Komunikacijski deficit Europske unije: analiza stavova i praksi studenata Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i Sveučilišta u Ljubljani

U ovom radu istražuju se prakse mladih, tj. redovitih studenata Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i Sveučilišta u Ljubljani, prilikom informiranja o europskim pitanjima te njihovim stavovima o demokratskom, tj. komunikacijskom deficitu Unije. Točnije, analizirani su stavovi ispitanika s obzirom na izvještavanje europskih pitanja u medijima, načinu komunikacije Unije s njenim građanima te ima li on utjecaj na percepciju Unije kao demokratski deficitne institucije. Online anketom ispitano je 202 ispitanika (100 redovitih studenata Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te 102 redovita studenta Sveučilišta u Ljubljani). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako se većina mladih smatra nedovoljno informiranima o europskim pitanjima. Prilikom informiranja o aktualnim europskim zbivanjima ponajviše koriste online izvore, točnije društvene mreže i službene web stranice institucija EU-a. Analizom stavova pokazano je kako većina nema izraženo mišljenje o načinu izvještavanja europskih pitanja u medijima kao i načinu komunikacije Unije s građanima. No, skoro većina njih slaže se kako bi kvalitetnija komunikacija Unije s građanima umanjila privid demokratskog deficita Unije u javnosti.This paper examines informing habits of youth, that is regular students of University of Zagreb and University of Ljubljana, on issues of the European Union. Namely, it examines how they inform themselves on the EU issues as well as how informed do they consider themselves to be. Furthermore, this research examines attitudes of youth towards reporting EU issues in the media as well as ways of communication between EU and its citizens. Used data was gathered through an online questionnaire. In total, 202 students participated in this research (100 students from University of Zagreb and 102 students from University of Ljubljana). Data analysis shows that students mostly feel ill-informed on the EU issues. They mostly use online sources of information when 57 informing on mentioned issues, that is social networks and official websites of the EU institutions. Most of the respondents do not have an opinion on how are the EU issues reported in the media and how well does the EU communicate with its citizens. On the other hand, almost half of the respondents feel that better communication between EU and its citizens would reduce the appearance of EU's democratic deficit

Crisis communications of the Croatian business organiziations through social media

