaxy Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3.2 Mock IFS Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.3 Kinematics Measurement and Rotation Curve Model Fitting . . 20 2.3.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4 Application to SDSS-IV MaNGA IFU Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4.1 MaNGA Point Spread Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4.2 Measurements of Kinematic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.5 Measurement of the Spin Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.5.1 Application to Mock Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.5.2 Application to MaNGA Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.6 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3 Rotation Curves of Nearby Galaxies and their Environmental Dependence 43 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.2.1 SDSS-IV MaNGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.2.2 Supplementary Catalogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.2.3 Environmental Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.3 Galaxy Rotation Curve Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.3.1 Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.3.2 Model Fitting of the 2D Velocity Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4.1 Mass and Morphological Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4.2 Environmental Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.5 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4 Dynamical Properties of Nearby Galaxies 63 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.2 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2.1 Photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2.2 2D kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3 Jeans Anisotropic Modeling with Multi-Gaussian Expansion . . . . . . . 66 4.3.1 Multi-Gaussian Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3.2 Jeans Anisotropic Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.4 Galaxy Mass Profi le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.5 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5 Summary 79 Bibliography 84 Appendix 95 A MaNGA IFU and Data Reduction 95 A.1 MaNGA IFU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 A.2 Data Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 B DOTIFS Overview, Optical System, and Software 101 B.1 Instrument Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 B.2 Optical System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 B.2.1 Fore-Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 B.2.2 Calibration Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 B.2.3 Spectrograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 B.3 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 B.3.1 Data Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 B.3.2 S/N Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 C Deconvolution Method Verfi cation 131 C.1 Mock IFU Data Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 C.2 Deconvolution Effect Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 C.3 Dependence on Deconvolution Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 C.3.1 Number of Deconvolution Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 C.3.2 Size of PSF FWHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 요약 145 감사의 글 149Docto

Advanced Composites

Engineering practice has revealed that innovative technologies’ structural applications require new design concepts related to developing materials with mechanical properties tailored for construction purposes. This would allow the efficient use of engineering materials. The efficiency can be understood in a simplified and heuristic manner as the optimization of performance and the proper combination of structural components, leading to the consumption of the least amount of natural resources. The solution to the eco-optimization problem, based on the adequate characterization of the materials, will enable implementing environmentally friendly engineering principles when the efficient use of advanced materials guarantees the required structural safety. Identifying fundamental relationships between the structure of advanced composites and their physical properties is the focus of this book. The collected articles explore the development of sustainable composites with valorized manufacturability corresponding to Industrial Revolution 4.0 ideology. The publications, amongst others, reveal that the application of nano-particles improves the mechanical performance of composite materials; heat-resistant aluminium composites ensure the safety of overhead power transmission lines; chemical additives can detect the impact of temperature on concrete structures. This book demonstrates that construction materials’ choice has considerable room for improvement from a scientific viewpoint, following heuristic approaches

Designing periodic and aperiodic structures for nanophotinic devices.

330 p.Future all--optical networks will require to substitute the present electronic integrated circuitry by optical analogous devices that satisfy the compactness, throughput, latency and high transmission efficiency requirements in nanometer scale dimensions, outperforming the functionality of current networks. Thereby, existing dielectric materials do not confine light in a sufficiently small scale and so the physical size of these links and devices becomes unacceptable. In fact, if the optical chip does not exist in the liking of the electronic chip, photonic crystals have recently led to great hopes for a large-scale integration of optoelectronic components. Two-dimensional photonic crystals slabs obtained through periodic structuring of a planar optical waveguide, feature many characteristics which bring them closer to electronic micro-and nanostructures. This thesis explores non-trivial periodic and aperiodic dielectric nano-structures and to do so, we pose a photonic crystal design process guided by non-convex combinatory optimization techniques. In addition, this thesis proposes some novel coupling devices optimized to minimize insertion losses between silicon-on-insulator integrated waveguides and single mode optical fibers. Last but not least, this thesis explores periodic arrangements from a new perspective and reports on the first experimental evidence of topologically protected waveguiding in silicon. Furthermore, we propose and demonstrate that, in a system where topological and trivial defect modes coexist, we can probe them independently. Tuning the configuration of the interface, we observe the transition between a single topological defect and a compound trivial defect state

Designing periodic and aperiodic structures for nanophotinic devices.

