Some comments on preference order dynamic programming models

AbstractA simple deterministic dynamic programming model is used as a general framework for the analysis of stochastic versions of three classical optimization problems: knapsack, traveling salesperson, and assembly line balancing problems. It is shown that this model can provide an alternative to the preference order models proposed for these problems. Counterexample to the optimality of the preference order models are presented

Waiting times for target detection models

One of the major developments in the theory of visual search is the establishment of a performance model based on fitting the search time distribution. Such a distribution is examined, based on a paper by Morawski et al;A modification of the traditional traveling salesman problem is made to relate specifically to the development of optimal search strategies. The modification involves inserting capture probabilities at the cities to be visited, and adapts the traditional dynamic programming algorithms to this added stochastic feature. A countably infinite version of this stochastic modification is formulated. For this formulation, typical ingredients of infinite dynamic programs are explored; these include: the convergence of the optimal value function, Bellman\u27s functional equation, and the construction of optimal (in this case only conditionally optimal) strategies;Visual search is a process involving certain deterministic, as well as random, components. This idea is incorporated into a second search model for which the expected value, variance and distribution of search time are computed, and also approximated numerically. A certain accelerated Monte Carlo method is discussed in connection with the numerical approximation of the distribution of search time

The stochastic multi-path traveling salesman problem with dependent random travel costs.

The objective of the stochastic multi-path Traveling Salesman Problem is to determine the expected minimum-cost Hamiltonian tour in a network characterized by the presence of different paths between each pair of nodes, given that a random travel cost with an unknown probability distribution is associated with each of these paths. Previous works have proved that this problem can be deterministically approximated when the path travel costs are independent and identically distributed. Such an approximation has been demonstrated to be of acceptable quality in terms of the estimation of an optimal solution compared to consolidated approaches such as stochastic programming with recourse, completely overcoming the computational burden of solving enormous programs exacerbated by the number of scenarios considered. Nevertheless, the hypothesis regarding the independence among the path travel costs does not hold when considering real settings. It is well known, in fact, that traffic congestion influences travel costs and creates dependence among them. In this paper, we demonstrate that the independence assumption can be relaxed and a deterministic approximation of the stochastic multi-path Traveling Salesman Problem can be derived by assuming just asymptotically independent travel costs. We also demonstrate that this deterministic approximation has strong operational implications because it allows the consideration of realistic traffic models. Computational tests on extensive sets of random and realistic instances indicate the excellent efficiency and accuracy of the deterministic approximation

The Traveling Salesman Problem with Stochastic and Correlated Customers

It is well-known that the cost of parcel delivery can be reduced by designingroutes that take into account the uncertainty surrounding customers’ presences. Thus far, routing problems with stochastic customer presences have relied on the assumption that all customer presences are independent from each other. However, the notion that demographic factors retain predictive power for parcel-delivery efficiency suggests that shared characteristics can be exploited to map dependencies between customer presences. This paper introduces the correlated probabilistic traveling salesman problem (CPTSP). The CPTSP generalizes the traveling salesman problem with stochastic customer presences, also known as the probabilistic traveling salesman problem (PTSP), to account for potentialcorrelations between customer presences. I propose a generic and flexible model formulation for the CPTSP using copulas that maintains computational and mathematical tractability in high-dimensional settings. I also present several adaptations of existing exact and heuristic frameworks to solve the CPTSP effectively. Computational experiments on real-world parcel-delivery data reveal that correlations between stochastic customer presences do not always affect route decisions, but could have a considerable impact on route costestimates

Routing and delivery planning: algorithms and system implementation.