Rad opisuje ulogu društvenih medija u upravljanju kriznim dogañajima u hrvatskim poslovnim organizacijama te koliko ih aktivno organizacije uključuju u komunikacijske strategije. Posebno se proučava utjecaj društvenih medija na etičnost, transparentnost, društvenu odgovornost i ugled poslovnih organizacija. Analizira se kako organizacije mogu iskoristiti prednosti društvenih medija, koriste li se uopće njima i u kojoj mjeri, zatim koje strategije mogu primijeniti tijekom kriznih dogañaja i obnove ugleda te koje su sve prijetnje društvenih medija za njihovo poslovanje. Kao posebna prednost društvenih medija naglašena je mogućnost razvijanja odnosa s dionicima u dijalogu, no upozorava se i na manipulaciju društvenim medijima. S razvojem Weba 2.0 pojavili su se različiti sustavi nezavisnih komunikacija, a novi mediji postali su nezaobilazni u svim područjima života. Zahvaljujući razvoju računalno posredovane komunikacije, nastale su brojne virtualne zajednice koje se bave različitim temama. Razvila se nova vrsta komunikacije koja je meñuljudska i trenutačna, no ne odvija se licem u lice, a s njom i brojni novi alati: poruke, videosnimke, objave na „zidu“, obavijesti, trenutačne aktivnosti, brbljaonice i sl. Sada svi mogu ravnopravno sudjelovati u raspravama, a komunikacija je dvosmjerna, tj. razmjenjuju se mišljenja meñu interesnim skupinama, koje se mogu bolje umrežiti, učiti jedne od drugih, organizirati prosvjede, a u konačnici spriječiti primjene neodgovarajućih politika. U radu se osvrće i na ulogu odnosa s javnošću u poslovnim organizacijama te potrebne komunikacijske vještine stručnjaka za društvene medije koji često na komentare i upite korisnika društvenih medija moraju reagirati brzo i neprestano. Takoñer su predstavljeni i rezultati istraživanja o primjeni društvenih medija u poslovanju hrvatskih organizacija tijekom kriznih situacija, provedenog s pomoću anketnog upitnika i analize sadržaja na društvenim mrežama.The thesis begins with the explanation of research goals, hypotheses and research methodology. The scientific approach is used to study the role of social media in crisis communications of Croatian business organisations. Hypotheses and research results are presented in detail in chapter five of the thesis. The analysis of a crisis situation had to be done in one of the following three topics: environmental pollution, food pollution and banking and financial sector. Research began with the analysis of a structured questionnaire and content analysis. The questionnaire was used as a preliminary study whose results were then used to select the industry. The industry’s communication patterns were then analysed by the method of content analysis applied on their official social network pages, news web sites and printed materials in the period of one year. The banking and financial sector was selected because of a series of crisis events in this sector. Chapter two of the thesis begins with the analysis of key notions necessary for understanding the content which follows afterwords. It explains the status of social networks in the context of modern times, i.e. the impact of Web 2.0 on the trends of their development. Social networks and social media are part of new media but social networks are a narrower notion than social media. Further discussion in the thesis relates to the logic of ownership of social media. Some authors argue that today’s media are not social and that they are controlled by small groups of individuals, whereas other authors say that all media today are social and that the knowledge created in these media is controlled by the users themselves. This part of the thesis focuses attention on the potential of social media to support the development of more transparent business operations because they enable unbiased communication. Dialogue has a special potential for development as a result of the development of social media. Speedier two-way communication and speedier decision-making is now possible with prior exchange of ideas, with no live contact and with a great number of participants. The notions of stakeholders and the public are also described as they are crucial for the development of any relationship. The analysis of stakeholders has created basic divisions of the public according to its importance and power of impact on the business success of an organisation. Framing is another notion described as its use has become important to all social media users. Anyone who wishes to present their attitudes to the public should be able to create messages in the way they want the messages to be perceived. The way a message is presented (framed) has an impact on emotions of the public and the image of an organisation. The elaboration of the topic also relies on the concept of corporate social responsibility or CSR. CSR is deemed necessary for business organisations aiming to make additional contributions to society in return for a “license to operate”, i.e. support of society. It is also believed that a business organisation which has a positive stock of good deeds can overcome a crisis more easily should it occur. In today’s media environment, organisations should pay attention not only to responsible behaviour but to a behaviour which is deemed right. Unethical and wrong decisions and information spread globally at a great speed. Still, the success of an organisation may depend on the image it has built and stakeholders receive most information on the organisation from the media. Therefore, if organisations want a positive image they should build long-term relations to create trust and credible communication. Special attention in the thesis is given to transparency, i.e. the publication of accurate, timely, balanced and unambiguous information. It has been stressed that the publication of a large amount of information is not necessarily correlated with increased transparency. Business organisations might not proactively strive for transparency were it not for citizens’ requests and the media. Further explanations clarify that the role of public relations is key for building positive relations with different audiences, i.e. for image building. The role of PR has significantly improved with the development of new media. Similarly, organisations are expected to increase their flexibility. Chapter three describes issues management, risk management, rumour management and crisis management. The analysis further outlines some theories on the life cycle of issues. It has been established that unsuccessful issues management in the pre-crisis phase can evolve into a crisis phase. Moreover, unsuccessful crisis management can also produce key issues. The role of the media, including social media, in issues management is twofold. On the one hand, they are a source of information, and on the other, they emit messages, thereby having an important role in framing the issue. Risk is described as the evaluation of probability of an adverse event and its impact on people, the environment and the business organisation. After risk evaluation, plans for risk analysis or risk elimination are prepared. If risk manifestation can affect the quality of life of the public and their safety, it is necessary to inform the public on such risks. With today’s technology and social networks, business organisations are even more exposed to risks of rumours so that they should be managed as key issues. The organisation will manage rumours more easily if it has built a positive image. Inadequate communication of an organisation with stakeholders does not help build good relations. The key to success in building good relations is trust and credibility. As a result, transparency is becoming more important for organisations if they want to gain the trust of the public. One way to build trust includes CSR programmes. When a risk is manifested, crisis occurs. It is then highly important to identify the type of crisis and decide on crisis management and communication with the public. This chapter presents Fink’s model which charts the life span of a crisis, Mitroff’s model of five stages, Smith’s crisis management process model and the most commonly mentioned Coombs’crisis management process. Holladay’s, Lebringer’s and Coombs’ types of crisis are also described as well as two types of crisis communication: crisis knowledge management and stakeholder reaction management. Depending on the type of crisis which occurred, primary or secondary communication strategy of crisis response is selected. Good communication in crisis maintains or improves the image of an organisation whereas poor management or absence of such skills leaves negative effects on business operations. Chapter four describes the impact of social media on business operations and direct communication with stakeholders. The development of social media has given the stakeholders a possibility to impact business operations should they wish to do so. The same opportunity is given to business organisations which can build reputation, advance sales, develop human resources, research the market etc. due to a rising number of social media. These communication channels can be particularly useful for two-way communication with stakeholders during crisis events. In order to maximise the benefits of social media, business organisations should be acquainted with the specific features of each social medium because this is the only way to define an adequate social media strategy. It is also important for business organisations to recognise the importance of high-quality published content on official social network sites because they are often used by journalists as sources of information. This is how content published on official social network pages may spread to different media. In order to describe social communities in the present moment the thesis presents van Dijk’s analysis of world history of social communities through a series of five global networks: the first world web, metropolitan or city web, Old World Web, cosmopolitan Web and world web. The last phase which has been around for 160 years is important for today’s development. Today’s networked society is made up of technical and media networks. As was already mentioned, the advantage of social media is that they allow an efficient dialogue between different groups. Still, a high-quality dialogue primarily requires transparency and trust. If social media are used in an ethical manner, they can increase transparency which in turn leaves a positive impact on the image of an organisation. Today, each crisis finds a way to social media and always leaves consequences on business operations. One benefit of social media for business organisations during the crisis is the protection and restoration of reputation. The application of tactics of new media during difficult times helps restore trust in the organisation. Social media can support organisations in successful crisis management in two ways: the first is to explore the network environment and readiness for the crisis because large quantities of information are available, and the second is to enable speedy two-way communication with stakeholders, i.e. speedy sending and receiving of answers. Problems which develop in social media are hard to manage because they spread fast and are unpredictable. Since during the crisis the public relies specifically on information which comes from the organisation itself, the organisation can use this situation to its benefit. For instance, it can use it as a potential to develop a dialogue with new audiences at the time of crisis when the organisation is under increased and intensive supervision. This can lead to a reduction of damage to the smallest possible extent, which speeds up recovery. A more modern crisis communication management model or social-mediated crisis communication model has been developed because the content of social networks can impact stakeholders’ emotions. The main goal of the model is to understand how the public creates, consumes and/or shares crisis information in social media and other sources. Organisations should include social media in risk management, rumour management, issues management and crisis management. The capacity and advantage of social media will be best used by introducing a corporate social media policy and by including transparency in all policies and business processes. Chapter five presents research conducted in the form of a questionnaire and content analysis, hypotheses. Chapter six presents discussion and seventh conclusion. The first hypothesis is that social media are not an important communication channel in Croatian business organisations in situations of crisis. The research results confirm H1, i.e. that Croatian business organisations do not find online social media and news web sites as an important channel of communication with stakeholders in crisis. The second hypothesis is that the communication tools that business organisations in the Republic of Croatia use in social media for the need of crisis communication are not differentiated from the ones which are used in ordinary communication channels (remark: TV and radio are not included). It can be confirmed that a press release is most commonly used as a communication tool during crisis for communication in print media and in news web sites. Additionally, in the print media, the statement scores high. Business organisations in the Republic of Croatia most commonly use status, film and photographs. If a press release and news web site are counterparts of status in online social networks and if we take into account that social networks use films and photographs, H2 can partially be confirmed. The third hypothesis is that the use of social media during situations of crisis has a positive effect on the attitudes of users regarding services and products of business organisations. A more specific conclusion about attitudes and further activities of users cannot be made because only a small number of user activities was recorded. The fourth hypothesis is that business organisations in the Republic of Croatia communicate in a non-transparent way with the users of their products and services in times of crisis. This hypothesis has been proven. The contributions of the present research are manifold. Research results can be used by educational institutions and students, as well as by different economic entities, e.g. business organisations, news agencies and various consultants. A significant contribution of this research is raising awareness of ethics in business in the context of technological development, which should be a topic for both educational institutions and business organisations. The areas of ethics and transparency are certainly the areas whose definition, role and practical application should be researched more thoroughly

National identity and intergroup outcomes in adolescents: the role of intergroup anxiety and symbolic threat

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi u kojoj je mjeri nacionalni identitet povezan s pozitivnim i negativnim međugrupnim ishodima, točnije sklonosti prosocijalnom ponašanju u situaciji svjedočenja vršnjačkom međuetničkom nasilju i sklonosti diskriminaciji vršnjaka pripadnika nacionalne manjine. Dodatno, istražena je medijacijska uloga međugrupne tjeskobe i simboličke prijetnje u promatranim vezama. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 160 zagrebačkih srednjoškolaca. Rezultati su pokazali slabu ali značajnu negativnu povezanost nacionalnog identiteta sa sklonosti prosocijalnom ponašanju te nisku, ali značajnu pozitivnu povezanost sa sklonosti diskriminaciji. Utvrđena je medijacija simboličke prijetnje u oba slučaja, i pozitivnog i negativnog međugrupnog ishoda. Međugrupna tjeskoba nije se pokazala značajnim medijatorom ni u jednom slučaju. Utvrđeno je i da korišteni medijacijski model bolje objašnjava sklonost diskriminaciji nego sklonost prosocijalnom ponašanju što je osvijestilo potrebu za dubljim istraživanjem pozitivnih međugrupnih ishoda. Prikazana su metodološka ograničenja, smjernice za buduća istraživanja te praktične implikacije provedenog istraživanja.The goal of this study was to determine correlation between national identity and positive and negative intergroup outcomes. More specifically, we measured tendency to act prosocially in a situation of witnessing intergroup interethnic bullying and tendency to discriminate a minority outgroup member. Additionally, we explored the mediating role of intergroup anxiety and perceived symbolic threat in the observed relationships. 160 students from two high schools in Zagreb participated in the study. Results showed weak but significant negative correlation between national identity and tendency to act prosocially, and low but significant positive correlation with tendency to discriminate. Perceived symbolic threat served as a mediator in both cases, regarding positive and negative intergroup outcomes. Intergroup anxiety was not confirmed as a significant mediator in any of the two models. Additionally, we established that tendency to discriminate was better explained by the same mediation model than tendency to act prosocially, which raised awareness that more research needs to be conducted in this area. Methodological limitations, implications for further research and practical implications are discussed