330 p.Future all--optical networks will require to substitute the present electronic integrated circuitry by optical analogous devices that satisfy the compactness, throughput, latency and high transmission efficiency requirements in nanometer scale dimensions, outperforming the functionality of current networks. Thereby, existing dielectric materials do not confine light in a sufficiently small scale and so the physical size of these links and devices becomes unacceptable. In fact, if the optical chip does not exist in the liking of the electronic chip, photonic crystals have recently led to great hopes for a large-scale integration of optoelectronic components. Two-dimensional photonic crystals slabs obtained through periodic structuring of a planar optical waveguide, feature many characteristics which bring them closer to electronic micro-and nanostructures. This thesis explores non-trivial periodic and aperiodic dielectric nano-structures and to do so, we pose a photonic crystal design process guided by non-convex combinatory optimization techniques. In addition, this thesis proposes some novel coupling devices optimized to minimize insertion losses between silicon-on-insulator integrated waveguides and single mode optical fibers. Last but not least, this thesis explores periodic arrangements from a new perspective and reports on the first experimental evidence of topologically protected waveguiding in silicon. Furthermore, we propose and demonstrate that, in a system where topological and trivial defect modes coexist, we can probe them independently. Tuning the configuration of the interface, we observe the transition between a single topological defect and a compound trivial defect state

Aplicabilidade industrial de estampagem incremental: análise funcional e energética

