A novel Big Data analytics and intelligent technique to predict driver's intent

Modern age offers a great potential for automatically predicting the driver's intent through the increasing miniaturization of computing technologies, rapid advancements in communication technologies and continuous connectivity of heterogeneous smart objects. Inside the cabin and engine of modern cars, dedicated computer systems need to possess the ability to exploit the wealth of information generated by heterogeneous data sources with different contextual and conceptual representations. Processing and utilizing this diverse and voluminous data, involves many challenges concerning the design of the computational technique used to perform this task. In this paper, we investigate the various data sources available in the car and the surrounding environment, which can be utilized as inputs in order to predict driver's intent and behavior. As part of investigating these potential data sources, we conducted experiments on e-calendars for a large number of employees, and have reviewed a number of available geo referencing systems. Through the results of a statistical analysis and by computing location recognition accuracy results, we explored in detail the potential utilization of calendar location data to detect the driver's intentions. In order to exploit the numerous diverse data inputs available in modern vehicles, we investigate the suitability of different Computational Intelligence (CI) techniques, and propose a novel fuzzy computational modelling methodology. Finally, we outline the impact of applying advanced CI and Big Data analytics techniques in modern vehicles on the driver and society in general, and discuss ethical and legal issues arising from the deployment of intelligent self-learning cars

Project Awakesure: Intelligent Drowsiness Detection Using Eye Tracking

Being sleepy or drowsy is referred to as being drowsy. A person who is sleepy may feel exhausted or lethargic and struggle to stay awake. People who are sleepy tend to be less attentive and may even nod off, though they can still be awakened. An increasing number of vocations nowadays call for sustained focus. In order for drivers to respond quickly to unexpected incidents, they must maintain a watchful eye on the road. Many road incidents are directly caused by tired drivers. In order to drastically lower the frequency of fatigue-related auto accidents, it is crucial to develop technologies that can identify and alert a driver to a poor psychophysical state. However, there are many challenges in developing systems that can quickly and accurately recognize a driver's signs of fatigue. Using vision-based technology is one technological option for implementing driver fatigue monitoring systems. The available driver drowsiness detection systems are described in this article. Here, we are assessing the driver's level of sleepiness utilizing his visual system. The automated system for preventing accidents and monitoring sleepy drivers developed for this study is based on detecting variations in the length of eye blinks. Our recommended technique makes use of the eyes' postulated horizontal symmetry property to identify visual changes in eye positions. Our novel approach precisely positions a standard webcam in front of the driver's seat to identify eye blinks. It will identify the eyeballs based on a specific EAR (Eye Aspect Ratio)

