Emerging privacy challenges and approaches in CAV systems

The growth of Internet-connected devices, Internet-enabled services and Internet of Things systems continues at a rapid pace, and their application to transport systems is heralded as game-changing. Numerous developing CAV (Connected and Autonomous Vehicle) functions, such as traffic planning, optimisation, management, safety-critical and cooperative autonomous driving applications, rely on data from various sources. The efficacy of these functions is highly dependent on the dimensionality, amount and accuracy of the data being shared. It holds, in general, that the greater the amount of data available, the greater the efficacy of the function. However, much of this data is privacy-sensitive, including personal, commercial and research data. Location data and its correlation with identity and temporal data can help infer other personal information, such as home/work locations, age, job, behavioural features, habits, social relationships. This work categorises the emerging privacy challenges and solutions for CAV systems and identifies the knowledge gap for future research, which will minimise and mitigate privacy concerns without hampering the efficacy of the functions

Dynamic multiagent method to avoid duplicated information at intersections in VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to contact one another to provide safety and comfort applications. However, mobility is a great challenge in VANETs. High vehicle speed causes topological changes that result in unstable networks. Therefore, most previous studies focused on using clustering techniques in roads to reduce the effect of vehicle mobility and enhance network stability. Vehicles stop moving at intersections, and their mobility does not impact clustering. However, none of previous studies discussed the impact of vehicle stopping at intersections on base stations (BSs). Vehicles that have stopped moving at intersections continue to send the same information to BSs, which causes duplicated information. Hence, this study proposes a new method named dynamic multiagent (DMA) to filter cluster information and prevent duplicated information from being sent to BSs at intersections. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through simulations during the use of DMA and without-DMA (W-DMA) methods based on real data collected from 10 intersections in Batu Pahat City, Johor, Malaysia. Overall, the proposed DMA method results in a considerable reduction in duplicated information at intersections, with an average percentage of 81% from the W-DMA method

DSRC-based rear-end collision warning system – An error-component safety distance model and field test

Dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) technology can provide drivers with information about other vehicles that are beyond the normal range of vision and enables the development of driving support systems such as the rear-end collision warning system (ReCWS). However, technology constraints such as communication delays and GPS error affect the accuracy of a DSRC-based ReCWS. This paper proposes a ReCWS design that explicitly represents functional specifications of DSRC technology, including transmission delay specifications that describe the information transmission process and an error-component safety distance specification used to represent the effect of GPS error and the information propagation delay. We propose three collision warning strategies each with different deceleration requirements. The system is assembled with off-the-shelf DSRC and mobile technology that can be readily installed into test vehicles. To test the effectiveness of the proposed ReCWS, we ran a variety of controlled scenarios on a test track. The results show a high degree of warning accuracy. These field test results also provide calibrated system parameter values for future studies and designs of DSRC-based ReCWSs

A survey on vehicular communication for cooperative truck platooning application

Platooning is an application where a group of vehicles move one after each other in close proximity, acting jointly as a single physical system. The scope of platooning is to improve safety, reduce fuel consumption, and increase road use efficiency. Even if conceived several decades ago as a concept, based on the new progress in automation and vehicular networking platooning has attracted particular attention in the latest years and is expected to become of common implementation in the next future, at least for trucks.The platoon system is the result of a combination of multiple disciplines, from transportation, to automation, to electronics, to telecommunications. In this survey, we consider the platooning, and more specifically the platooning of trucks, from the point of view of wireless communications. Wireless communications are indeed a key element, since they allow the information to propagate within the convoy with an almost negligible delay and really making all vehicles acting as one. Scope of this paper is to present a comprehensive survey on connected vehicles for the platooning application, starting with an overview of the projects that are driving the development of this technology, followed by a brief overview of the current and upcoming vehicular networking architecture and standards, by a review of the main open issues related to wireless communications applied to platooning, and a discussion of security threats and privacy concerns. The survey will conclude with a discussion of the main areas that we consider still open and that can drive future research directions.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Radio resource management for V2V multihop communication considering adjacent channel interference

This paper investigates schemes for multihop scheduling and power control for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) multicast communication, taking into account the effects of both co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference, such that requirements on latency or age of information (AoI) are satisfied. Optimal performance can be achieved by formulating and solving mixed Boolean linear programming (MBLP) optimization problems for various performance metrics, including network throughput and connectivity. Fairness among network nodes (vehicles) is addressed by considering formulations that maximizes the worst-case network node performance. Solving the optimization problem comes at the cost of significant computational complexity for large networks and requires that (slow) channel state information is gathered at a central point. To address these issues, a clustering method is proposed to partition the optimization problem into a set of smaller problems, which reduces the overall computational complexity, and a decentralized algorithm that does not need channel state information is provided

