The Outbursts and Orbit of the Accreting Pulsar GS 1843-02 = 2S 1845-024

We present observations of a series of 10 outbursts of pulsed hard X-ray flux from the transient 10.6 mHz accreting pulsar GS 1843-02, using the Burst and Transient Source Experiment on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. These outbursts occurred regularly every 242 days, coincident with the ephemeris of the periodic transient GRO J1849-03 (Zhang et al. 1996), which has recently been identified with the SAS 3 source 2S 1845-024 (Soffitta et al. 1998). Our pulsed detection provides the first clear identification of GS 1843-02 with 2S 1845-024. We present a pulse timing analysis which shows that the 2S 1845-024 outbursts occur near the periastron passage of the neutron star's highly eccentric (e = 0.88+-0.01) 242.18+-0.01 day period binary orbit about a high mass (M > 7 solar masses) companion. The orbit and transient outburst pattern strongly suggest the pulsar is in a binary system with a Be star. Our observations show a long-term spin-up trend, with most of the spin-up occurring during the outbursts. From the measured spin-up rates and inferred luminosities we conclude that an accretion disk is present during the outbursts.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journa

The Outbursts and Orbit of the Accreting Pulsar GS 1843-02=1845-024

We present observations of a series of 10 outbursts of pulsed hard X-ray flux from the transient 10.6 mHz accreting pulsar GS 1843-02, using the Burst and Transient Source Experiment on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. These outbursts occurred regularly every 242 days, coincident with the ephemeris of the periodic transient GRO J1849-03, which has recently been identified with the SAS 3 source 2S 1845-024. Our pulsed detection provides the first clear identification of GS 1843-02 with 2S 1845-024. We present a pulse timing analysis that shows that the 2S 1845-024 outbursts occur near the periastron passage of the neutron star's highly eccentric (e=0.88 ± 0.01) 242.18 ± 0.01 day period binary orbit about a high-mass (M_c>7 M_☉) companion. The orbit and transient outburst pattern strongly suggest that the pulsar is in a binary system with a Be star. Our observations show a long-term spin-up trend, with most of the spin-up occurring during the outbursts. From the measured spin-up rates and inferred luminosities we conclude that an accretion disk is present during the outbursts

Estado e sociedade civil no jovem Marx : 1843-1846

Este trabalho trata dos principais escritos do assim chamado jovem Karl Marx dos anos 1843-1846: a Crítica da filosofia do direito de Hegel (1843), Sobre a questão judaica (1844), a Crítica da filosofia do direito de Hegel – Introdução (1844), os Excertos do livro de James Mill “Éléments d’économie politique” (1844), os Manuscritos econômico-filosóficos (1844), as Glosas críticas ao artigo “‘O rei da Prússia e a reforma social’. De um prussiano” (1844), A sagrada família (1845) e A ideologia alemã (1845-1846). Seu objetivo é recuperar as indicações atinentes aos conceitos de Estado e de sociedade civil presentes em tais textos, vislumbrando continuidades e rupturas ao longo deste percurso. Trabalhou-se a partir de uma análise bibliográfica que os tomou como fontes primárias, e conclui-se que, a partir de A ideologia alemã (1845-1846), Marx rompe com a “problemática” (Althusser, 2015) – tributária do filósofo alemão Ludwig Feuerbach – desenvolvida durante os anos 1843-1844, lançando as bases para uma teoria materialista da história.This work deals with the main writings of the so-called young Karl Marx of the years 1843-1846: the Critique of Hegel’s philosophy of the State (1843), On the Jewish question (1844), the Critique of Hegel’s philosophy of the State – Introduction (1844), the Excerpts from James Mill’s book “Éléments d’économie politique” (1844), the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844), the Critical notes on “‘The King of Prussia and Social Reform’. By a Prussian” (1844), The Holy Family (1845) and The German ideology (1845-1846). Its objective is to recover the indications regarding the concepts of State and civil society present in such texts, glimpsing continuities and ruptures along this way. We worked through a bibliographical analysis that took them as primary sources, and concluded that, in The German ideology (1845-1846), Marx breaks with the “problematic” (Althusser, 2015) – tributary of the German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach – developed during the years 1843-1844, laying the foundations for a materialist theory of history

Industrial development under institutional frailty: the development of the Mexican textile industry in the nineteenth century

