Composition for cardinal directions by decomposing horizontal and vertical constraints

In this paper, we demonstrate how to group the nine cardinal directions into sets and use them to compute a composition table. Firstly, we define each cardinal direction in terms of a certain set of constraints. This is followed by decomposing the cardinal directions into sets corresponding to the horizontal and vertical constraints. We apply two different techniques to compute the composition of these sets. The first technique is an algebraic computation while the second is the typical technique of reasoning with diagrams. The rationale of applying the latter is for confirmation purposes. The use of typical composition tables for existential inference is rarely demonstrated. Here, we shall demonstrate how to use the composition table to answer queries requiring the common forward reasoning as well as existential inference. Also, we combine mereological and cardinal direction relations to create a hybrid model which is more expressive

The utilization of municipal solid waste combustion bottom ash as a paving material

A research project was conducted to investigate the potentials of using municipal solid waste combustion bottom ash as a paving material. The effort focused on (i) characterization of the time-dependent properties of the bottom ash, (ii) bottom ash utilization as an unbound material in road subbase and base application, and (iii) bottom ash utilization as an aggregate substitution in hot mixture asphalt. A series of standard or non-standard procedures were employed to evaluate bottom ash behavior. Results indicate that variability of the physical properties of the bottom ash produced during the two years study period is relatively small in view of the fact that the bottom ash is a uncontrolled waste material. In comparison to conventional aggregates bottom ash shows more variation. The bottom ash is a heterogeneous, well graded, highly absorptive, porous and lightweight aggregate material. The abrasion resistance and durability of the bottom ash as measured by the Los Angeles abrasion and sodium sulfate soundness tests pass ASTM requirements. The California Bearing Ratio tests show that the bottom ash has an excellent bearing capacity and would make an excellent subbase and base material in road application. Gyratory Testing Machine (GTM) and Marshall mix design methods were employed to study the properties of hot mix asphalt. Results show that the bottom ash can be used as an aggregate substitute in hot mix asphalt. Results also indicate that GTM and Marshall methods do not make much difference in developing the optimum mix design for the conventional aggregate mix. However, they make a significant difference for the bottom ash mix. The GTM method results in much lower optimum asphalt content than the Marshall method for the bottom ash mix. GTM, unlike Marshall, is a unique tool in predicting the mix performance. It is anticipated that the bottom ash mix developed with the GTM method will perform much better than a mix developed with the Marshall method. A bottom ash test road at 50% substitution designed with the GTM method was successfully installed in Laconia, NH in May of 1993. The long term performance of the test road is being evaluated with various destructive and nondestructive testing techniques

Casco Bay Weekly : 5 March 1998

https://digitalcommons.portlandlibrary.com/cbw_1998/1011/thumbnail.jp

Sandhill crane population monitoring, modeling, and harvest decision making

Includes bibliographical references.2015 Fall.To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document