Prevođenje kao posredovanje između jezika i kultura

This thesis comprises five annotated translations, accompanied by a discussion. Excerpts from three texts were translated from English into Croatian (Adam Kay’s This Is Going to Hurt Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor, The Translation of Children's Literature: A Reader edited by Gillian Lathey, and Christopher Mellinger and Thomas Hanson's Quantitative Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies), and two from Croatian into English (Antoni Cetnarowicz’s Narodni preporod u Istri (1860–1907) and Sven Popović’s Uvjerljivo drugi). The discussion focused on the notion of translation as linguistic and cultural mediation and its aim was threefold. Firstly, it provided an overview of the theoretical notion of translation as a form of mediation and reflected on both its historical and contemporary application in the field of translations studies. Secondly, it explored the analytical potential of the notion of translation as cultural mediation through an analysis of several texts belonging to different genres and requiring translation either from English into Croatian or vice versa. Finally, it examined the implications of this notion for the future of the translation profession by mapping the consequences of its application beyond the academic field of translation studies.Ovaj se diplomski rad sastoji od pet prijevoda koji su popraćeni prevoditeljskim bilješkama i raspravom. S engleskoga na hrvatski jezik prevedeni su ulomci triju tekstova (This Is Going to Hurt Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor Adama Kaya, The Translation of Children's Literature: A Reader urednice Gillian Lathey i Quantitative Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies Christophera Mellingera i Thomasa Hansona), dok su s hrvatskoga na engleski jezik prevedeni ulomci dvaju tekstova (Narodni preporod u Istri (1860–1907) Antonija Cetnarowicza i Uvjerljivo drugi Svena Popovića). Popratnom raspravom, koja je posvećena prevođenju kao posredovanju između jezika i kultura, nastoje se ostvariti tri cilja. Kao prvo, u sklopu rasprave iznosi se pregled teorijskoga poimanja prevođenja kao oblika posredovanja uz osvrt na povijesnu i suvremenu primjenu toga pojma u znanosti o prevođenju. Kao drugo, analizom prijevoda nekoliko tekstova, koji pripadaju različitim žanrovima i zahtijevaju prijevod s engleskoga na hrvatski jezik ili obrnuto, istražuje se analitički potencijal poimanja prevođenja kao kulturnoga posredovanja. Na koncu, mapiranjem posljedica primjene takva poimanja prevođenja izvan akademskoga konteksta znanosti o prevođenju istražuju se implikacije kulturnoga posredovanja za budućnost prevoditeljske struke

Mediaeval church architecture in eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Srijem county and it's transformations during the Ottoman reign

Predmet istraživanja je srednjovjekovna sakralna arhitektura istočne Slavonije, Baranje i Srijema te sakralna kršćanska arhitektura za vrijeme osmanske vlasti (1526.-kraj 17. st.), koja kroz taj period zadržava tradicionalna srednjovjekovna obilježja te stoga ne može biti sagledana u kontekstu novih stilskih stremljenja, prisutnih u arhitekturi renesanse i baroka. U analizi sačuvanih spomenika i onih otkrivenih u arheološkom sloju koristila sam interdisciplinaran pristup, u svjetlu novih konzervatorskih, povijesno-umjetničkih, povijesnih i arheoloških istraživanja, jer iznimno mala količina pisanih izvora, kao i devastacija izvornog srednjovjekovnog sloja kasnijim preinakama, otežavaju valorizaciju spomenika samo na temelju povijesno-umjetničkih znanstvenih metoda. Na temelju interdisciplinarnosti i komparacije s arhitekturom susjednih zemalja (Mađarska, Slovenija, Slovačka, Poljska), spomenička srednjovjekovna građa istočnohrvatske ravnice je sagledana u kontekstu srednjoeuropskog kulturnog kruga. Istraživanja su pokazala da je umjetnost srednjeg vijeka na ovim prostorima uvjetovana prvenstveno društvenim i demografskim prilikama i tradicijom (značaj tradicije srednjovjekovne gradnje, uvoz gotovih umjetničko-arhitektonskih rješenja), a tek u manjoj mjeri stilskim premisama. Spomenike sakralne arhitekture s ovih prostora treba promatrati u kontekstu rubnih područja širenja utjecaja zapadne umjetnosti. Također, uočena je perzistencija ustaljenih karakteristika srednjovjekovne sakralne arhitekture, koja se tipološki i morfološki razvija pod utjecajima uvezenih rješenja dvorske i redovničke umjetnosti. Spoznaje konzervatorskih, povijesnih i arheoloških istraživanja upućuju na postojanje graditeljskog sloja (obnova ili gradnja) u vremenu osmanske okupacije Slavonije (1526.-kraj 17. st.). Oslanjajući se na radove Anđele Horvat, Dubravke Botice i Diane VukičevićSamaržije, razloge trajanja medijevalnih graditeljskih elemenata nalazim u revitalizaciji graditeljske djelatnosti u drugoj polovici 16.st i prvoj polovini 17. st., koju potiču pristaše reformatorskog pokreta te franjevci Provincije Bosna Srebrena. Uočavanje i analiza tradicije srednjovjekovnih formi nužna je za sagledavanje crkvenog graditeljstva za vrijeme osmanske vlasti u istočnoj Hrvatskoj. Konačno, izrađen je novi katalog spomenika srednjovjekovne sakralne arhitekture, upotpunjen arhitektonskom dokumentacijom, kao i podacima o pripadajućim ulomcima arhitektonske plastike te zidnim oslicima, a u svrhu ažuriranja podataka o srednjovjekovnoj sakralnoj spomeničkoj građi s ovih prostora – dopuna spoznaja ranijih istraživača te dopuna kataloga novim primjerima arhitekture.The research subject of this disertation is the medieval church architecture of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Srijem and church architecture during the Ottoman reign in Eastern Croatia (1526.-end of 17.th century), which through that period continues the use of traditional medieval forms and therefore can not be viewed according to the new stylistic aspirations of the architecture of the Rennaissance and Baroque period. In the process of analysis and evaluation of preserved monuments and monuments discovered in archeological state I have used an interdisciplinary approach, seen in a light of new historical, archeological, art-historical research, as an extremely small amount of historic written evidence has been preserved and the monuments have undergone considerable devastation through rebuilding what makes it hard to evaluate these monuments using purely methods of art history. Based on this interdisciplinary approach and comparing monuments of this region with medieval architecture in neighboring countries (Vojvodina, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland) I was able to make a valorization of the whole medieval church architecture od Eastern Croatia, placing it within the context of the Central European cultural circle. My research have shown that medieval art in the region was conditioned by social circumstances and tradition (the role of tradition of medieval architecture, the import of foreign bulding solutions), rather then by elements of artistic style. So, I believe that this segment of medieval art should be considered within the context of borderlands of western medieval styles. Also, I have noticed the persistence of traditional characteristics of medieval church architecture, which has undergone through a typological and morphological develpoment under the influence of imported court art and monastic art. Recent historical and archeological research point to building activity in the period of Ottoman occupation of Eastern Croatia. Following the work of previous authors (A. Horvat, D. Botica, Diana V.-Samaržija) I believe that continuation of medieval building elements can be explained by the revitalization of church building in the second half of the 16th century and first part of the 17th century, which was enforced by the spread of Protestant Reformation, and also by the Franciscans of the Bosna Srebrena province. So recognition and analysis of the transformations of gothic forms has proven vital for researh in medieval church building in Eastern Croatia during Ottoman reign. Finally, I have made a new catalogue listing all the monuments of medieval church architecture, accompanied by architectural documentation, and by new insights into architectural decor and wall decoration – i.e. fresco and secco paintings. The purpose of this catalogue is to update our knowledge about medieval church architecture of this region

