A bilateral schema for interval-valued image differentiation

Differentiation of interval-valued functions is an intricate problem, since it cannot be defined as a direct generalization of differentiation of scalar ones. Literature on interval arithmetic contains proposals and definitions for differentiation, but their semantic is unclear for the cases in which intervals represent the ambiguity due to hesitancy or lack of knowledge. In this work we analyze the needs, tools and goals for interval-valued differentiation, focusing on the case of interval-valued images. This leads to the formulation of a differentiation schema inspired by bilateral filters, which allows for the accommodation of most of the methods for scalar image differentiation, but also takes support from interval-valued arithmetic. This schema can produce area-, segment-and vector-valued gradients, according to the needs of the image processing task it is applied to. Our developments are put to the test in the context of edge detection

Awareness Through the Senses: A Multisensory Approach to Improvisation

This paper will discuss some of the artistic practices of dance improvisers which can be utilized to enhance sensory awareness. Similarities to witnessing internal experience derived from Authentic Movement practice are utilized to connect the artistic to the clinical experience. Artistic practices related to as well as neuro biological function of several sensory systems of the body are discussed to present some of the benefits and challenges to increasing awareness of these various senses. Clinical application of the material for select populations is also discussed

On Paradoxical Examples of Real Functions

This dissertation is a summary of the author\u27s research work, supervised by Professor Krzysztof Ciesielski, based on three published articles in the Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications and one published article in the Banach Journal of Mathematical Analysis. Our work focuses on the study of paradoxical real functions regarding differentiability and generalized continuity within the foundations of real analysis. The reasons why they are paradoxical are directly connected to their definitions, which will be provided and explained in the later texts. Note that all functions discussed in the dissertation are single-variable and real valued, that is, well-defined from a proper or improper subset of the set R of real numbers into R. The material is presented in two independent chapters. Chapter 1 consists of a study of nowhere-monotone differentiable functions to which we refer as the differentiable monsters. Almost 130 years after A. Köpcke constructed the first differentiable monster and after its many simplifications, K. Ciesielski noticed a few years ago the simplest such construction by far. This construction was a shifted difference of two arbitrary strictly increasing Pompeiu-like functions, that is, of differentiable functions with their derivatives vanishing on a dense subset of their domain. However, not every differentiable monster of bounded variation admits such a Jordan-like decomposition that possesses Pompeiu-likeness. We have first characterized differentiable monsters that can be decomposed in such a ``nice\u27\u27 way as those that are a difference of two increasing differentiable functions. Secondly, as Jarník\u27s extension theorem allows a differentiable extension to be as ``good\u27\u27 as being smooth on the extended parts, we work on the other direction and make a differentiable extension as ``bad\u27\u27 as being nowhere-monotone on the extended parts. Since it is an easy consequence of Darboux\u27s theorem that a differentiable monster must be Pompeiu-like, we have shown that a typical function in a designated complete metric space, which consists of all differentiable extensions that are Pompeiu-like on the extended part, is nowhere-monotone on the extended part. On the other hand, we have also shown that the family of nowhere nowhere-monotone functions is dense in this space. In Chapter 2, we additionally impose a set-theoretical axiom that the set R is not a union of less than continuum-many meager sets. A Darboux function is a function that satisfies the intermediate value property, so the classes of Darboux-like functions represent a group of functions that are continuous in a generalized sense. On the contrary, Sierpiński-Zygmund functions, first constructed in 1923 by W. Sierpiński and A. Zygmund, have as little of the standard continuity as possible. The algebra of subsets generated by these classes and the Sierpiński-Zygmund functions has nine atoms, that is, the smallest nonempty elements of the algebra. In this work, we have crafted a lemma that easily create examples in each of these nine atoms with transfinite induction. Note that the examples within the seven of the nine atoms were first discovered by K. Ciesielski and C.-H. Pan and had been included in a survey of Sierpiński-Zygmund functions in 2019 by K. Ciesielski and J. Seoane-Sepúlveda. As lineability of the main classes of Darboux-like functions, as well as of Sierpiński-Zygmund functions, has been intensively studied, our presented work has caused some on-going researches in the lineability of the nine smaller classes mentioned above

Põhjalik uuring ülisuure dünaamilise ulatusega piltide toonivastendamisest koos subjektiivsete testidega

