Multicast Routing In Optical Access Networks

Widely available broadband services in the Internet require high capacity access networks. Only optical networking is able to efficiently provide the huge bandwidth required by multimedia applications. Distributed applications such as Video-Conferencing, HDTV, VOD and Distance Learning are increasingly common and produce a large amount of data traffic, typically between several terminals. Multicast is a bandwidth-efficient technique for one-to-many or many-to-many communications, and will be indispensable for serving multimedia applications in future optical access networks. These applications require robust and reliable connections as well as the satisfaction of QoS criteria. In this chapter, several access network architectures and related multicast routing methods are analyzed. Overall network performance and dependability are the focus of our analysis

CSMA/CA using pilot tone on PON

Jorden Yeong-Tswen, Tse.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-76).Abstracts in English and Chinese.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.2ABSTRACT --- p.3摘要 --- p.4CONTENTS --- p.5Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.8Chapter 1.1. --- First Mile Evolution --- p.8Chapter 1.2. --- Access： Passive Optical Network (PON) --- p.10Chapter 1.2.1. --- ATM-PON (APON) --- p.13Chapter 1.2.2. --- Ethernet PON (EPON) --- p.14Chapter 1.3. --- Problem Definition and Possible Solutions --- p.16Chapter 1.3.1. --- Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) --- p.17Chapter 1.3.2. --- Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) --- p.18Chapter 1.3.3. --- Sub-carrier Multiplexing (SCM) & Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) --- p.20Chapter 1.3.4. --- Code Division Multi Access (CDMA) --- p.20Chapter 1.4. --- Thesis Organization --- p.20Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- BACKGROUND --- p.22Chapter 2.1. --- EPON Solution：- MPCP --- p.22Chapter 2.2. --- CSMA/CD on PON --- p.26Chapter 2.3. --- Motivation --- p.28Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- CSMA/CA PROTOCOL USING PILOT TONE ON PON --- p.29Chapter 3.1. --- Basic Protocol Description --- p.29Chapter 3.1.1. --- With No Contention --- p.31Chapter 3.1.2. --- With Contention --- p.32Chapter 3.1.3. --- With Contention and Winner --- p.33Chapter 3.2. --- Simulation --- p.35Chapter 3.2.1. --- Effect of Loading on Network Utilization --- p.37Chapter 3.2.2. --- Effect of Network Size on Utilization --- p.39Chapter 3.2.3. --- Delay Performance --- p.41Chapter 3.2.4. --- Effect of Distance from Remote Node --- p.44Chapter 3.2.5. --- Effect of Maximum Packet Duration on Utilization and Delay --- p.45Chapter 3.3. --- Conclusions --- p.47Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- PROTOCOL ENHANCEMENT ON VARIOUS ASPECTS --- p.48Chapter 4.1. --- Utilization Enhancement --- p.48Chapter 4.1.1. --- Improvement on Network Utilization --- p.50Chapter 4.1.2. --- Network Delay Performance --- p.52Chapter 4.1.3. --- Conclusions --- p.53Chapter 4.2. --- Capture Effect --- p.53Chapter 4.2.1. --- Solution by Varying Ts --- p.54Chapter 4.2.2. --- Simulations --- p.55Chapter 4.2.3. --- Conclusions --- p.58Chapter 4.3. --- Introducing Cos to existing network --- p.59Chapter 4.3.1. --- Principle --- p.59Chapter 4.3.2. --- Simulation Model --- p.60Chapter 4.3.3. --- Utilization Performance --- p.61Chapter 4.3.4. --- Delay Performance --- p.64Chapter 4.3.5. --- Conclusions --- p.68Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.69Chapter 5.1. --- Thesis Summary --- p.69Chapter 5.2. --- Future Work --- p.71REFERENCES --- p.7

Methodology for designing PON networks

Cílem této práce je analyzovat současný stav přístupových optických sítí,a hlouběji prozkoumat PON metodiku a návrh sítě. Navrhnul jsem síť založenou na konceptu FTTH pro 90 rodinných domů ovládané z centrální stanice vzdálené 20 km. Zabýval jsem se problémy při návrhu FTTH, konkrétně pasivní optickou sítí. Dále jsem se zabýval ATM-PON a Ethernet PON (EPON), které jsou založeny na společné síťové architektuře, PON, ale používají jiné přenosové technologie na podporu integrovaných služeb a jiné protokoly. Po zadání (optimálního) síťového řešení, které se hodí pro nabídku Triple-Play služeb. Dále budu popisovat, jak fungují síťová propojení a také budou popsány metody měření a testování navržené sítě "po aktivaci a nastavení sítě" a "před aktivací síťových služeb ". Při měření jsem také používal OTDR a prakticky ověřil charakteristiku linky. V práci je také naznačeno monitorování optické sítě.The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the present condition of Access network, in depth research of PON Methodology and network design. I shall design a Network project based on FTTH for building a network of 90 private houses controlled by a central control point from 20km distance. Where I shall address these issues and expedite the introduction of FTTH, and I will reason behind (PON) network-based solution, and so on ATM-PON and Ethernet PON (EPON), which are based on common network architecture, PON, but adopt different transfer technologies to support integrated services and multiple protocols. After providing the (optimal) network solution that fits to fulfill Triple-Play requirements, I will describe how the network interconnects and how it functions and work, later on I shall go into describing the measuring methods and testing for the defined network “after activating and setting the network” and “before activating the network service” where I will also use the OTDR and practically apply a link characterization test. And suggest the monitoring of the design model of the project.