Doutoramento em Engenharia MecânicaIncremental sheet forming processes like single point incremental forming have been majorly studied since the beginning of the 2000's. Besides the applications in the prototyping eld, ISF processes can also be used to the manufacture of unique parts and small batches. This possibility has a great potential for speed up new product development and to make products in smaller series economically viable. Also, this capability leads to a new business possibilities, enable the development of exclusive or custom products. However, mainly due to its novelty, SPIF industrial operation is still very apprehensive with just a few examples of application. The main purpose of the present work is to create tools that can be used for the SPIF process management and present examples of usage in di erent industrial elds. The SPIF process is studied using the SPIF-A machine design and built at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Aveiro. Despite being a free form manufacture process, SPIF has some geometric limitations, manly due to the forming mechanics and formability limit of the materials. The possible part con gurations and the design orientation are settled, allowing a suitable part development. The hardware to perform incremental forming operations is outlined and the forming process is described, presenting alternative solutions both based on experimental work and state of the art review. A group of parts are developed and manufactured using SPIF as examples of industrial application. Parts are developed and evaluated to meet design and development requirements. New applications using SPIF as a rapid tooling process, typically exclusive form additive manufacturing technologies, are developed. The parity between SPIF and AM processes encounter industrial applications not only in prototyping or part manufacturing but also in tool development and fabrication. This novelty allows to decrease the time to market, decrease tooling cost and increase tooling complexity and consequential part design freedom in sheet metal moulds. The concept is developed and proof for a variety of thermoplastic and composite materials processing technologies.Os processos de estampagem incremental de chapa, como a estampagem incremental por ponto unico, t^em sido estudados em profundidade desde o in cio dos anos 2000. Para al em da aplica c~ao no desenvolvimento de prot otipos, os processo de estampagem incremental apresentam potencial de aplica c~ao no fabrico de produto unicos ou pequenos lotes. Esta possibilidade oferece vantagens ao permitir acelerar o processo de design e desenvolvimento de produto e ao tornar economicamente vi avel a produ c~ao de pequenas s eries. Para al em disso, esta possibilidade permite a cria c~ao de novas tipologias de neg ocio, possibilitando o desenvolvimento e fabrico de produtos exclusivos ou customizados. No entanto, principalmente devido a novidade do processo, a estampagem incremental ainda n~ao tem muitos exemplos de aplica c~ao em empresas. O principal objetivo do trabalho apresentado e desenvolver ferramentas que possam ser utilizadas para a industrializa c~ao do processo de estampagem incremental por ponto unico e apresentar exemplos de aplica c~oes em diferentes areas industriais. A m aquina SPIF-A desenvolvida no Departamento de Engenharia Mec^anica da Universidade de Aveiro e utilizada para o estudo do processo de estampagem incremental. Apesar do potencial do processo de estampagem para fabricar superf cies de forma livre, existem algumas limita c~oes. Estas devem-se maioritariamente ao comportamento do material e ao processo e par^ametros de estampagem. S~ao de nidas linhas orientadoras para o design de pe cas, bem como as poss veis con gura c~oes, de forma a possibilitar o desenvolvimento de pe cas fact veis. O equipamento necess ario para a realiza c~ao de trabalhos de estampagem incremental e os par^ametros de trabalho s~ao estudados com recurso a an alise de estado da arte e a trabalho experimental. Como exemplo de aplica c~ao industrial da estampagem incremental, s~ao desenvolvidas e fabricadas pe cas. Os produtos s~ao desenvolvidos e avaliados de forma a garantir o cumprimento dos requisitos de nidos. S~ao propostas novas aplica c~oes para a utiliza c~ao