A Novel Compact Quadruple-Band Indoor Base Station Antenna for 2G/3G/4G/5G Systems

This paper presents a quadruple-band indoor base station antenna for 2G/3G/4G/5G mobile communications, which covers multiple frequency bands of 0.8 - 0.96 GHz, 1.7 - 2.7 GHz, 3.3 - 3.8 GHz and 4.8 - 5.8 GHz and has a compact size with its overall dimensions of 204 × 175 × 39 mm 3 . The lower frequency bands over 0.8 - 0.96 GHz and 1.7 - 2.7 GHz are achieved through the combination of an asymmetrical dipole antenna and parasitic patches. A stepped-impedance feeding structure is used to improve the impedance matching of the dipole antenna over these two frequency bands. Meanwhile, the feeding structure also introduces an extra resonant frequency band of 3.3 - 3.8 GHz. By adding an additional small T-shaped patch, the higher resonant frequency band at 5 GHz is obtained. The parallel surrogate model-assisted hybrid differential evolution for antenna optimization (PSADEA) is employed to optimize the overall quadruple-band performance. We have fabricated and tested the final optimized antenna whose average gain is about 5.4 dBi at 0.8 - 0.96 GHz, 8.1 dBi at 1.7 - 2.7 GHz, 8.5 dBi at 3.3 - 3.8 GHz and 8.1 dBi at 4.8 - 5.0 GHz respectively. The proposed antenna has high efficiency and is of low cost and low profile, which makes it an excellent candidate for 2G/3G/4G/5G base station antenna systems

Antena de cuatro puertos de banda ancha con bloque aislante para estaciones base 5G Sub-6 GHz

[ES] Este artículo propone una antena de cuatro puertos con respaldo de cavidad de banda ancha para aplicaciones de estaciones base interiores. La antena esta compuesta por una cavidad abierta de forma cuadrada con un bloque aislante en forma de X situado en el centro y 4 monopolos dispuestos de forma simétrica en la apertura de la cavidad. Para su diseño se ha utilizado una metodología basada en el análisis de modos característicos (CMA) para identificar los modos que contribuyen al acoplamiento y justificar el uso del bloque en forma de X para incrementar el aislamiento entre puertos. La antena dispone de cuatro diagramas de radiación unidireccionales y un ancho de banda (S11<-10 dB) que opera desde 1.55 hasta los 6 GHz (118 %), cubriendo la mayoría de las bandas 5G sub-6 GHz. El aislamiento entre puertos es de mínimo 16 dB y la eficiencia superior al 84 %. La antena es de fácil fabricación y presenta un tamaño compacto de 129.5×129.5×28.2 mm3 (0.68¿×0.68¿×0.15¿, a la frecuencia mínima f=fmin=1.55 GHz).Molins-Benlliure, J.; Antonino Daviu, E.; Cabedo Fabres, M.; Ferrando Bataller, M.; Jofre-Roca, L.; Juan-Llacer, L. (2021). Antena de cuatro puertos de banda ancha con bloque aislante para estaciones base 5G Sub-6 GHz. Íñigo Cuiñas Gómez. 1-4. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1910851

Antenna Designs for 5G/IoT and Space Applications

This book is intended to shed some light on recent advances in antenna design for these new emerging applications and identify further research areas in this exciting field of communications technologies. Considering the specificity of the operational environment, e.g., huge distance, moving support (satellite), huge temperature drift, small dimension with respect to the distance, etc, antennas, are the fundamental device allowing to maintain a constant interoperability between ground station and satellite, or different satellites. High gain, stable (in temperature, and time) performances, long lifecycle are some of the requirements that necessitates special attention with respect to standard designs. The chapters of this book discuss various aspects of the above-mentioned list presenting the view of the authors. Some of the contributors are working strictly in the field (space), so they have a very targeted view on the subjects, while others with a more academic background, proposes futuristic solutions. We hope that interested reader, will find a fertile source of information, that combined with their interest/background will allow efficiently exploiting the combination of these two perspectives

Dual-Polarized Highly Folded Bowtie Antenna with Slotted Self-Grounded Structure for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications

In this paper, a novel dual-polarized highly-folded self-grounded Bowtie antenna that is excited through I-shaped slots is proposed for applications in sub-6GHz 5G multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems. The antenna consists of two pairs of folded radiation petals whose base is embedded in a double layer of FR-4 substrate with a common ground-plane which is sandwiched between the two substrate layers. The ground-plane is defected with two I-shaped slots located under the radiation elements. Each pair of radiation elements are excited through a microstrip line on the top layer with RF signal that is 180° out of phase with respect to each other. The RF signal is coupled to the pair of feedlines on the top layer through the I-shaped slots from the two microstrip feedlines on the underside of the second substrate. The proposed feed mechanism gets rid of the otherwise bulky balun. The Bowtie antenna is a compact solution with dimensions of 32×32×33.8 mm3. Measured results have verified that the antenna operates over a frequency range of 3.1–5 GHz and exhibits an average gain and antenna efficiency in the vertical and horizontal polarizations of 7.5 dBi and 82.6%, respectively