Study and Test Modality Congruency as a Determinant of False Memories

Lažna sjećanja propusti su epizodičkog pamćenja i određuju se kao sjećanja na događaje koji se nikada nisu dogodili ili iskrivljena sjećanja na događaje koji su se dogodili. Najčešći način istraživanja lažnih sjećanja je DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) paradigma, koja uključuje učenje lista semantički povezanih riječi i ispitivanje pamćenja nakon toga. U DRM paradigmi, lažna sjećanja određena su kao broj pogrešno reproduciranih ili prepoznatih riječi koje su asocijativno povezane s riječima na listama, ali se same ne nalaze na listama. Ovim istraživanjem željelo se ispitati kako sukladnost modaliteta u kojem se materijal zadaje i modaliteta u kojemu se pamćenje ispituje utječe na učestalost pojave lažnih i točnih sjećanja u DRM paradigmi. U istraživanju je korišten zavisni eksperimentalni nacrt (2x2) s dvije nezavisne varijable: modalitetom zadavanja materijala za učenje (vidno/slušno) i modalitetom ispitivanja pamćenja(vidno/slušno). Pamćenje je ispitivano metodom prepoznavanja. Koristeći norme slobodnih asocijacija na hrvatskom jeziku, konstruirano je 12 lista riječi za učenje s po 15 riječi te odgovarajuće liste za prepoznavanje. Provedene su dvije dvosmjerne analize varijance: jedna s brojem lažnih prepoznavanja kao zavisnom varijablom, a druga s brojem točnih prepoznavanja. Rezultati su pokazali da se ni broj lažnih niti broj točnih sjećanja ne razlikuju ovisno o tome je li modalitet ispitivanja sukladan modalitetu zadavanja ili nije. Jedini utjecaj modaliteta nađen je za točna sjećanja: njihova učestalost veća je kada se pamćenje ispituje vidno, nego kada se ispituje slušno.False memories are errors in episodic memory and can be defined as memories of events that have never happened or distorted memories of events that have taken place. The most common way of investigating false memories is by using the DRM (Deese- Roediger-McDermott) paradigm, which involves learning lists of semantically related words. In the DRM paradigm, false memores are defined as the number of incorrect recognitions or recalls of words that are associatively connected to the words on the lists, but are not a part of them. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of congruency of study and test modality on false and true memories rate in the DRM paradigm. A within-subjects experimental design (2x2) was used, with study modality and test modality as independent variables with two levels: visual and auditory. Recognition method was used for memory testing. For the study, twelve 15-words lists with corresponding lists for recognition were constructed using the free association norms in the Croatian language. Two two-way ANOVAs were conducted: one with false recognitions as the dependent variable, and the other with correct recognitions as the dependent variable. The results showed that the congruency of study and test modality did not affect either the false recognition rate or the correct recognition rate. The effect of modality was found only for correct recognitions: their rate was higher for visual testing than for auditory testing