de estampagem incremental para o fabrico r apido de ferramentas, tipicamente exclusivo do processos de fabrico aditivo. A analogia entre a estampagem incremental e o fabrico aditivo permite encontrar aplica c~oes industriais para al em da prototipagem, com grande potencial para o desenvolvimento e fabrico de ferramentas. Esta novidade contribui para a redu c~ao do tempo de comercializa c~ao, reduzindo custos e permitindo uma maior exibilidade do desenho de um produto. O conceito de fabrico de moldes em chapa para diversos materiais termopl asticos e comp ositos e desenvolvido e analisado.Les processus de formage incr emental de t^ole, come formage incr emental un point, sont etudi es en profondeur d es le d ebut des ann ees 2000. Les processus ont son application dans le d eveloppement des prototypes et pr esentent aussi du vrai potentiel dans la fabrication des produits uniques et dans des petits lots. Cette possibilit e o re des avantages parce que permit d'acc el erer le processus de design et d eveloppement de produit et de faire le projet des petites s eries economiquement viables. En plus, formage incr emental possibilit e la cr eation des nouvelles typologies de a aires a cause de ca contribution dans la fabrication des produits personnalis es et exclusives. Malgr e ca et comme celui est un processus tr es r ecent, pour l'instant, le formage incr emental n'a pas beaucoup de utilisation industrielle. L'objectif principal du travail pr esent e est de d evelopper des moyens que peut ^etre utilis es pour auxili e l'industrialisation do processus de formage incr emental un point et pr esenter des exemples pour des distinctes applications industrielles. La machine SPIF-A d evelopp e dans le D epartement de Ing enierie M ecanique de l'Universit e d'Aveiro est utilis ee pour l' etude du processus de formage incr emental. Nonobstant le potentiel du processus de formage incr emental pour fabriquer des surfaces de forme libre il y a quelques limitations g eom etriques. C a d epend du comportement du mat eriel et les param etres de travail. Les con gurations g eom etriques possibles et les lignes directrices de conception sont d e nies de fa con a possibilit e le dessein des pi eces faisables. L'Equipment n ecessaire pour la r ealisation des travaux de formage incr ementa et les param etres de travail sont etudi es en utilisant l'analyse de l' etat de l'art et des travaux exp erimentaux. Comme exemple des applications industrielles du formage incr emental, sont d evelopp ees et fabriqu es des pi eces. Les produits sont d evelopp es et avalis es de fa con a assurer qu'il respecte les exigences d e nis

Interactions and New Directions in Near Eastern Archaeology. Volume 3. Proceedings of the 5^th “Broadening Horizons” Conference (Udine 5-8 June 2017)

Interactions and New Directions in Near Eastern Archaeology is the third volume of the Proceedings of the 5th Broadening Horizons International Conference that was held at the University of Udine from 5th to 8th June 2017. Broadening Horizons aims to be an international platform for postgraduate students and early-career researchers in the wide Near Eastern archaeology field. The main topic of the conference Civilizations in Contact served to emphasize the importance of cross-cultural interactions in the Near East over time. In particular, the present volume is devoted to the papers from Session 7, “Civilizations in contact: current research and new approaches in Mediterranean and Near Eastern Archaeology”, and Session 6, “Marine connections: the Gulf and the interactions between the Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia, the Iranian world and beyond”. The volume contains 24 peer-reviewed papers divided into two parts, introduced by the two key-lectures which were given by Elena Rova and Maurizio Cattani. These proceedings give a vivid picture of the exchanges and interactions that occurred during the presentation and debate of specialist papers in Udine at the conference. The diversity in terms of geographical environments, historical periods, and topics in Near Eastern archaeology stands out among the contributions published here. This collection of papers by a new generation of young scholars offers fresh and novel approaches to complex archaeological topics