Design and Optimization of a Slotted Monopole Antenna for Ultra-Wide Band Body Centric Imaging Applications

This paper presents a cost-efficient design, optimization and physical implementation of a compact slotted ultra-wideband (UWB) monopole antenna for body-centric imaging applications. The proposed antenna is initially modelled and designed with the aid of commercial software (CST-Microwave Studio). To ensure that the proposed design is meeting the required specifications with reduced design time, the parallel surrogate model-assisted hybrid differential evolution for antenna optimization (PSADEA) is proposed to optimize the design. Based on the best set of geometry parameters for the optimum antenna performance, the antenna prototype is realized on an FR-4 substrate and analyzed in terms of bandwidth, gain, efficiency, and radiation pattern with and without the tissue models. All measured results are found to be in good agreement with the simulated results. The antenna provides a good reflection coefficient (S1

Application of machine learning-assisted global optimization for improvement in design and performance of open resonant cavity antenna

Open resonant cavity antenna (ORCA) and its recent advances promise attractive features and possible applications, although the designs reported so far are solely based on the classical electromagnetic (EM) theory and general perception of EM circuits. This work explores machine learning (ML)-assisted antenna design techniques aiming to improve and optimize its major radiation parameters over the maximum achievable operating bandwidth. A state-of-the-art method e.g., parallel surrogate model-assisted hybrid differential evolution for antenna synthesis (PSADEA) has been exercised upon a reference ORCA geometry revealing a fascinating outcome. This modifies the shape of the cavity which was not predicted by EM-based analysis as well as promising significant improvement in its radiation properties. The PSADEA-generated design has been experimentally verified indicating 3dB-11dB improvement in sidelobe level along with high broadside gain maintained above 17 dBi over the 18.5% impedance bandwidth of the ORCA. The new design has been theoretically interpreted by the theory of geometrical optics (GO). This investigation demonstrates the potential and possibilities of employing artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques in antenna design where multiple parameters need to be adjusted simultaneously for the best possible performances

Terahertz Communications and Sensing for 6G and Beyond: A Comprehensive View

The next-generation wireless technologies, commonly referred to as the sixth generation (6G), are envisioned to support extreme communications capacity and in particular disruption in the network sensing capabilities. The terahertz (THz) band is one potential enabler for those due to the enormous unused frequency bands and the high spatial resolution enabled by both short wavelengths and bandwidths. Different from earlier surveys, this paper presents a comprehensive treatment and technology survey on THz communications and sensing in terms of the advantages, applications, propagation characterization, channel modeling, measurement campaigns, antennas, transceiver devices, beamforming, networking, the integration of communications and sensing, and experimental testbeds. Starting from the motivation and use cases, we survey the development and historical perspective of THz communications and sensing with the anticipated 6G requirements. We explore the radio propagation, channel modeling, and measurements for THz band. The transceiver requirements, architectures, technological challenges, and approaches together with means to compensate for the high propagation losses by appropriate antenna and beamforming solutions. We survey also several system technologies required by or beneficial for THz systems. The synergistic design of sensing and communications is explored with depth. Practical trials, demonstrations, and experiments are also summarized. The paper gives a holistic view of the current state of the art and highlights the issues and challenges that are open for further research towards 6G.Comment: 55 pages, 10 figures, 8 tables, submitted to IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorial

Localization and tracking of high-speed trains using compressed sensing based 5G localization algorithms

Dissertation (MSc(Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2022.Complex systems are in place for the localization and tracking of High Speed Trains. These methods tend to perform poorly under certain conditions. Localization using 5G infrastructure has been considered as an alternative solution for the positioning of trains in previous studies. However, these studies only consider localization using Time Difference of Arrival measurements or using Time of Arrival and Angle of Departure measurements. In this paper an alternate compressed sensing based 5G localization method is considered for this problem. The proposed algorithm, paired with an Extended Kalman Filter, is implemented and tested on a 3GPP specified high speed train scenario. The proposed algorithm is tested in two different scenarios. The first is a straight track scenario and the second is a part of a real-life track between Shanghai and Beijing using data from OpenStreetMaps with the map points joined using cubic Bezier curves. The algorithm achieves sub-meter accuracy on the straight track scenario using just one Remote-Radio-Head. For the map trajectory generated using cubic Bezier curves, an accuracy of 1.05~m is achieved with a 99\% availability using only one Remote-Radio-Head, and sub-meter accuracy is achieved when using two Remote-Radio-Heads. The performance requirements set out by 3GPP for the use case of machine control and intelligent transportation are met with just one Remote-Radio-Head.Electrical, Electronic and Computer EngineeringMsc(Electronic Engineering)Unrestricte