A traffic-aware electric vehicle charging management system for smart cities

© . This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/The expected increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) in the coming years will contribute to reducing CO2 pollution in our cities. Currently, EVs' users may suffer from distress due to long charging service times and overloaded charging stations (CSs). Critical traffic conditions (e.g., traffic jams) affect EVs' trip time (TT) towards CSs and thus influence the total trip duration. With this concern, Intelligent transport systems (ITS) and more specifically connected vehicle technologies, can leverage an efficient real-time EV charging service by jointly considering CSs status and traffic conditions in the city. In this work, we propose a scheme to manage EVs' charging planning, focusing on the selection of a CS for the energy-requiring EV. The proposed scheme considers anticipated charging slots reservations performed through a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), which has been regarded as a cost-efficient communication framework. In specific, we consider two aspects: 1) the EV's total trip time towards its destination considering an intermediate charging at each candidate CS, and 2) the communication delay of the VANET routing protocol. First, in order to estimate the EV's total trip time, our CS selection scheme takes into account the average road speed, traffic lights, and route distance, along the path of the EV. The optimal CS that produces the minimum total charging service time (including the TT) is suggested to that energy-requiring EV. Then, we introduce two communication modes based on geographical routing protocols for VANETs to attain an anticipated charging slot reservation. Simulation results show that with our charging scheme EVs' charging service time is reduced and more EVs are successfully charged.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Avaliação de desempenho de funcionalidades Viv (Vehicle-Infrastructure-Vehicle) nas comunicações entre um automóvel e um servidor

O objetivo principal da dissertação consiste em implementar a comunicação VIV (Vehicle-Infrastructure-Vehicle), para avaliação do desempenho nas comunicações entre um servidor e um automóvel. Para isso é necessário a implementação e configuração de sensores, como por exemplo o GPS e o LiDAR e a implementação da comunicação entre o automóvel e um servidor remoto. O módulo GSM ficará encarregue da comunicação. O objetivo será enviar informações relativas à localização do automóvel e à distância entre veículos. Foi também necessário modelar uma caixa para albergar todos os equipamentos necessários. Esta caixa deverá ter a capacidade de ser fixa à parte frontal do automóvel. O centro de processamento utilizado foi o Arduino Mega. Para servidor foi utilizado a aplicação MAMP que para além de um servidor Apache vem com um servidor MySQL. Depois do código para o servidor e para o centro de processamento Arduino estarem escritos, foram feitos alguns testes com o automóvel em movimento na zona de S. João da Madeira e de Aveiro. O objetivo seria ter um tempo de comunicação abaixo de um segundo. No entanto apenas foi possível ter um tempo de comunicação de sensivelmente cinco segundos. Apesar dos vários desafios encontrados o caminho está traçado para se puder melhorar e modernizar este projeto.The main objective of the dissertation is to implement VIV (Vehicle Infrastructure-Vehicle) communication, to evaluate the performance in communications between a server and an automobile. For this, it is necessary to implement and configure sensors, such as GPS and LiDAR, and to implement communication between the car and a remote server. The GSM module will be in charge of the communication. The goal will be to send information regarding the car's location and the distance between vehicles. It was also necessary to model a box to house all the necessary equipment. This box should be able to be fixed to the front of the car. The processing center used was the Arduino Mega. For the server, the MAMP application was used, which in addition to an Apache server comes with a MySQL server. After the code for the server and the Arduino processing center were written, some tests were made with the car moving in the S zone. João da Madeira and Aveiro. The goal would be to have a communication time below one second. However, it was only possible to have a communication time of approximately five seconds. Despite the various challenges encountered, the path is set to improve and modernize this project.Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânic

Investigation of Autonomous/Connected Vehicles in Work Zones TPF-5(295)

It is anticipated that autonomous truck platooning could lead to many benefits, such as maximizing existing road capacity, decreasing fuel consumption through drafting, and reducing emissions. Despite the voluminous research on truck platooning, very little has been relevant to provide guidance to departments of transportation for operation in work zones. This study is the first research project that examined truck platooning in work zones. A networked or federated simulator was used in which a vehicle driven by a human subject encountered a truck platoon with the lead truck driven by a human driver. The experiment involved 10 scenarios composed of differences in education, truck signage, and number of trucks in the platoon. The results point to the importance of education as the post-education vehicle speeds increased between 8.6% and 12.9% across scenarios, and the distance headways decreased between 28.8% and 30%. The vehicles increased in efficiency while still staying under the work zone speed limit. On the other hand, the use of truck signage changed driver behavior in an arguably undesirable way by increasing the percentage of platoon bypasses. As the post-simulator survey revealed, 94% of the subjects believed it was safer not to bypass the truck platoon and yet about 34% chose to do so. This initial investigation into truck platooning near work zones is a beginning upon which further investigations on education, signage, and platoon size policies can continue