Revision of basal sauropods from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia and the early evolution of sauropods

The Early and Middle Jurassic are widely regarded as the critical time for sauropod radiation and worldwide dispersal. The accepted theory is that the common ancestor of Early Jurassic sauropods had its provenance in South Africa, South Gondwana at the time. The major sauropod diversification and dispersal out of South Africa happened between the Early and Middle Jurassic (±180-160 Ma), with major clades firmly established by the Late Jurassic (±150 Ma). The Early and Middle Jurassic, however, have a generally poor sauropod body fossil record with the exception being a few taxa from Gondwana (e.g. Patagosaurus, Volkheimeria, Amygdalodon, Vulcanodon, Tazoudasaurus, Spinophorosaurus, Barapasaurus, Bothriospondylus, Lapparentosaurus) and even fewer from Laurasia (e.g. Cetiosaurus, Cetiosauriscus, Shunosaurus, Klamelisaurus, Mamenchisaurus, Omeisaurus). The Gondwanan sauropod with the most material preserved is Patagosaurus fariasi, from the Cañadón Asfálto Formation of west-central Chubut province, Patagonia, Argentina. It has a holotype consisting of axial and appendicular elements, and associated material consisting of cranial, axial, appendicular and dermal bones. The completeness of the material makes it valuable for Middle Jurassic sauropod research. Moreover, recent dating of the sediments belonging to the Cañadón Asfálto Formation resulted in a much older age range for the latter, redating it and all vertebrates found there from a Callovian to a much older Aalenian- Bajocian age, and thus placing Patagosaurus in a critical time for sauropod evolution; the latest Early to the early Middle Jurassic. Patagosaurus has been found in two bonebeds, not far apart; the holotype and several other associated specimens from Cerro Condor Norte, north of the village of Cerro Cóndor by the Chubut river, and more associated material, as well as another sauropod taxon, Volkheimeria chubutensis, from Cerro Condor Sur, a site close to the Chubut river. Both beds are lacustrine deposits. However, the original 1986 description of Patagosaurus consisted of a blend of the holotype and associated material, without clearly separating the former from the latter. Moreover, some material from Cerro Condor Sur, specimen MACN-CH 934, has since been considered to be a taxon other than Patagosaurus or Volkheimeria. Thus, a revision of all material has been done. The holotype has been revised and the alpha taxonomy of Patagosaurus fariasi has been established, confirming or discarding old diagnostic characters as appropriate, and generating new diagnostic characters for the new assignment of associated material to Patagosaurus fariasi, Volkheimeria, sauropod indet., or a new taxon. After the revision of all material, the Cerro Condor Norte bonebed was found to be monospecific, and includes an ontogenetic series of a small juvenile Patagosaurus, an intermediate juvenile, a subadult, the holotype (being a subadult to adult specimen) and another adult specimen. Cerro Condor Sur proved to be more problematic; yielding Patagosaurus material of an adult and a fully grown large adult, material that is sauropod indet., due to the fragmentary nature, and potentially two new taxa, one of which is more likely than the other: MACN-CH 934 and MACN-CH 230. A phylogenetic analysis using all confirmed material of Patagosaurus, and the MACN-CH 934 as OTU, as well as a recoding of Volkheimeria, Spinophorosaurus, Tazoudasaurus, Cetiosaurus oxoniensis and the Rutland Cetiosaurus, Lapparentosaurus, Bothriospondylus, confirms Patagosaurus to be a derived eusauropod, sister taxon to the Rutland Cetiosaurus, and nested within Cetiosaurus, both from the UK, thus confirming the existence of Cetiosauridae. Barapasaurus, an Indian taxon, which is traditionally closely associated with Patagosaurus, was retrieved as being more basal than the Cetiosauridae, and is thus considered a more basal eusauropod, and not closely related to Patagosaurus. Interestingly, the new, unnamed taxon MACN-CH 934 is retrieved as a derived eusauropod or even a basal neosauropod, and sister-taxon to Lapparentosaurus, a taxon from Madagascar. Volkheimeria comes out as sister taxon to the North African Spinophorosaurus. The addition of MACN-CH 230 as a potential new OTU, however, destabilizes the tree, and forces MACN-CH 230, and Bothriospondylus and Lapparentosaurus from Madagascar together, while MACN-CH 934 remains a basal neosauropod. This means there is probably not enough information on Lapparentosaurus, Bothriospondylus, or MACN-CH 230, and future research will establish their phylogenetic relationships better. The grouping together of taxa from across the Gondwanan continent, and even together with Laurasian taxa, shows a greater mobility for sauropods in the Middle Jurassic than previously assumed. The evolution of Gondwanan sauropods was thought to be bracketed by their diversification wave after the Toarcian mass extinction, and by a physical barrier in the form of the Central Gondwanan Desert, cutting taxa off from dispersing, and thus creating endemic radiation patterns in South Africa and Argentina. However, this study shows that sauropods would be able to migrate through the physical barrier, and questions the existence of a real barrier, or whether the desert was periodically (in)accessible. Future research on the more unstable taxa of the tree, and more revisions of poorly known basal eusauropods will hopefully clarify this. Chapter 1 introduces the thesis, Chapters 2 and 3 revise the holotype and associated material, and Chapter 4 shows the phylogenetic study. Chapter 5 shows geometric morphometric analysis on adult and juvenile Patagosaurus elements. Thus, the revision of Patagosaurus aids sauropod taxonomic, evolutionary, ontogenetic, and phylogenetic investigation