'탑승자'의 관점의 시간, 위치 기반 차량 클러스터 UI 디자인 프레임 제안 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :미술대학 디자인학부 디자인전공,2019. 8. 정의철.One important design issue is the examination of how the user interface (UI) supports the new user role in future mobility. However, there are few design studies on the passengers cognitive needs and behavior in Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) based on empirical data. There is no doubt that autonomous mobility technologies are growing. The technology is already aiding the driving experience, and it will change the mobility culture and the transition of driver into passenger. This study is based on the premise that future AV is capable of performing all driving tasks. It proposes a set of passenger-centered automotive cluster UI designs for future mobility employing two factors: time and path. A set of empirical data is provided to understand the passengers perspective. In this study, a solid set of empirical data on the cognitive needs of passengers is collected. Human cognitive characteristics and driving tasks are investigated from various viewpoints to understand the passengers iii perspective. The cognitive relationship in the driving environment is analyzed through a literature review on situation awareness (SA) and structuring of the data flow framework. The framework is further explored by connecting the technological role transformation to the passenger. To construct the empirical database on the passenger, three sets of user tests and in-depth interviews were undertaken. The user tests were designed employing the Wizard of Oz method, and the results were summarized using descriptive and exploratory analysis. Based on these insights, a set of UI designs from the perspective of the passenger was proposed, and usability tests were conducted to verify its effectiveness and usability. The results of the tests demonstrate that a major percentage of the information request was related to time (current time and duration) and path (vehicle location and surroundings). Based on the data, a UI framework was built. Two usage scenarios were designed, time-full and time-less, for better in-situation comprehension. Time- and path-based UI were proposed to flow with the scenarios. A usability test was conducted, and a passengers cognitive framework was defined. There are two aspects to this study: the data flow frameworks of the driver/passenger, and the UI design proposal. Situational precision from the perspective of the driver was analyzed to understand the relationship between the user, the vehicle and the road conditions. Further, the cognitive framework of the passenger was proposed based on the data. This study provides a solid understanding of drivers emerging needs when they are relieved of the cognitive burden of driving tasks. The UI features for AV are introduced based on the empirical data and research related to the provision of better situation awareness, focusing on time and location. This study contributes to the extant literature by observing the iv perspective of passengers in Autonomous vehicles based on a qualitative study. The proposed UI design will be further explored as a communication method between the system and the passive user in future mobility.사용자 인터페이스가 (UI) 미래 이동성에서 새로운 사용자 역할을 지지하는 디자인 도출은 미래 이동성 분야에서 중요한 디자인 이슈이다. 그러나 사용자 실험에 근거하여 자율주행차량 (AV) 의 탑승자인지 욕구와 행동에 대한 디자인 연구는 미미하다. 자율주행이 기술의 발전과 그 영역은 점차 넓어지고 있다. 해당 기술은 이미 운전 환경에 적용되고 있으며, 이로 인해 미래 이동문화에서 사용자의 역할은 '운전자'에서 '탑승자'로 변화한다. 본 연구는 미래 자율주행차량이 모든 운전 상황에 대처할 수 있다는 것을 전제로 한다. 사용자 실험을 통해 탑승자의 관점에 대한 분석을 진행하였고, 이를 기반으로 미래 모빌리티 환경에 적용될 사용자 인터페이스를 제안한다. 제안된 디자인은 운전자 중심의 상황인지에서 벗어나 탑승자 중심 인지 정보 요소를 분석하였고, 시간과 경로 두 가지 요소를 강조한 UI 를 제안한다. 본 연구에서 탑승자의 인지 정보 요구에 대한 실험적 데이터를 수집하였다. 탑승자의 관점을 이해하기 위해 다양한 관점에서 인간의 인지적 특성 및 운전 태스크를 관찰하였고, 상황인지 (SA) 에 관한 문헌 연구와 데이터 프레임워크 구조화를 통해 운전 환경에서 발생하는 인지적 요소 관계를 분석하였다. 제안된 프레임워크는 기술 변화에 따라 운전자가 탑승자로 변화되었을 때 운전 환경에서의 데이터 관계 변화를 시각적으로 구조화하여 심층적으로 탐구되었다. 탑승자의 인지 니즈 대한 실험적 데이터베이스를 수집하기 위해 총 3 세트의 유저 테스트와 심층 인터뷰가 수반되었다. 유저 테스트는 Wizard of Oz 방법을 사용하여 설계되었으며 실험 결과는 질적 연구방법론의 분석 방법을 통해 분석되었다. 실험을 통해 얻은 인사이트를 바탕으로 탑승자 관점에서 UI 디자인을 제안하고 사용성 테스트를 통해 효율성과 유용성을 5 점 리 커트 스케일로써 검증하였다. 실험 결과에 따르면 탑승자가 요청한 인지 정보는 시간 (현재 시각 및 기간)과 경로 (차량 위치 및 주변 환경)에 집중된 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 데이터를 기반으로 UI 프레임워크를 구성하였다. 상황 속의 사용례를 제시하기 위하여도 가지 time-full 과 time-less 의 사용 시나리오를 구축하고, 제안된 시나리오에 따라 시간과 위치에 기반한 UI 를 제안하였다. 제안된 UI 에 대한 사용성 테스트를 진행하였고, 탑승자 관점에서의 운전상황 인지 워크 프레임을 완성하였다. 본 연구의 가치는 두 가지로 정리될 수 있다. 하나는 운전자 / 탑승자의 데이터 플로우 프레임워크를 제안하였다는 것과 두 번째는 탑승자의 관점을 지지하는 UI 디자인 제안에 있다. 운전자의 관점에서의 운전 상황을 분석하여 사용자, 차량, 그리고 도로 상태 간의 관계를 시각화하였고, 이는 탑승자인지 플로우 프레임워크를 제안하는데 기조적인 틀로써 사용되었다. 본 연구는 운전 태스크를 수행하는 데에 필요했던 인지 부담에서 벗어났을 때의 운전자가 필요로 하는 복합적인 니즈에 대해 관찰하고 미래 모빌리티 환경에 적합한 UI 의 디자인 요소에 대한 연구논문이다. 미래 자율주행차량 안의 사용자 인터페이스가 갖추어야 하는 요소를 실험적 데이터에 근거하여 제시하며, 시간과 루트를 강조하여 향상된 상황 인지를 제공하는 방법에 대한 심도있는 관찰을 기록한다. 본 연구는 질적 연구에 기초한 자율 차량의 탑승자 관점을 관찰함으로써 기존 자율주행이 디자인 연구에 기여할 것이다. 제안된 UI 디자인 미래 이동 성안에서 시스템과 탑승자 간의 커뮤니케이션 방법에 대한 연구로써 그 의의가 있다.ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... II CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... １ 1.1. BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................................１ 1.2. PURPOSE .....................................................................................................................７ 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTION.....................................................................................................８ CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................１１ 2.1. SITATION AWARENESS (SA) ........................................................................................１１ 2.2. HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL..................................................................１５ 2.3. DRIVING SITUATION AWARENESS AND PERSPECTIVE.........................................................２０ 2.4. DRIVING TASK AND SENSORY INTERACTION ....................................................................２２ CHAPTER 3. COGNITIVE NEEDS IN AUTONOMOUS.....................................................２７ 3.1. DRIVING BEHAVIOR TRANSFORMATION AND CLUSTER UI..................................................２７ 3.2. COGNITIVE FRAMEWORK TRANSFORMATION ..................................................................３３ CHAPTER 4. USER TESTS ............................................................................................３６ 4.1. WIZARD OF OZ PROTOTYPING .....................................................................................３８ 4.2. PILOT TEST 1............................................................................................................４０ 4.2.1. Experiment Design & Laboratory Setting.................................................４０ 4.2.2. Persona Scenario & Task Design ..............................................................４２ 4.2.3. Preparation of Driving situation...............................................................４５ 4.2.4. Procedure.................................................................................................４７ 4.2.5. Data Analysis & Insight............................................................................４８ 4.3. PILOT TEST 2............................................................................................................５１ 4.3.1. Amendment: Experiment Design & Laboratory Setting ...........................５２ 4.3.2. Amendment: Task Scenario & Command Cue..........................................５４ 4.3.3. Amendment: Perform Role and preparation of driving situation ............５７ 4.3.4. Amendment: Procedure ...........................................................................５９ 4.3.5. Data Analysis & Insight............................................................................６２ 4.4. MAIN TEST ..............................................................................................................６５ 4.4.1. Experiment Design & Laboratory setting .................................................６６ 4.4.2. Task Design ..............................................................................................６９ 4.4.3. Procedure.................................................................................................７１ 4.4.4. Result Analysis & Insight..........................................................................７４ CHAPTER 5. UI CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT...................................................................８１ 5.1. UI DESIGN METHOD..................................................................................................８１ 5.2. DESIGN PROPOSAL ....................................................................................................８４ 5.3. USER SCENARIOS ......................................................................................................８６ 5.3.1 Scenario 1. Time-less: Late for a morning meeting..................................８６ 5.3.2 Scenario 2.Time-full: Leisure driving on weekends ..................................９３ CHAPTER 6. USABILITY TEST ......................................................................................９８ 6.1. USABILITY TEST GUIDE ...............................................................................................９８ 6.2. ASSESSMENT USABILITY TEST ..................................................................................１００ 6.2.1 Test planning........................................................................................１００ 6.2.2 Laboratory setting................................................................................１０２ 6.2.3 Test conduct and debriefing.................................................................１０６ 6.3. RESULT ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................１０６ CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION......................................................................................１０７ APPENDIX 1...........................................................................................................１１０ APPENDIX 2...........................................................................................................１１１ APPENDIX 3...........................................................................................................１１３ APPENDIX 4...........................................................................................................１２１ APPENDIX 5...........................................................................................................１２４ APPENDIX 6...........................................................................................................１２８ APPENDIX 7...........................................................................................................１３３ BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................１３６ 국문 초록 ............................................................................................................１４３Maste