Wong Chi Fat.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-115).Abstracts in English and Chinese.List of Tables --- p.ixList of Figures --- p.xChapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.3Chapter 1.2.1 --- Shortest Path Problem --- p.4Chapter 1.2.2 --- Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows --- p.6Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Outline --- p.9Chapter 2. --- Time-varying Shortest Path with Constraints in a 2-level Network --- p.11Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.11Chapter 2.2 --- Problem Formulation of TCSP --- p.12Chapter 2.3 --- Arbitrary Waiting Time --- p.13Chapter 2.4 --- TCSP in a 2-level Network --- p.15Chapter 2.4.1 --- Problem Formulation of TCSP in a 2-level Network --- p.17Chapter 2.5 --- Algorithms Solving TCSP in a 2-level Network --- p.20Chapter 2.5.1 --- Exact Algorithm --- p.21Chapter 2.5.2 --- Heuristic Algorithm --- p.23Chapter 2.6 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.30Chapter 3. --- Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Stochastic Travel Times --- p.32Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.32Chapter 3.2 --- Problem Formulation --- p.34Chapter 3.3 --- General Branch-and-cut Algorithm --- p.42Chapter 3.4 --- Modified Branch-and-cut Algorithm --- p.44Chapter 3.4.1 --- Prefixing --- p.45Chapter 3.4.2 --- Directed Partial Path Inequalities --- p.47Chapter 3.4.3 --- Exponential Smoothing --- p.50Chapter 3.4.4 --- Fast Fathoming --- p.54Chapter 3.4.5 --- Modified Branch-and-cut algorithm --- p.56Chapter 3.5 --- Computational Analysis --- p.57Chapter 3.5.1 --- "Performance of Prefixing, Direct Partial Path Inequalities and Exponential Smoothing" --- p.57Chapter 3.5.2 --- Performance of Fast Fathoming --- p.63Chapter 3.5.3 --- Summary of Computational Analysis --- p.67Chapter 3.6 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.67Chapter 4. --- System Features and Implementation --- p.69Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.59Chapter 4.2 --- System Features --- p.70Chapter 4.2.1 --- Map-based Interface and Network Model --- p.70Chapter 4.2.2 --- Database Management and Query --- p.73Chapter 4.3 --- Decision Support Tools --- p.75Chapter 4.3.1 --- Route Finding --- p.75Chapter 4.3.2 --- Delivery Planning --- p.77Chapter 4.4 --- System Implementation --- p.80Chapter 4.5 --- Further Development --- p.82Chapter 5. --- Vehicle Routing Software SurveyChapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.83Chapter 5.2 --- Essential Features in CVRS Nowadays --- p.84Chapter 5.2.1 --- Common Features --- p.34Chapter 5.2.2 --- Advanced Features --- p.90Chapter 5.3 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.94Chapter 6. --- Summary & Future Work --- p.97Appendix A --- p.101Appendix B --- p.104Bibliography --- p.10

Development of some local search methods for solving the vehicle routing problem

Master'sMASTER OF ENGINEERIN

Design and analysis of algorithms for solving some stochastic vehicle routing and scheduling problems

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Modeling and Solving Large-scale Stochastic Mixed-Integer Problems in Transportation and Power Systems

In this dissertation, various optimization problems from the area of transportation and power systems will be respectively investigated and the uncertainty will be considered in each problem. Specifically, a long-term problem of electricity infrastructure investment is studied to address the planning for capacity expansion in electrical power systems with the integration of short-term operations. The future investment costs and real-time customer demands cannot be perfectly forecasted and thus are considered to be random. Another maintenance scheduling problem is studied for power systems, particularly for natural gas fueled power plants, taking into account gas contracting and the opportunity of purchasing and selling gas in the spot market as well as the maintenance scheduling considering the uncertainty of electricity and gas prices in the spot market. In addition, different vehicle routing problems are researched seeking the route for each vehicle so that the total traveling cost is minimized subject to the constraints and uncertain parameters in corresponding transportation systems. The investigation of each problem in this dissertation mainly consists of two parts, i.e., the formulation of its mathematical model and the development of solution algorithm for solving the model. The stochastic programming is applied as the framework to model each problem and address the uncertainty, while the approach of dealing with the randomness varies in terms of the relationships between the uncertain elements and objective functions or constraints. All the problems will be modeled as stochastic mixed-integer programs, and the huge numbers of involved decision variables and constraints make each problem large-scale and very difficult to manage. In this dissertation, efficient algorithms are developed for these problems in the context of advanced methodologies of optimization and operations research, such as branch and cut, benders decomposition, column generation and Lagrangian method. Computational experiments are implemented for each problem and the results will be present and discussed. The research carried out in this dissertation would be beneficial to both researchers and practitioners seeking to model and solve similar optimization problems in transportation and power systems when uncertainty is involved

Decomposition-Based Integer Programming, Stochastic Programming, and Robust Optimization Methods for Healthcare Planning, Scheduling, and Routing Problems