Revision of basal sauropods from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia and the early evolution of sauropods

The Early and Middle Jurassic are widely regarded as the critical time for sauropod radiation and worldwide dispersal. The accepted theory is that the common ancestor of Early Jurassic sauropods had its provenance in South Africa, South Gondwana at the time. The major sauropod diversification and dispersal out of South Africa happened between the Early and Middle Jurassic (±180-160 Ma), with major clades firmly established by the Late Jurassic (±150 Ma). The Early and Middle Jurassic, however, have a generally poor sauropod body fossil record with the exception being a few taxa from Gondwana (e.g. Patagosaurus, Volkheimeria, Amygdalodon, Vulcanodon, Tazoudasaurus, Spinophorosaurus, Barapasaurus, Bothriospondylus, Lapparentosaurus) and even fewer from Laurasia (e.g. Cetiosaurus, Cetiosauriscus, Shunosaurus, Klamelisaurus, Mamenchisaurus, Omeisaurus). The Gondwanan sauropod with the most material preserved is Patagosaurus fariasi, from the Cañadón Asfálto Formation of west-central Chubut province, Patagonia, Argentina. It has a holotype consisting of axial and appendicular elements, and associated material consisting of cranial, axial, appendicular and dermal bones. The completeness of the material makes it valuable for Middle Jurassic sauropod research. Moreover, recent dating of the sediments belonging to the Cañadón Asfálto Formation resulted in a much older age range for the latter, redating it and all vertebrates found there from a Callovian to a much older Aalenian- Bajocian age, and thus placing Patagosaurus in a critical time for sauropod evolution; the latest Early to the early Middle Jurassic. Patagosaurus has been found in two bonebeds, not far apart; the holotype and several other associated specimens from Cerro Condor Norte, north of the village of Cerro Cóndor by the Chubut river, and more associated material, as well as another sauropod taxon, Volkheimeria chubutensis, from Cerro Condor Sur, a site close to the Chubut river. Both beds are lacustrine deposits. However, the original 1986 description of Patagosaurus consisted of a blend of the holotype and associated material, without clearly separating the former from the latter. Moreover, some material from Cerro Condor Sur, specimen MACN-CH 934, has since been considered to be a taxon other than Patagosaurus or Volkheimeria. Thus, a revision of all material has been done. The holotype has been revised and the alpha taxonomy of Patagosaurus fariasi has been established, confirming or discarding old diagnostic characters as appropriate, and generating new diagnostic characters for the new assignment of associated material to Patagosaurus fariasi, Volkheimeria, sauropod indet., or a new taxon. After the revision of all material, the Cerro Condor Norte bonebed was found to be monospecific, and includes an ontogenetic series of a small juvenile Patagosaurus, an intermediate juvenile, a subadult, the holotype (being a subadult to adult specimen) and another adult specimen. Cerro Condor Sur proved to be more problematic; yielding Patagosaurus material of an adult and a fully grown large adult, material that is sauropod indet., due to the fragmentary nature, and potentially two new taxa, one of which is more likely than the other: MACN-CH 934 and MACN-CH 230. A phylogenetic analysis using all confirmed material of Patagosaurus, and the MACN-CH 934 as OTU, as well as a recoding of Volkheimeria, Spinophorosaurus, Tazoudasaurus, Cetiosaurus oxoniensis and the Rutland Cetiosaurus, Lapparentosaurus, Bothriospondylus, confirms Patagosaurus to be a derived eusauropod, sister taxon to the Rutland Cetiosaurus, and nested within Cetiosaurus, both from the UK, thus confirming the existence of Cetiosauridae. Barapasaurus, an Indian taxon, which is traditionally closely associated with Patagosaurus, was retrieved as being more basal than the Cetiosauridae, and is thus considered a more basal eusauropod, and not closely related to Patagosaurus. Interestingly, the new, unnamed taxon MACN-CH 934 is retrieved as a derived eusauropod or even a basal neosauropod, and sister-taxon to Lapparentosaurus, a taxon from Madagascar. Volkheimeria comes out as sister taxon to the North African Spinophorosaurus. The addition of MACN-CH 230 as a potential new OTU, however, destabilizes the tree, and forces MACN-CH 230, and Bothriospondylus and Lapparentosaurus from Madagascar together, while MACN-CH 934 remains a basal neosauropod. This means there is probably not enough information on Lapparentosaurus, Bothriospondylus, or MACN-CH 230, and future research will establish their phylogenetic relationships better. The grouping together of taxa from across the Gondwanan continent, and even together with Laurasian taxa, shows a greater mobility for sauropods in the Middle Jurassic than previously assumed. The evolution of Gondwanan sauropods was thought to be bracketed by their diversification wave after the Toarcian mass extinction, and by a physical barrier in the form of the Central Gondwanan Desert, cutting taxa off from dispersing, and thus creating endemic radiation patterns in South Africa and Argentina. However, this study shows that sauropods would be able to migrate through the physical barrier, and questions the existence of a real barrier, or whether the desert was periodically (in)accessible. Future research on the more unstable taxa of the tree, and more revisions of poorly known basal eusauropods will hopefully clarify this. Chapter 1 introduces the thesis, Chapters 2 and 3 revise the holotype and associated material, and Chapter 4 shows the phylogenetic study. Chapter 5 shows geometric morphometric analysis on adult and juvenile Patagosaurus elements. Thus, the revision of Patagosaurus aids sauropod taxonomic, evolutionary, ontogenetic, and phylogenetic investigation

Maritime expressions:a corpus based exploration of maritime metaphors

This study uses a purpose-built corpus to explore the linguistic legacy of Britain’s maritime history found in the form of hundreds of specialised ‘Maritime Expressions’ (MEs), such as TAKEN ABACK, ANCHOR and ALOOF, that permeate modern English. Selecting just those expressions commencing with ’A’, it analyses 61 MEs in detail and describes the processes by which these technical expressions, from a highly specialised occupational discourse community, have made their way into modern English. The Maritime Text Corpus (MTC) comprises 8.8 million words, encompassing a range of text types and registers, selected to provide a cross-section of ‘maritime’ writing. It is analysed using WordSmith analytical software (Scott, 2010), with the 100 million-word British National Corpus (BNC) as a reference corpus. Using the MTC, a list of keywords of specific salience within the maritime discourse has been compiled and, using frequency data, concordances and collocations, these MEs are described in detail and their use and form in the MTC and the BNC is compared. The study examines the transformation from ME to figurative use in the general discourse, in terms of form and metaphoricity. MEs are classified according to their metaphorical strength and their transference from maritime usage into new registers and domains such as those of business, politics, sports and reportage etc. A revised model of metaphoricity is developed and a new category of figurative expression, the ‘resonator’, is proposed. Additionally, developing the work of Lakov and Johnson, Kovesces and others on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), a number of Maritime Conceptual Metaphors are identified and their cultural significance is discussed