The Problematics of Turning on The Main Light Lettings For Two-Wheeled Motor Vehicle Under The Laws Number 22 Year 2009 on Traffic And Road Transport

For two-wheeled vehicles, it is expressly required by Law Number 22 of 2009 Concerning Road Traffic and Transportation to switch on the primary lights during the day. A requirement for vehicle eligibility on the road is the regulation of this obligation. The provisions in the UULLAJ do not yet control the ATPM's accountability for vehicle requirements that ensure the headlights stay on and the availability of an automatic device as a warning when the headlights are damaged. This has ramifications for traffic-related duties performed by the National Police in the area of law enforcement. Only drivers who fail to fulfil their requirements to ensure the specifications of their primary lights throughout the day without touching the ATPM are the targets of law enforcement. Because there was no legal framework for the Police to take action against the ATPM, this law enforcement was not carried out. In reality, considerations of legal certainty, justice, and advantages must be given while establishing a legal norm. Data were collected using interviews as main sources and library research as secondary sources. This study employs a qualitative research methodology and is a descriptive analysis

The Evaluation of Route Guidance Systems

BACKGROUND We were commissioned by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory to: "collaborate with the German government and their representatives who are responsible for conducting the LISB trial in Berlin in order to produce an agreed methodology, which is acceptable in both Germany and the UK, for assessing the automatic route guidance systems which will be provided in Berlin and London." The brief suggested a number of aspects to be included, and required detailed proposals, timescales and costs for implementation in London. 1.1.2 The background to the brief lies in decisions to introduce pilot automatic route guidance systems in the two cities. The principles of the systems are similar, and have been described in detail elsewhere (Jeffery, 1987). In brief, they involve : (i) a central computer which retains information on a specified road network, which is updated using real time information from the equipment users; (ii) infra red beacons at selected junctions which transmit information to equipped vehicles and receive information from those vehicles; (iii) in-vehicle equipment which includes a dead-reckoning system for position finding, a device for requesting guidance and specifying the destination, a micro-computer which selects the optimal route, and a display which indicates when a turn is required on the main network, and the compass direction and distance to the final destination; iv) transmission from the equipped vehicles of origin, requested destination, links used since passing the last beacon and, for each link, the time of entry and departure and time spent delayed. It is this travel time information which is used to update the central computer's knowledge of the best routes. (Continues..

An ergonomics design knowledge based expert system

The research scope and objectives are to investigate the use of 'geometric reasoning' using the knowledge based techniques established for expert systems. An Expert System is integrated within the SAMMIE (System for Aiding Man-Machine Interaction Evaluation) computer man modelling system and used for vehicle interior design. Vehicle design objectives are related to a rule base determined from national and international standards and legislation. Malaysia is now progressing towards becoming an Industrialised Country by the year 2020. In mid 1985 the Malaysian Motor Industry produced the Proton Saga which has since been exported to other countries. Although the Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) is playing an important role in design activities and provision of standardisation information, some standards and legislation for vehicle interior design are not easily available. There is an important and urgent need for standards and legislation to facilitate vehicle design within Malaysia and Internationally. A literature survey on the relevance of ergonomics design to standards and legislation for vehicle interior design is presented. Knowledge and expertise required for the knowledge base were elicited from various resources; extracted from journals, research publications and standards reports from various international organisations. The SAMMIE system was used to develop a prototype design model for the vehicle interior and the KES expert systems hell was selected to develop the Ergonomics Design Knowledge Based Expert System (EDKBES). EDKBES has a modular structure for ease of software readability, editing and testing, and to readily facilitate further development. The knowledge base is divided into several sections related to the hierarchical structure of vehicle interior design