RÉSUMÉ : Il existe de nombreuses applications de planification, d’ordonnancement et de confection de tournées dans les systèmes de santé. La résolution efficace de ces problèmes peut aider les responsables de la santé à fournir des services de meilleure qualité, en utilisant efficacement les ressources médicales disponibles. En raison de la nature combinatoire de ces problèmes, dans de nombreux cas, les algorithmes de programmation en nombres entiers standards dans les logiciels commerciaux de programmation mathématique tels que CPLEX et Gurobi ne peuvent pas résoudre efficacement les modèles correspondants. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions trois problèmes de planification, d’ordonnancement et de confection de tournées des soins de santé et proposons des approches à base de décomposition utilisant la programmation en nombres entiers, la programmation stochastique et une méthode d’optimisation robuste. Le premier article de cette thèse présente un problème intégré de planification et d’ordonnancement dans le cadre des salles d’opération. Cette situation implique d’optimiser l’ordonnancement et l’affectation des chirurgies aux différentes salles d’opération, sur un horizon de planification à court terme. Nous avons pris en compte les heures de travail quotidiennes maximales des chirurgiens, le temps de nettoyage obligatoire alloué lors du passage de cas infectieux à des cas non infectieux et le respect des dates limites des chirurgies. Nous avons aussi empêché le chevauchement des chirurgies effectuées par le même chirurgien. Nous avons formulé le problème en utilisant un modèle de programmation mathématique et développé un algorithme «branch-and-price-and-cut» basé sur un modèle de programmation par contraintes pour le sous-problème. Nous avons mis en place des règles de dominance et un algorithme de détection d’infaillibilité rapide. Cet algorithme, basé sur le problème du sac à dos multidimensionnel, nous permet d’améliorer l’efficacité du modèle de programmation de contraintes. Les résultats montrent que notre méthode présente un écart à l’optimum moyen de 2,81%, ce qui surpasse de manière significative la formulation mathématique compacte dans la littérature. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, pour la première fois, nous avons étudié l’optimisation des problèmes de tournées de véhicules avec visites synchronisées (VRPS) en tenant compte de stochasticité des temps de déplacement et de service. En plus d’envisager un problème d’ordonnancement des soins de santé à domicile, nous introduisons un problème d’ordonnancement des salles d’opération avec des durées stochastiques qui est une nouvelle application de VRPS. Nous avons modélisé les VRPS qui ont des durées stochastiques en programmation stochastique à deux niveaux avec des variables entières dans les deux niveaux. L’avantage du modèle proposé est que, contrairement aux modèles déterministes de la littérature VRPS, il n’a pas de contraintes «big-M». Cet avantage entraine en contrepartie la présence d’un grand nombre de variables entières dans le second niveau. Nous avons prouvé que les contraintes d’intégralité sur les variables du deuxième niveau sont triviales ce qui nous permet d’appliquer l’algorithme «L-shaped» et son implémentation branch-and-and-cut pour résoudre le problème. Nous avons amélioré le modèle en développant des inégalités valides et une fonction de bornes inférieures. Nous avons analysé les sous-problèmes de l’algorithme en L et nous avons proposé une méthode de résolution qui est beaucoup plus rapide que les algorithmes de programmation linéaire standards. En outre, nous avons étendu notre modèle pour modéliser les VRPS avec des temps de déplacement et de service dépendant du temps. Les résultats de l’optimisation montrent que, pour le problème stochastique de soins à domicile, l’algorithme «branch-and-cut» résout à l’optimalité les exemplaires avec 15 patients et 10% à 30% de visites synchronisées. Il trouve également des solutions avec un écart à l’optimum moyen de de 3,57% pour les cas avec 20 patients. De plus l’algorithme «branch-and-cut» résout à l’optimalité les problèmes d’ordonnancement stochastique des salles d’opération avec 20 chirurgies. Ceci est une amélioration considérable par rapport à la littérature qui fait état de cas avec 11 chirurgies. En outre, la modélisation proposée pour le problème dépendant du temps trouve des solutions optimales pour d’une grande portion des exemplaires d’ordonnancement de soins de santé à domicile avec 30 à 60 patients et différents taux de visites synchronisées. Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, nous avons étudié une catégorie de modèles d’optimisation robuste en deux étapes avec des variables entières du problème adversaire. Nous avons analysé l’importance de cette classe de problèmes lors de la modélisation à deux niveaux de problèmes de planification de ressources robuste en deux étapes où certaines tâches ont des temps d’arrivée et des durées incertains. Nous considérons un problème de répartition et d’affectation d’infirmières comme une application de cette classe de modèles robustes. Nous avons appliqué la décomposition de Dantzig-Wolfe pour exploiter la structure de ces modèles, ce qui nous a permis de montrer que le problème initial se réduit à un problème robuste à une seule étape. Nous avons proposé un algorithme Benders pour le problème reformulé. Étant donné que le problème principal et le sous-problème dans l’algorithme Benders sont des programmes à nombres entiers mixtes, il requiert une quantité de calcul importante à chaque itération de l’algorithme pour les résoudre de manière optimale. Par conséquent, nous avons développé de nouvelles conditions d’arrêt pour ces programmes à nombres entiers mixtes et fourni des preuves de convergence. Nous avons développé également un algorithme heuristique appelé «dual algorithm». Dans cette heuristique, nous dualisons la relaxation linéaire du problème adversaire dans le problème reformulé et générons des coupes itérativement pour façonner l’enveloppe convexe de l’ensemble d’incertitude. Nous avons combiné cette heuristique avec l’algorithme Benders pour créer un algorithme plus efficace appelé algorithme «Benders-dual algorithm». De nombreuses expériences de calcul sur le problème de répartition et d’affectation d’infirmières sont effectuées pour comparer ces algorithmes.