Loss-free architectures in optical burst switched networks for a reliable and dynamic optical layer

For the last three decades, the optical fiber has been a quite systematic response to dimensioning issues in the Internet. Originally restricted to long haul networks, the optical network has gradually descended the network hierarchy to discard the bottlenecks. In the 90's, metropolitan networks became optical. Today, optical fibers are deployed in access networks and reach the users. In a near future, besides wireless access and local area networks, all networks in the network hierarchy may be made of fibers, in order to support current services (HDTV) and the emergence of new applications (3D-TV newly commercialized in USA). The deployment of such greedy applications will initiate an upward upgrade. The first step may be the Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), not only because of the traffic growth, but also because of the variety of served applications, each with a specific traffic profile. The current optical layer is of mitigated efficiency, dealing with unforeseen events. The lack of reactivity is mainly due to the slow switching devices: any on-line decision of the optical layer is delayed by the configuration of the. devices. When the optical network has been extended in the MANs, a lot of efforts has been deployed to improve the reactivity of the optical layer. The Optical Circuit Switching paradigm (OCS) has been improved but it ultimately relies on off-line configuration of the optical devices. Optical Burst Switching (OBS) can be viewed as a highly flexible evolution of OCS, that operates five order of magnitude faster. Within this 'architecture, the loss-free guaranty can be abandoned in order to improve the reactivity of the optical layer. Indeed, reliability and reactivity appear as antagonists properties and getting closer to either of them mitigates the other. This thesis aims at proposing a solution to achieve reliable transmission over a dynamic optical layer. Focusing on OBS networks, our objective is to solve the contention issue without mitigating the reactivity. After the consideration of contention avoidance mechanisms with routing constraints similar as in OCS networks, we investigate the reactive solutions that intend to solve the contentions. None of the available contention resolution scheme can ensure the 100% efficiency that leads to loss-free transmission. An attractive solution is the recourse to electrical buffering, but it is notoriously disregarded because (1) it may highly impact the delays and (2) loss can occur due to buffer overflows. The efficiency of translucent architectures thus highly depends on the buffer availability, that can be improved by reducing the time spent in the buffers and the contention rate. We show that traffic grooming can highly reduce the emission delay, and consequently the buffer occupancy. In a first architecture, traffic grooming is enabled by a translucent core node architecture, capable to re-aggregate incoming bursts. The re-aggregation is mandatory to "de-groom" the bursts in the core network (i.e., to demultiplex the content of a burst). On the one hand, the re-aggregation highly reduces the loss probability, but on the other hand, it absorbs the benefits of traffic grooming. Finally, dynamic access to re-aggregation for contention resolution, despite the significant reduction of the contention rate, dramatically impacts the end-to-end delay and the memory requirement. We thus propose a second architecture, called CAROBS, that exploits traffic grooming in the optical domain. This framework is fully dynamic and can be used jointly with our translucent architecture that performs re-aggregation. As the (de)grooming operations do not involve re-aggregation, the translucent module can be restricted to contention resolution. As a result, the volume of data submitted to re-aggregation is drastically reduced and loss-free transmission can be reached with the same reactivity, end-to-end delay and memory requirement as a native OBS networ

Software Defined Applications in Cellular and Optical Networks

abstract: Small wireless cells have the potential to overcome bottlenecks in wireless access through the sharing of spectrum resources. A novel access backhaul network architecture based on a Smart Gateway (Sm-GW) between the small cell base stations, e.g., LTE eNBs, and the conventional backhaul gateways, e.g., LTE Servicing/Packet Gateways (S/P-GWs) has been introduced to address the bottleneck. The Sm-GW flexibly schedules uplink transmissions for the eNBs. Based on software defined networking (SDN) a management mechanism that allows multiple operator to flexibly inter-operate via multiple Sm-GWs with a multitude of small cells has been proposed. This dissertation also comprehensively survey the studies that examine the SDN paradigm in optical networks. Along with the PHY functional split improvements, the performance of Distributed Converged Cable Access Platform (DCCAP) in the cable architectures especially for the Remote-PHY and Remote-MACPHY nodes has been evaluated. In the PHY functional split, in addition to the re-use of infrastructure with a common FFT module for multiple technologies, a novel cross functional split interaction to cache the repetitive QAM symbols across time at the remote node to reduce the transmission rate requirement of the fronthaul link has been proposed.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 201