William John Morgan's ethics of sport

U fokusu ovog rada je američki znanstvenik William John Morgan i njegov doprinos globalnoj etici sporta. U tom smislu istraživanje njegova doprinosa polazi od četiri temeljne hipoteze. Prva je hipoteza kako je William John Morgan presudno utjecao na razvoj globalne filozofije i etike sporta uvođenjem Alasdair MacIntyreovih teza iznesenih u knjizi „Za vrlinom. Studija o teoriji morala“. Time, cijeloj je globalnoj zajednici dao novi okvir gledanja na sport kao društvenu praksu. Druga je hipoteza, usko povezana s prvom, da je W. J. Morgan internalist, a tek potom konvencionalist, jer mu konvencionalizam situiran u određenom povijesnom i socijalnom kontekstu služi za nadilaženje mana internalizma. Štoviše, on je „otac“ internalizma odnosno začetnik ove trenutno najproširenije i najutjecajnije normativne teorije sporta. Morganova pozicija može se okvalificirati kao povijesni konvencionalistički internalizam. Treća je hipoteza kako je Morgan uobličitelj kontura i divizija moderne globalne etike sporta, koje je izvršio kroz ustroj svojih (uredničkih) izdanja, izbor autora i radova, uključenih tema i rasprava te izvršenih podjela u tematskom smislu. Četvrta je hipoteza kako Morgan u sportskom komunitarizmu vidi odnosno daje univerzalno rješenje za sve probleme sporta kroz (ponovni) okret k igri, igrivom i igračkom u sportu, odnosno zajednicama praktičara sporta (tzv. sports practice communities) kao (sa)čuvateljima onog sportskog u sportu. Prije istraživačke obrade temeljnih hipoteza u radu se rasvjetljavaju dva nužna preduvjeta i oslonca Morganova rada. S jedne strane, daje se kritički prikaz definicija H. B. Suitsa pojmova igre, igranja i sporta, koji su temelj cijele filozofije sporta. S druge strane, autor je iznio pregled povijesnog razvoja filozofije i etike sporta s ključnim točkama odnosno publikacijama unutar njega, kako bi mogao jasno odrediti ulogu i značaj Morganovih prinosa. U metodološkom smislu, u istraživanju se koristi bibliografska metoda za prikupljanje podataka, kritička analiza, komparativna kritička metoda i komparativna povijesna metoda.The focus of this paper is the work of William John Morgan, American sports philosopher and professor at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA, in the field of the ethics of sport. Morgan is one of the “founding fathers” of the discipline established in the United States of America and Canada in 1972, present in scientific discourse and literature for more than 40 years, making important contributions and impacts. In the paper, the author investigates four hypotheses about Morgan's ethics of sport. The first hypothesis is that William John Morgan had a decisive influence on the development of a global philosophy of sport by introducing Alasdair MacIntyre's theses presented in the book After Virtue. A Study in Moral Theory. The second hypothesis, closely related to the first one, is that W. J. Morgan is firstly an internalist, and then secondly a conventionalist situated in the historical and social framework. Moreover, he is the ‘father’ of internalism or the founder of the widely used and influential normative theory of sport, commonly accepted in the variant called ‘broad internalism or interpretivism’, developed by Robert L. Simon and John S. Russell. Thus, Morgan's position should be qualified as ‘historicistic conventionalist internalism’. The third hypothesis is that Morgan has influenced the shaping of the modern ethics of sports contours and field divisions, through his edited anthologies. The fourth hypothesis is that Morgan finds sport practice communities the universal solution for all the problems of contemporary sports. Specifically, the paper is structured into six chapters, with addition of the introduction and conclusion: 1) What is sport – defining or conceptualizing?; 2) Philosophy of sport – historical genealogy; 3) William John Morgan – contours and divisions of the ethics of sport; 4) Internalism in sport – William J. Morgan and Alisdair Macintyre; 5) “Sport practice communities“; 6) Final overview: W. J. Morgan as an original philosopher of sport. In the first chapter, the author deals with the question of what sport is. In that regard, he turns to the sport-philosophical literature presenting the most influential answers thus far. Bernard H. Suits' book The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia stands out as the most prominent one. Moreover, it seems that the whole sports-philosophical community and the pertaining literature leans on Suits' distinctions and definitions of ‘the tricky triad’ - game, play and sport. First is his definition of play: ‘x is playing if and only if x has made a temporary reallocation to autotelic activities of resources primarily committed to instrumental purposes’. Second is his description of games as goal directed activities made of four elements: 1) pre-lusory goal or the “object of the game”; 2) lusory goal or winning and/or scoring; 3) lusory rules or constitutional rules; and 4) lusory attitude or conscious acceptance of the rules by players. Third is his view on sport as a kind of game, that he defines as “voluntary attempt[s] to overcome unnecessary obstacles”. Moreover, the author shows the problems with the definitions and concludes, leaning on the work of G. McFee, that we cannot define sport clearly and unequivocally. Thus, he is going in the other direction – of conceptualizing it by looking for the essential elements and features of sport: testing and contesting (S. Kretchmar), internal values (W. J. Morgan, J. S. Russell, R. L. Simon), spirit of sport (M. McNamee), human + physical + skills + contest / competition + rule-governed + institutionalized (J. S. Parry). In the second chapter, in order to provide the proper context for his four hypotheses, the author is making one of the rare attempts to make a comprehensive historical overview of the philosophy of sport discipline in the literature so far. The author divides specific history into three major periods that he calls: 1) 'antique period' – in which the author finds work of Homer, Pindar, Plato and Aristotle as the most important; 2) 'pre-disciplinary period' – where he distinguishes the history of philosophy phase from the theory of sport phase in the 19th and 20th century; and 3) 'disciplinary period'. Within the latter, the author proposes 1972 as the starting point of the discipline for six reasons. Moreover, the author makes a short overview of the most influential bibliographical efforts in the development of the discipline, as well as its two most important subdisciplines – ethics of sport and bioethics of sport. In such a way, he is able to show, in a clear manner, the role and presence of W. J. Morgan in the historical development of the discipline. In the third chapter, the author confirms the first hypothesis on Morgan – that he has influenced the shaping of the modern ethics of sports contours and field divisions. In order to do that, the author uses six W. J. Morgan's edited anthologies: Sport and the Body: a Philosophical Symposium published in 1979, Philosophic Inquiry in Sport in 1987 and 1995, and Ethics in Sport published in 2001, 2007 and 2017. In them, the author finds Morgan's fourfold division of the fields of the ethics of sport. These four global fields are - competition, enhancements, gender, and social issues. Secondly, the author takes seven different editions of the ethics of sport, which were most considered and accepted in the field, written and edited by J. Parry in 1998, M. McNamee in 1998 and 2010, J. Boxill in 2004, R. Simon in 1998, 2004, 2010, and 2015 and C. Torres and P. Hager in 2015. In them, the author finds very similar field division, with a few differences. Most of them just place more emphasis on specific topics or issues from Morgan's earlier fourfold division. In the fourth chapter, the author investigates two connected hypotheses on Morgan: on the one hand, that Morgan has introduced normative conception of internalism to sports philosophy, which makes him the 'father of internalism', through introducing A. MacIntyre's views of social practice to sports-philosophy; and on the other hand, that Morgan isn't a conventionalist, but an conventionalistic internalist or even more precise – historicistic conventionalist internalist. The author introduces the formalist and conventionalist account of sport, together with their problems, as a logical and necessary introduction to internalism. Secondly, the author presents three variants of internalism – W. J. Morgan's 'MacIntyre internalism', J. S. Russell's 'interpretivism' and R. L. Simon's 'broad internalism'. Morgan's conception leans on MacIntyre's distinctions between social institutions and social practice, and internal and external goods and values of social practices. In that way, the author confirms his first hypothesis that Morgan has turned the course of development of the sports-philosophy discipline, which from this moment on considers sport as a specific form of social practice that has its own specific internal goods and values. Thirdly, the author also confirms the second hypothesis by presenting Morgan's invocation of conventionalism to contextualize, historicize and socialize interpretivism or broad internalist abstract rational account of sport. In that way, Morgan has started and developed his 'historicistic conventionalist internalism’. In the fifth chapter, the author provides the rationale for the fourth hypothesis on Morgan - that sport-practice community is the key solutions for all the problems of contemporary sports. In that regard, the author presents something that can be called 'Morgan's economic ethics of sport' presented mostly in the book Why Sport Morally Matters. Namely, Morgan detects sports practice communities as carriers of the internal goods and values of sport, together with history and ethos of sport. Morgan describes the case of sport in the United States of America and the penetration process of big capital into it. Morgan sees the domination of market economy in sport, together with the commodification of sport (its transformation into commodities for market economic gains), as the main threat to the integrity of contemporary sport, especially in the moral sense. The only solution, in Morgan's view, is the turn towards sport-practice communities, which is the only element of contemporary sport not subject to corruption, and this is a healthy root to turn to or the foundation to build upon. These communities should operate through deliberation process, which respects sports history, developed and accepted ethos, and social context. In the sixth chapter, the author proposes three hammer stones to properly evaluate and understand Morgan's work in the philosophy and ethics of sport. First, the rejection of all universal ethical positions for being too abstract. Second, the ethnocentric perspective or requirement to always take into account social context and developed ethos when reflecting about sports or developing ethical or philosophical investigations or positions. Third, intramural perspective or the claim to develop all the normative principles within the sports practice among sports practitioners, and not otherwise. Finally, despite the fact that Morgan made many contributions to the field of philosophy and ethics of sport, the most problematic seems to be the level of originality of them. Namely, his most important and the most recognizable contributions – introducing the distinction between internal and external values in sport and making emphasis on internal ones, on the one hand, and usage of famous expressions “gratuitous logic of sport“, which perfectly describes sport, are not his, but borrowed from MacIntyre and Suits

Uvod u teorijsku arheologiju - stvaraoci i pravci u 20. stoljeću

Knjiga donosi pregled pravaca u arheološkoj misli tijekom 20. stoljeća i ključnih autora unutar pojedinog pravca te raspravu o važnosti teorijskih koncepata u arheologiji