A high dynamic range (HDR) image has a very wide range of luminance levels that traditional low dynamic range (LDR) displays cannot visualize. For this reason, HDR images are usually transformed to 8-bit representations, so that the alpha channel for each pixel is used as an exponent value, sometimes referred to as exponential notation [43]. Tone mapping operators (TMOs) are used to transform high dynamic range to low dynamic range domain by compressing pixels so that traditional LDR display can visualize them. The purpose of this thesis is to identify and analyse differences and similarities between the wide range of tone mapping operators that are available in the literature. Each TMO has been analyzed using subjective studies considering different conditions, which include environment, luminance, and colour. Also, several inverse tone mapping operators, HDR mappings with exposure fusion, histogram adjustment, and retinex have been analysed in this study. 19 different TMOs have been examined using a variety of HDR images. Mean opinion score (MOS) is calculated on those selected TMOs by asking the opinion of 25 independent people considering candidates’ age, vision, and colour blindness

Dinámica Cerebral:La actividad cerebral en función de las condiciones dinámicas de la excitabilidad nerviosa. Tomo primero.

This book can be cited as: Gonzalo J. (1945/2010/2022), "Dinámica Cerebral", Tomo I, Consejo Superior de investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid 1945, in: "Dinámica Cerebral" facsimile edition, Gonzalo I. (Ed), Red Temática en Tecnologías de Computación Artificial/Natural, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 2010 (Open Access http://dspace.usc.es/handle/10347/4341). "Brain Dynamics" Volume 1, Gonzalo I. (Ed), English translation, Madrid 2022 (Open Access in this web page). English translation (2022) of Volume 2 of Brain Dynamics by Justo Gonzalo is freely available at at: https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/72118/ English translation (2015, revised 2022) of ubsequent research by this author is freely available at: https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/30931/This book is the English translation of the published book in Spanish: `Dinámica Cerebral´, by Justo Gonzalo, Volume 1, published by the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 1945. A facsimile Spanish edition includindg Volume 2 and supplements was published by the Red Temática en Tecnologías de Computación Artificial/Natural (RTNAC) and the University of Santiago de Compostela in 2010, and whose on-line open-access version (http://dspace.usc.es/handle/10347/4341) maintains a significant rate of visits since its publication. Justo Gonzalo (Barcelona 1910 - Madrid 1986), after specialization in Austria and Germany, developed a novel research on the human cerebral cortex, partially exposed in this book. The research described here is surprisingly of current interest, apart from its undoubted historical interest. Some aspects were ahead of discoveries that were made later. Some of the phenomena exposed are still unknown, or have only been observed in the last decades, and the functional dynamic unity of the cortex proposed by the author is closely related to the current trends in the study of the brain. Some singular phenomena are described with extreme detail, such as inverted vision, facilitation, delocalization of colors, reversal of motion, and orientation disorder, among others. From the study of patients with unilateral lesion in an association area of the left parieto-occipital cortex, the author characterized what he called the `central syndrome´ of the cortex as a multisensory disorder in which all functions are affected bilaterally and symmetrically, presenting dynamic phenomena such as disaggregation of a sensory function into partial functions that are united in normal perception. Thus, inverted or tilted vision appears, whose first in-depth study is part of this research. A related phenomenon is partial disappearance of the disorders by intensification of the stimulus, or by means of facilitation, according to which the perception of a stimulus improves by the presence of another stimulus of the same or of a different sensory modality (cross-modal effect), or by a motor stimulus, muscular effort being one of the most efficient and less known means. The greater the brain excitability deficit, the more efficient facilitation is. The first detailed study on multisensory and motor facilitation is part of this research. Multisensoriality is a topic of great interest at present. From the new approach that the author gave to the research, his conception of brain dynamics emerged. The term `brain dynamics´, so widely used today, was introduced here for the first time in relation to sensory organization. This research filled the gap then existing between brain pathology and the physiology of the nervous system since the phenomena described find explanation on a physiological basis governed by the laws of nervous excitability, and provides a dynamic solution to the rigid theory of brain localization by establishing a continuous transition between lower and higher sensory functions, both being based on the same physiological laws. In addition to the patients directly studied by the author, a reference case is also the famous Schneider patient of Goldstein and Gelb studied in 1918-1919, which deserves publications even at present, and which the author interpreted under the central syndrome. In this Volume 1, the first part deals qualitatively with general aspects of the research (findings, new syndrome, dynamic analysis), and a the second part focuses on the quantitative and experimental aspects concerning visual functions. This part covers electrical and light excitability, color vision, visual field, visual forms, color vision, motion perception, motion inversion, visual image orientation, and visual schema. The rich bibliographic documentation on various trends of thought and clinical data adds interest and amenity to the book. This research received international attention from relevant authors shortly after the first publication of the book in Spanish, and more recently found echo in the field of cybernetics and artificial intelligence. A preface introduces some aspects of this research, its author and his subsequent research.Depto. de ÓpticaFac. de Ciencias FísicasFALSEunpu