La Historia Económica en Latinoamérica. Edición a cargo de Pablo Martín Aceña, Adolfo Meisel, Carlos Newland.Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaLa industria textil moderna apareció en México tempranamente y creció de forma continua a lo largo del siglo XIX. Sin embargo, esto no se tradujo en un proceso de industrialización exitoso como resultado de altos costos de transporte y fragilidad institucional: concepto que incluye la incertidumbre, la debilidad y la fragmentación institucionales. La fragilidad institucional generó una política arancelaría capturada que otorgaba bajos niveles de protección efectiva a la industria, un mercado financiero atrasado que limitó los recursos disponibles al crecimiento industrial, y un crecimiento en los costos de transporte debido a las alcabalas. Los altos costos de transporte fragmentaron el mercado nacional y como resultado generaron una industria geográficamente dispersa.Modern texture manufacture appeared early in México and grew continuously through the 19th century. Yet, it did not transíate into a successful industrialization process as a result of naturally endowed high transportation costs and institutional frailty: a concept that encompasses institutional uncertainty, weakness and fragmentation. Institutional frailty generated a captured tariff policy that gave low effective protection to the industry, a backward financial market that limited resources available for industrial growth, and increased transportation costs through inter-state tariff barriers. High transportation costs fragmented the national market and as a result, the textile industry grew geographically dispersed.Publicad

Almeida Garrett: diálogos da ficção com o jornalismo

A proposta deste artigo é apresentar a recepção dos romances Viagens na minha terra e O arco de Sant'Ana na imprensa portuguesa da época. Os artigos que foram selecionados em jornais a respeito destas obras compreendem o período de 1843-1851. Estes anos foram de verdadeira instabilidade política e marcaram o início do constitucionalismo em Portugal (1834-1851). Neste período, Garrett publica Viagens na minha terra (1843 - 1845 - 1846) e O arco de Sant'Anna (1845-1851), obras em que suas idéias políticas serão discutidas com complexidade e os rumos do liberalismo serão postos sobre a mesa.

Military Aid to the Civil Authority in the mid-19th Century New Brunswick

During the mid–19th century, the role of the military in New Brunswick began to change. Although its primary function remained defence against invasion, the civil power called on it with increasing frequency; first the British regulars and later the militia assisted in capacities ranging from fighting fires to policing. Nevertheless, as New Brunswick changed from colony to province, the militia did not automatically replace the imperial garrison. Civil authorities were reluctant to call on it, and volunteers assumed this role only after the regulars departed in 1869. This article first examines the types of disorder that occurred between the 1830s and the 1870s. It next considers the 18 known instances during this period when the civil authorities called out British regulars and provincial (ie., county–based) militias to aid them. It finaly looks at factors that discouraged such use of the militia

‘The Greatest Bubble in History’: Stock Prices during the British Railway Mania

Although the British Railway Mania has been described as one of the greatest bubbles in history, it has been largely neglected by academics. This paper attempts to redress this neglect by creating a daily stock price index for the 1843-50 period and by assessing the contribution of the many newly-created railways to the bubble-like pattern in stock prices. The paper then examines whether this bubble-like pattern was due to an increase in the stochastic discount factor arising from an increase in the probability of large-scale adoption of railway technology. We find little evidence to support this hypothesis.bubbles, financial crises, Railway Mania

A Revised Historical Light Curve of Eta Carinae and the Timing of Close Periastron Encounters

The historical light curve of the 19th century "Great Eruption" of etaCar provides a striking record of violent instabilies encountered by the most massive stars. We report and analyze newly uncovered historical estimates of the visual brightness of etaCar during its eruption, and we correct some mistakes in the original record. The revised light curve looks substantially different from previous accounts: it shows two brief eruptions in 1838 and 1843 that resemble modern supernova impostors, while the final brightening in December 1844 marks the time when etaCar reached its peak brightness. We consider the timing of brightening events as they pertain to the putative binary system in etaCar: (1) The brief 1838 and 1843 events peaked within weeks of periastron if the pre-1845 orbital period is shorter than at present due to the mass loss of the eruption. Each event lasted only 100 days. (2) The main brightening at the end of 1844 has no conceivable association with periastron, beginning more than 1.5yr afterward. It lasted 10yr, with no obvious influence of periastron encounters during that time. (3) The 1890 eruption began to brighten at periastron, but took over 1yr to reach maximum and remained there for almost 10yr. A second periastron passage midway through the 1890 eruption had no effect. While evidence for a link between periastron encounters and the two brief precursor events is compelling, the differences between the three cases above make it difficult to explain all three phenomena with the same mechanism.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures. submitted to MNRAS on october 12. updated reference

MS-023: Papers of Samuel Simon Schmucker and the Schmucker Family

The Samuel Simon Schmucker collection is arranged into four series: I. Correspondence of Samuel Simon Schmucker (S.S.), II. Other Schmucker Correspondence, III. Publications and Papers, and IV. Sermons. Series I is primarily comprised of correspondence written by Schmucker. Series II is composed of correspondence written by other Schmucker family members. Series III includes diaries written by Schmucker, a Schmucker family genealogy, lecture notes by Schmucker, a certificate of reimbursement for damage to Gettysburg College during the Civil War, clippings, and an article about Schmucker. Series IV contains the original sermons written by Schmucker. Special Collections and College Archives Finding Aids are discovery tools used to describe and provide access to our holdings. Finding aids include historical and biographical information about each collection in addition to inventories of their content. More information about our collections can be found on our website http://www.gettysburg.edu/special_collections/collections/.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/findingaidsall/1022/thumbnail.jp