Typological and chronological classification of Roman pottery from Siscia

Tema disertacije je tipološko-kronološka klasifikacija rimskih keramičkih nalaza antičke Siscije. Keramički arheološki materijal nalazi se pri svim arheološkim istraživanjima na području rimske Siscije, današnjeg grada Siska. U interpretaciji nalaza i nalazišta keramički materijal od iznimnog je značaja. Njime se mogu pratiti društveno-ekonomske promjene na ovom prostoru koje se oslikavaju u stilu, proizvodnji, trgovini, očuvanju tradicijske kulture, svakodnevnim potrebama, prehrambenim i pogrebnim običajima. Prvi kontakti Segestana s rimskom civilizacijom kao i razdoblje nakon osvajanja, razvoja Siscije te njenog kontinuiteta i nestanka u razdoblju kasne antike može se pratiti na keramičkim nalazima nađenim pri iskopavanjima na području Siska. Iako je sisački materijal od iznimne važnosti za istraživanje povijesti prostora Panonije do sada je izostala sveobuhvatna obrada i analiza keramičkog materijala. Tipološko-kronološka analiza keramičkog materijala s novoprovedenih istraživanja uz usporedbu s do sada objavljenim materijalom iz Gradskog muzeja Sisak i Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu zato je od iznimne važnosti. U tezi se analizira keramički materijal s lokaliteta sv. Kvirin, istraživanja 2003. i lokaliteta Povijesni arhiv, istraživanja 2003./2004. u Sisku, koji broji više od 2000 ulomaka, oba vođena suvremenom metodologijom i stratigrafskim principima. Kontinuitet življenja na oba položaja daje značajan doprinos kronološkoj klasifikaciji keramičkog materijala. Tipološko-kronološkom klasifikacijom rimske keramike promatrane su i faze razvoja Siscije koje su poznate iz antičkih izvora. Metodologija rada temelji se na tipološko-kronološkoj klasifikaciji keramičkog materijala iz Siscije koja obuhvaća analizu tehnike izrade, analizu faktura, morfologije, dekoracije, funkcije, kvalitete izrade i kvantitete proizvodnje. Komparativnom metodom nađene su analogije s keramičkim materijalom relevantnih rimskih lokaliteta. Rad je popraćen crtežima keramike, fotografijama, grafičkim prikazima. Analiza obuhvaća izmjeru materijala, deskripciju te makroskopske analize na temelju kojih je izrađen katalog. Znanstveni doprinos je u objavi, analizi te interpretaciji rimske keramike iz Siscije čime je upotpunjena slika o najvažnijem antičkom lokalitetu panonske Hrvatske. Radom je obrađeno ukupno 502 različitih tipova svih vrsta rimske keramike. Predstavljeni su do sada poznati tipovi, kao i novi za koje se smatralo da ih u Sisciji nema, a neki od njih su jedinstveni za cijeli panonski prostor. Tipološko-kronološka klasifikacija rimske keramike prva je cjelovita objava keramičkog materijala iz Siscije. Provedena analiza keramike pridonijet će i razumijevanju graditeljske baštine i urbanizma Siscije kroz svih 7 stoljeća života grada.The typological and chronological classification of Roman pottery is the basis for the study of any Roman site. Other than finds from specific positions or specific types of pottery, the material from Siscia, the most important city in Roman Pannonia, as attested to by historical sources, has so far not been fully typologically and chronologically classified based on a complete analysis of Roman pottery. Therefore, the pottery from the territory of Siscia has not been included into expert publications to the extent that it deserves, although it is crucial for the study of the historical Pannonia. This paper was written with the goal of positioning Siscia as the point of reference for the study of the Roman period in Pannonia and the wider region. The basic analysis was conducted on pottery discovered at the Sv. Kvirin (St. Quirinus) and Povijesni arhiv (Historical archives) positions that were excavated in accordance with contemporary stratigraphic principles. Both positions are within the walls of the Roman Siscia. The Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv positions yielded a total of 1581 pottery fragments. The typological and chronological analysis of pottery was widened by the analysis of previously published material that is kept at the City Museum Sisak and the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. A total of 46 different kinds of publications included over 1017 pottery fragments. The typological classifications revealed groups based on one or more categories: usage (function), characteristic production technology, origin/provenience, and morphological forms. The analysis of characteristic structures, forms, modes and ways of decorating showed or indicated the produce from different well-known workshop centers, and, thereby, the provenience of pottery forms that appeared in ancient Siscia. In the typological classification, the material was divided into table ware, pottery used in food preparation and serving, pottery used for storing food and beverages, pottery of special function, ceramic figurines, and pottery used in construction. The Povijesni arhiv and Sv. Kvirin positions yielded a total of 161 fragments of thin-walled pottery, and the previously published material includes a total of 337 examples. The analyzed finds differ based on production technique, fabric, form, and mode of decoration. Based on production technique, pottery thin-walled pottery was made in a mold and/or on a potter’s wheel out of purified clay or clay paste with inclusions, and was fired in a reduction or oxidation atmosphere. Typological categories include small bowls, glasses and cups. A total of 23 types of small bowls (TWP B. 1-23), 30 types of glasses (TWP G. TYPE 1-30) and 2 types of cups (TWP C. TYPE 1-2) have been established. The analysis revealed 17 different fabrics, pointing to the diversity and the possible number of workshops, but also to the different modes off decoration and firing of thin-walled pottery in a single workshop (TWP 1- 17). The most common fabric is TWP 6 that can be ascribed to Pannonian workshops. Motifs include barbotine decorations, ribbed scales, droplets, spiral vines, floral motifs, leaves, sandy decorations and incised nets. The quantity of the recovered material could indicate the workshop in Siscia as the place of production. The following fabrics could be ascribed to Pannonian workshops: TWP 10 and TWP 5, TWP 7, TWP 11, TWP 17; the following to workshops in Italy: TWP 2, and TWP 3, TWP 9, TWP 10, TWP 12, TWP 13, TWP 15 and TWP 16. The TWP 1, TWP 4 and TWP 14 are exceptions. The TWP 1 matches the fabric of thin-walled pottery from Baetica in color, which would be the first find of Baetican pottery in the Croatian part of Pannonia. The TWP 4 fabric matches pottery from Lyon in color, but the decorations indicate connections with motifs that were predominantly used on produce from Pannonian workshops. The forms of pottery of the TWP 8 fabric suggest that they were produced in Pannonian workshops, while the motifs reveal influences from Gallia. The TWP 14 fabric can be attributed to the La Butte workshop from Gallia. Thin-walled pottery can be dated to the period from the last decades of the 1st century BC, when the first produce from Italy appeared. During the time of Tiberius and Claudius, thin-walled pottery revealed a plethora of forms, modes of decoration and imports from Italy, Gallia, Baetica and other Pannonian workshops. The appearance of thin-walled pottery can be traced up until the 2nd century, when it was dominated by types of glasses made in Pannonian workshops. Some examples can be dated to the 3rd century. The analyzed material revealed, for the first time in Siscia, the presence of pottery with a black slip, characteristic of the middle Augustan period. It is proof that Roman military and trading routes were present in the area in Octavian’s period. So far, it had been registered in the southeastern Alpine region, and not on Pannonian territory. The find from Siscia is a confirmation of the written sources. The fragments can be ascribed to the Lamboglia 5/7 type of plate (BSP. TYPE 1) that can, in Siscia, be connected to the Augustan period. Out of all the types of Roman pottery from Sisak, terra sigillata is the most thoroughly studied due to Rajka Makjanić’s paper “Terra sigillata” that was published in the series: Siscia, Pannonia Superior International Series in Oxford in 1995. The author published a total of 327 examples of terra sigillata from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, most of which were discovered when the Kupa riverbed was cleaned in between 1913. and 1915. (Makjanić 1995: 43). The analyzed material provides an insight into the plethora of sigillata ceramic material that reflects the importance of Siscia in the Roman Empire. The paper brings an overview of previously discovered and published types of terra sigillata, as well as an analysis of sigillata from the Sv. Kvirin and Pov. Arhiv positions. Siscia yielded finds of Italian, Gaelic, African, Pannonian and Moesian sigillata. The Italian sigillata from Sisak was made in workshops in Arretium, northern Italy and Campania, and can be divided into smooth and relief Italian sigillata. A total of 32 different types of have been found.The Sv. Kvirin and Pov. Arhiv positions yielded the following types of terra sigillata: Haltern 9, Consp. 13, Consp 14, Conp 18, Consp 20, Consp 21, Consp 24, Consp 26, Consp 27, Consp 29, Consp 34, Consp 43, Consp 43-44, Consp 48, and Drag 11. The finds can be dated to the period between the last decades of the 1st century BC and the 2nd century. The analysis of material from recent archaeological excavations of the Augustan and the Tiberian-Claudian phase of Siscia revealed large amounts of relief pottery of the Aco and Sarius types, suggesting that it was one of the most significant military and trading centers during the Early Empire. With a total of 71 finds, Siscia is the Pannonian site that yielded the largest amount of relief pottery of the Aco and Sarius types. This paper includes all examples of previously published relief pottery from the positions of Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv, and the analysis of finds based on their form, fabric and decorative concept. The analysis of fragments from Siscia, which could be defined as belonging to a certain form, revealed a total of 31 fragments of Aco beaker and 40 examples of Sarius cups. The analysis of form and fabric revealed 2 types of Aco beaker (ACO TYPE 1a i b – 2). The analysis of decorations on Aco beaker revealed the following motifs: the Kommaregen triangles, vegetative motifs, zoomorphic decorations, ribbons/chains composed of beads, architectural elements, interweaving/weaved basket motifs, abstract motifs, and a group of undefined motifs. The analyzed material includes Aco type beaker with and without a sigillata slip. Glasses without a slip were being produced from about the middle of the 1st century BC, while the examples with a slip started to appear