Dinámica Cerebral. La actividad cerebral en función de las condiciones dinámicas de la excitabilidad nerviosa. Tomo segundo

This book can be cited as: Gonzalo J. (1945/2010/2022), "Dinámica Cerebral", Tomo segundo, Consejo Superior de investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid 1945, in: "Dinámica Cerebral" facsimile edition, Gonzalo I. (Ed), Red Temática en Tecnologías de Computación Artificial/Natural, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 2010 (Open Access http://dspace.usc.es/handle/10347/4341). "Brain Dynamics" Volume 2, Gonzalo I. (Ed and English translation), Madrid 2022 (Open Access in this web page).This volume is the English translation of Volume 2 of the book "Dinámica Cerebral" written in Spanish by Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal (Barcelona 1910 – Madrid 1986), first published in 1950. The volume, devoted to tactile functions, is the continuation of Volume 1 (on general aspects and visual functions, English translation Open Access in https:/eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/63730/) to which it refers continuously. A facsimile Spanish edition includindg Vol. 1, 2 and supplements was published by the Red Temática en Tecnologías de Computación Artificial/Natural (RTNAC) and the University of Santiago de Compostela in 2010, and whose on-line Open-Access version (http://dspace.usc.es/handle/10347/4341 ) maintains a significant rate of visits since its publication. The author, after specialization in neurology and brain pathology in Austria and Germany (1933-35) developed a research on the human cerebral cortex. The interest of the research described here lies, as in Volume 1, in the fact that it is surprisingly of current interest, apart from its undoubted historical interest. Some aspects were ahead of discoveries that were made later. It is remarkable that some of the phenomena exposed are still unknown and that the proposed functional dynamic unit of the cortex is closely related to current trends in the study of the brain. This volume deals with tactile functions and further elaborates on concepts introduced in Volume 1. The tactile phenomenology in cases of central syndrome is described. This syndrome, already studied in Volume 1, is the result of a unilateral lesion in an association area in the left parieto-occipital cortex, equidistant from the visual, tactile and auditory primary areas. It consists of a multisensory alteration (visual, tactile, auditory) although the lesion does not involve specific areas, all functions being affected, from simple excitability to more complex functions, bilaterally and symmetrically. In particular, the striking phenomenon in which the visual image is tilted or nearly inverted (see Vol. 1), is now extended to the phenomenon of localization of stimuli in the tactile system. Inversion in tactile space is studied in detail in cases of central syndrome, being generalized to all sensory systems of a spatial nature, once confirmed in the auditory system. Similarly to what happens in vision, the tactile phenomena in the mentioned syndrome have a dynamic character since the disorders vary with the intensity of the stimulus and with the facilitation by other stimulus. The phenomenon of facilitation by muscular effort is particularly noticeable. The greater the deficit in brain excitability (due to the lesion), the greater the effect of facilitation. In the process of tactile localization of a stimulus, up to five phases are distinguished, from simple sensation to specific localization (passing through inversion), as stimulation increases. This process is described as a spiral development of the organization of the sensory field (tactile and also visual). As in vision, a continuity is found between the various functions that appear according to physiological requirements. Likewise, a continuity is established between sensory functions and gnosis, both being based on the same physiological laws. The schema function is studied in detail and considered in diverse degree according to the somatic model, postural model and praxis model. In addition to the patients directly studied by the author, a reference case is also the famous Schneider patient of Goldstein and Gelb studied in 1918 and 1919, which deserves publications even at present, and which the author interpreted under the central syndrome. This syndrome is also related to Gerstmann's syndrome. In subsequent research, the author found 35 cases that also fit the central syndrome. In a later publication (English translation, Open Access in https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/30931/ ) the author exposed a model based on functional gradients through the cortex, according to which, its specificity is distributed in a continuous gradation, and in agreement with a continuous transition between the central syndrome and other cortical syndromes. The author continued to develop a functional brain model applying the principle of similarity of a dynamic system to the central syndrome, the latter being understood as a change of scale in nervous excitability with respect to a normal individual. This concept was already introduced in the preceding Vol. 1 and also in this Vol. 2. A preface introduces some aspects of this research, its author and his subsequent research.Depto. de ÓpticaFac. de Ciencias FísicasFALSEunpu