----------ABSTRACT : There are many applications of planning, scheduling, and routing problems in healthcare systems. Efficiently solving these problems can help healthcare managers provide higher-quality services by making efficient use of available medical resources. Because of the combinatorial nature of these problems, in many cases, standard integer programming algorithms in commercial mathematical programming software such as CPLEX and Gurobi cannot solve the corresponding models effectively. In this dissertation, we study three healthcare planning, scheduling, and routing problems and propose decomposition-based integer programming, stochastic programming, and robust optimization methods for them. In the first essay of this dissertation, we study an integrated operating room planning and scheduling problem that combines the assignment of surgeries to operating rooms and scheduling over a short-term planning horizon. We take into account the maximum daily working hours of surgeons, prevent the overlapping of surgeries performed by the same surgeon, allow time for the obligatory cleaning when switching from infectious to noninfectious cases, and respect the surgery deadlines. We formulate the problem using a mathematical programming model and develop a branch-and-price-and-cut algorithm based on a constraint programming model for the subproblem. We also develop dominance rules and a fast infeasibility-detection algorithm based on a multidimensional knapsack problem to improve the efficiency of the constraint programming model. The computational results show that our method has an average optimality gap of 2.81% and significantly outperforms a compact mathematical formulation in the literature. As the second essay of this dissertation, for the first time, we study vehicle routing problems with synchronized visits (VRPS) and stochastic/time-dependent travel and service times. In addition to considering a home-health care scheduling problem, we introduce an operating room scheduling problem with stochastic durations as a novel application of VRPS. We formulate VRPS with stochastic times as a two-stage stochastic programming model with integer variables in both stages. An advantage of the proposed model is that, in contrast to the deterministic models in the VRPS literature, it does not have any big-M constraints. This advantage comes at the cost of a large number of second-stage integer variables. We prove that the integrality constraints on second-stage variables are trivial, and therefore we can apply the L-shaped algorithm and its branch-and-cut implementation to solve the problem. We enhance the model by developing valid inequalities and a lower bounding functional. We analyze the subproblems of the L-shaped algorithm and devise a solution method for them that is much faster than standard linear programming algorithms. Moreover, we extend our model to formulate VRPS with time-dependent travel and service times. Computational results show that, in the stochastic home-health care scheduling problem, the branch-and-cut algorithm optimally solves instances with 15 patients and 10% to 30% of synchronized visits. It also finds solutions with an average optimality gap of 3.57% for instances with 20 patients. Furthermore, the branch-and-cut algorithm ptimally solves stochastic operating room scheduling problems with 20 surgeries, a considerable improvement over the literature that reports on instances with 11 surgeries. In addition, the proposed formulation for the time-dependent problem solves a large portion of home-health care scheduling instances with 30 to 60 patients and different rates of synchronized visits to optimality. For the last essay of this dissertation, we also study a class of two-stage robust optimization models with integer adversarial variables. We discuss the importance of this class of problems in modeling two-stage robust resource planning problems where some tasks have uncertain arrival times and duration periods. We consider a two-stage nurse planning problem as an application of this class of robust models. We apply Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition to exploit the structure of these models and show that the original problem reduces to a singlestage robust problem. We propose a Benders algorithm for the reformulated single-stage problem. Since the master problem and subproblem in the Benders algorithm are mixed integer programs, it is computationally demanding to solve them optimally at each iteration of the algorithm. Therefore, we develop novel stopping conditions for these mixed integer programs and provide the relevant convergence proofs. We also develop a heuristic algorithm called dual algorithm. In this heuristic, we dualize the linear programming relaxation of the adversarial problem in the reformulated problem and iteratively generate cuts to shape the convex hull of the uncertainty set. We combine this heuristic with the Benders algorithm to create a more effective algorithm called Benders-dual algorithm. Extensive computational experiments on the nurse planning problem are performed to compare these algorithms