from the late Augustan-Tiberian period. In Siscia, the latter remained in use during Claudian times as well. Stamp include those of C. Aco C. L. Eros and Buccio Norbanus, but the analysis of stylistic and morphological features also revealed examples ascribed to the workshops of L. Norbanus or Stepanus Norbanus, C. Aco or C. Aco Diophanes, as well as the workshops of Optatus and L. Sarius Surus. In addition to the examples from northern Italian workshops situated between the Po River and Ravenna, relief pottery from workshops in Gallia was also recorded. The analysis of all published, as well as the finds from the Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv positions, revealed 40 examples ascribed to the Sarius cup type. Due to the fragmentation of finds, one form of the Sarius cup was defined (SAR. TYPE 1). Just like on Aco beaker, a large number of decorations were noted. The concept is uniform, but specific motifs are differently grouped. The recorded motifs include: vegetative, zoomorphic, geometrical, figurative and abstract ones. The motifs are freely or geometrically distributed on the vessels. The recorded workshops include those of Clemensa, L. Sarius Surus, Ivcundus, but some forms have also been recorded that display no analogies with the previously discovered Sarius cup types. The finds can be dated to the Augustan and the Tiberian-Claudian period. Sisak yielded terra sigillata from southern Gallia - La Grafenesque, central Gallia - Lezoux, eastern Gallia, and the Rheinzabern and Westerndorf, Pfaffenhofen workshops, and can be divided into smooth and relief sigillata. The Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv positions yielded the following types of sigillata from Gallia: Drag. 18/31, Drag 33, Drag 36, Drag 37, Drag 31, Lud Tk', Drag 43, Drag 54, and the exceptionally rare find of marbleized sigillata from the Graufesenque workshop, ascribed to the Ritt. 12 type. The import of produce from Gallia was dated to the time between the middle of the 1st and the 3rd century. In addition to the sigillata from Italy and Gallia, Siscia also yielded some African sigillata. So far, 33 examples of African sigillata have been published, and the Povijesni Arhiv and Sv. Kvirin positions yielded a total of 13 fragments. The analysis revealed almost equal amounts of vessels of productions A, C and D (30 - 35%), with 2% of finds of the A/D production. African goods reached Pannonia across the Adriatic, Italy and Noricum (Gabler 2012, Pröttel 1996, Hárshegyi & Ottományi 2013: 476-480, Gabler 1988: 32, Makjanić 1985: 50). The forms discovered in Siscia include bowls (85%) and plates (15%). According to Hayes’ typology, the following types were recorded: Hayes 3C, Hayes 14/17, Hayes 32, Hayes 50, Hayes 52, Hayes 53, Hayes 58, Hayes 60, Hayes 61, Hayes 62, Hayes 67, Hayes 70, Hayes 81, and Hayes 91. The fragments can be dated to the period between the 2nd and the second half of the 6th century. The appearance of African sigillata can be connected to the prosperous rule of Hadrian, a period from which Siscia also yielded finds of luxurious Mediterranean goods. The beginning of trade and substantial import of African goods can be connected to the period after the mint in Siscia was founded during the middle of the 3rd century, and it lasted until the mint stopped functioning at the middle of the 5th century. Pannonian sigillata appeared in the 2nd and 3rd century as a new type of sigillata ware with relief decorations. The motifs include those that are specific of Pannonian, Moesian, as well as those from different workshops, such as Lezoux, Trier, and Rheinzabern, and motifs from African workshops that were portrayed on vessels in a new way (Vikić Belančić 1967: 33-34; Brukner 1981: 30-32). Based on the analysis of relief decorations and fabrics defined in the Sisak collection from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, the following workshops were recorded: Viminacium-Margum, dated to the 2nd - 3rd century, and the one from Pannonia Inferior that was, due to its unknown location, marked as workshop X. However, due to recent research, the suggested location of this workshop is in Cibalae (Makjanić 1995: 73; Pl. 73, 74; Iskra-Janošić 2001: 121; Leleković 2007: 81; Ožanić Roguljić 2016: 21). The analyzed material included one fragment of relief Pannonian sigillata from the ViminaciumMargum workshop. Relief pottery was, based on the mode of surface processing, placed into a separate category of table ware. The group of relief pottery includes Adriatic vessels on a foot, as well as relief pottery from Corinth, Cnidus and Egyptian vessels. As a separate form, vessels on a foot can be ascribed to the Dragendorff 11. Based on the fabric, decorations and the slip, the analyzed material indicates that relief pottery was produced in Adriatic workshops. These finds are the first of their kind on the territory of Pannonia that have been dated to the first half of the 1st century. A special group of relief pottery includes relief pottery from Corinth and Cnidus. The relief pottery from Corinth is characterized by the form of cylindrical vessels (pyxis) with differently shaped rims (COR. REL. TYPE 1). It is dated to the period between the second half of the 2nd and the end of the 3rd century. The group of relief pottery includes a find of a relief zoomorphic handle that is being kept in the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, and that was the handle of a relief ceramic patera portraying a ram’s head (CNID. REL. TYPE 1). Relief pottery from the workshop centers in Asia Minor and Cnidus has also been found at sites on the Adriatic, and can be dated to the 2nd century. Egyptian glazed ware forms a separate group of table ware. It was analyzed separately from other glazed pottery based on the specific category of its origin. It was included into the group of Roman pottery because of its form, which appears in Roman contexts in both Egypt and Siscia. The find of the Egyptian glazed cylindrical vase (EG. TYPE 1) is very important for the periods connected to Augustan times, and this is the first find of its kind in Pannonia and Noricum. A separate group of pottery, Pannonian slip ware, was produced in several centers in Pannonia as fine table ware (bowls, plates, and glasses, rarely lids and jugs). It was fired in an oxidation or reduction atmosphere with a grey, black or red slip. The slip can be glossy, have a metallic sheen, or can be matte. The fragment are either undecorated or decorated by rouletting (impressing small wheels or sticks) and/or stamping (Adler-Wölfl 2004: 9; Nagy 2017: 6). The Sv. Kvirin and Pov. Arhiv positions yielded 57 fragments of Pannonian pottery with a slip. The analysis established that there were 7 different fabrics of pottery in Siscia. A total of 56% of the fragments have a light to dark grey slip, and 29% have an orange to red slip. The typological analysis revealed 10 types of glasses (PSW. G. TYPE 1-10), 4 types of plates (PSW. PL. TYPE 1-4), and 10 types of bowls (PSW. B. TYPE 1-10). The analysis of stamped decorations from Siscia revealed Pannonian ware with a slip of both the southern and the western Pannonian group. The analysis helped establish that Pannonian ware was present in Siscia between the rules of Trajan and Septimius Severus. Table ware includes the group of glazed table ware that appears in the 3rd and 4th century, and sporadically also in the 5th. The Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv positions yielded 11 fragments of glazed table ware that were typologically divided into jugs (GW. TYPE 1), a glazed patera (GW. TYPE 2), a glass (GW. TYPE 3A and 3B), and undefined forms. The glazed patera with relief decorations on the handle is, based on analogies with finds from other sites, ascribed a cult-related function, and was dated to the second half of the 2nd century. The analysis and the typological and chronological classification of Germanic tribe pottery, discovered at Pov. Arhiv. Position, make a great scientific contribution to the study of Siscia. in 6 th century during the Late Antiquity and Migration period. In addition, it was discovered in a layer that contained a repertoire of Roman pottery dated to the Late Antiquity. Two vessel fragments from the Pov. Arhiv position can be ascribed to Langobard and maybe Saxon pottery. Based on the production technology and morphology, 2 types were defined: a bowl with stamped decorations depicting a series of circles with crosses shown in the positive, and, below it, a series of ovals with striped imprints (GERM. TYPE 1), and a jug with a tubular spout (GERM. TYPE 2). Base on the datation of a ceramic vessel from Sisak into the 6th century, this find can be connected to the period between 537, when the Lombards appeared as a new force in the western territories of the Sava-Drava-Danube interfluve, and the time when they moved to Italy. The analysis of table ware, based on morphological characteristics, established types of different fabrics and provenience: glass, cup, kantharos, plate, jug/vase. The review of all published examples of each type is followed by the analysis of finds from the Sv. Kvirin and Pov. Arhiv positions. A total of 23 types of glasses (G. TYPE 1-23) were defined based on the shape of the rim, body and base. A separate group of glasses was defined to include those with ribs, dated to the period between the 2nd and the 3rd century. The analysis of previously published, as well as those from the Pov. Arhiv position, revealed 4 types of cups (C. TYPE 1-2). A special group includes the type of kantharos decorated by polished waves and zigzag decorations that can be dated to the first half of the 1st century (KANT. TYPE 1-2). The Sv. Kvirin and Povijesni Arhiv positions yielded 59 fragments of plates, and they include forms typical of the local Late Iron Age tradition, as well as Italian and provincial forms that display Italian fashion to a smaller or greater extent. The analysis of both previously published, and forms from these two positions, revealed a division into 15 types (PL. TYPE 1-15). The paper brings all previously published jugs and vases, but their typological and chronological classification was made based on the finds from the Pov. Arhiv and Sv. Kvirin positions. Due to their fragmentation, the types were defined based on the shape of the rims and necks. A total of 48 types were defined (J. TYPE 1-48). The group of pottery used in food processing, preparation and serving includes bowls, pots, mortars and lids. A special group includes kitchen ware from the eastern Mediterranean and Africa (I. MED. W TYPE 1, AFR. C. W. TYPE 1-4). Bowls are the form that makes it possible to track the preservation of the Pannonian La Tène tradition, the import of new Roman types, but also the production of new forms that were created by merging the La Tène heritage and the im