Neural representations of social and non-social uncertainty in human decision making

The social landscape is filled with an intricate web of species-specific desired objects and course of actions. Humans are highly social animals and, as they navigate this landscape, they need to produce adapted decision-making behaviour. Traditionally social and non-social neural mechanisms affecting choice have been investigated using different approaches. Recently, in an effort to unite these findings, two main theories have been proposed to explain how the brain might encode social and non-social motivational decision-making: the extended common currency and the social valuation specific schema (Ruff & Fehr 2014). One way to test these theories is to directly compare neural activity related to social and non-social decision outcomes within the same experimental setting. Here we address this issue by focusing on the neural substrates of social and non-social forms of uncertainty. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we directly compared the neural representations of reward and risk prediction and errors (RePE and RiPE) in social and non- social situations using gambling games. We used a trust betting game to vary uncertainty along a social dimension (trustworthiness), and a card game (Preuschoff et al. 2006) to vary uncertainty along a non-social dimension (pure risk). The trust game was designed to maintain the same structure of the card game. In a first study, we exposed a divide between subcortical and cortical regions when comparing the way these regions process social and non-social forms of uncertainty during outcome anticipation. Activity in subcortical regions reflected social and non-social RePE, while activity in cortical regions correlated with social RePE and non-social RiPE. The second study focused on outcome delivery and integrated the concept of RiPE in non-social settings with that of fairness and monetary utility maximisation in social settings. In particular these results corroborate recent models of anterior insula function (Singer et al. 2009; Seth 2013), and expose a possible neural mechanism that weights fairness and uncertainty but not monetary utility. The third study focused on functionally defined regions of the early visual cortex (V1) showing how activity in these areas, traditionally considered only visual, might reflect motivational prediction errors in addition to known perceptual prediction mechanisms (den Ouden et al 2012). On the whole, while our results do not support unilaterally one or the other theory modeling the underlying neural dynamics of social and non-social forms of decision making, they provide a working framework where both general mechanisms might coexist

Feature-preserving image restoration and its application in biological fluorescence microscopy

This thesis presents a new investigation of image restoration and its application to fluorescence cell microscopy. The first part of the work is to develop advanced image denoising algorithms to restore images from noisy observations by using a novel featurepreserving diffusion approach. I have applied these algorithms to different types of images, including biometric, biological and natural images, and demonstrated their superior performance for noise removal and feature preservation, compared to several state of the art methods. In the second part of my work, I explore a novel, simple and inexpensive super-resolution restoration method for quantitative microscopy in cell biology. In this method, a super-resolution image is restored, through an inverse process, by using multiple diffraction-limited (low) resolution observations, which are acquired from conventional microscopes whilst translating the sample parallel to the image plane, so referred to as translation microscopy (TRAM). A key to this new development is the integration of a robust feature detector, developed in the first part, to the inverse process to restore high resolution images well above the diffraction limit in the presence of strong noise. TRAM is a post-image acquisition computational method and can be implemented with any microscope. Experiments show a nearly 7-fold increase in lateral spatial resolution in noisy biological environments, delivering multi-colour image resolution of ~30 nm

Culture and History in the Pacific

Culture and History in the Pacific is a collection of essays originally published in 1990. The texts explore from different perspectives the question of culture as a repository of historical information. They also address broader questions of anthropological writing at the time, such as the relationship between anthropologists’ representations and local conceptions. This republication aims to make the book accessible to a wider audience, and in the region it discusses, Oceania. A new introductory essay has been included to contextualize the volume in relation to its historical setting, the end of the Cold War era, and to the present study of the Pacific and indigenous scholarship. The authors of Culture and History in the Pacific include prominent anthropologists of the Pacific, some of whom – Roger Keesing and Marilyn Strathern, to name but two – have also been influential in the anthropology of the late 20th and early 21st century in general