Furneral customs of Croats in Srijem

U ovom radu autorica prikazuje posmrtne običaje Hrvata u Petrovaradinu, Sotu, Golubincima, Srijemskoj Mitrovici, Hrtkovcima i Rumi. Svrha istraživanja bila je utvrditi na koji se način posmrtni običaji i obredi, kao tradicijski oblici simboličkog ponašanja, manifestiraju unutar istraživane kulture, koje sve dimenzije obuhvaćaju i u kojoj mjeri se i dalje prakticiraju. Rad je podijeljen na sljedeće tematske cjeline: pripreme za smrt (priprema odjeće i pribora za ukop, bolesničko pomazanje i praštanje), predznaci smrti, običaji nakon smrti (postupci u trenutku smrti, oglašavanje i objavljivanje smrti, uređivanje i odijevanje pokojnika, izrada lijesova, prilozi u lijes, bdijenje, opraštanje od pokojnika), sprovod (pogrebna povorka, obredi uz pokop, grobni prilozi, grobovi marginalnih skupina, nadgrobni spomenici), običaji nakon sprovoda (daća, misa za pokojnika i posjećivanje groba nakon sprovoda, žalovanje, Svisveti) i vjerovanja vezana uz dušu pokojnika.In this paper, the author describes funeral customs of Croats in Petrovaradin, Sot, Golubinci, Srijemska Mitrovica, Hrtkovci and Ruma. The purpose of research is to determine the ways in which funeral customs and rituals, as traditional forms of symbolic behavior, manifest themselves within the explored culture, what dimensions they encompass and to what extent they continue to be practiced. The text is divided into the following thematic units: preparation for death (preparation of clothes and accessories for burial, anointing of the sick and forgiveness), omens of death, customs after death (actions at the time of death, the announcement and notification of death, dressing the deceased and getting the deceased ready for the funeral, coffin-making, grave goods placed inside coffins, vigil, final farewell), funeral (funeral procession, burial customs, grave goods, graves of marginal social groups, tombstones), customs after the funeral (Daća, Mass for the deceased, visiting the grave after the funeral, mourning, All Saints' Day) and beliefs related to the deceased's soul