Strategic Sustainable Management for Water Transmission System: A SWOT-QSPM Analysis

In general, the problem of a water resources infrastructure, especially the raw water transmission system, is that the actual discharge is not in accordance with design discharge because of water losses along the transmission system.To restore the capacity to the design discharge, a comprehensive strategy is required. Various strategy methods have been developed especially the strategy of managing a system. This paper discusses how to analyze the comprehensive strategy with system component approach for water transmission system. The research used Klambu-Kudu Water Transmission System in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia as a case study. Strategy analysis of Klambu-Kudu Water Transmission System utilized the modified Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT) with Likert scale and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) method. SWOT analysis is was carried out to obtain a comprehensive strategy on each component of the water transmission system (intake, mud pouch, siphon, gutter, bridge, culvert, regulator doors, suppletion, drain pipe, and / or excavation), while the QSPM method is required to analyze the strategic priorities of component of Klambu Kudu Water Transmission System. Key factors of water transmission system performance were obtained from the discussion of experts, the management of Klambu Kudu Water Transmission System and the community. The results are a priority of strategies which are dominated by the opportunity factors to solve the problem of weakness (operation and maintenance, sedimentation, damage) and threats (water theft, destruction of buildings, flood) as well as maximizing the strengths (condition of the component, function, accessibility)

Surface micromachined capacitive ultrasonic transducers

Cataloged from PDF version of article.The current state of a novel technology, surface microfabricated ultrasonic transducers, is reported. Experiments demonstrating both air and water transmission are presented. Air-coupled longitudinal wave transmission through aluminum is demonstrated, implying a 110 dB dynamic range for transducers at 2.3 MHz in air. Water transmission experiments from 1 to 20 MHz are performed, with a measured 60 dB SNR at 3 MHz. A theoretical model is proposed that agrees well with observed transducer behavior. Most significantly, the model is used to demonstrate that microfabricated ultrasonic transducers constitute an attractive alternative to piezoelectric transducers in many applications

Importance of Soil Quality in Environment Protection

Soil quality can be characterised by the harmony between it’s physical and biological state and the fertility. From the practical crop production viewpoint, some important contrasting factors of soil quality are: (1) soil looseness – compaction; (2) aggregation – clod and dust formation; friable structure – smeared or cracked structure; (3) organic material: conservation – decrease; (4) soil moisture: conservation – loss; water transmission – water-logging; (5) at least soil condition as a result of the long term ef ect of land use moderates or strengthens climatic harm. In our long-term research project practical soil quality factors were examined in arable i eld and experimental conditions. We state that prevention of the soil quality deterioration can be done by the developing and maintaining harmony between land use and environment. Elements of the soil quality conditions such as looseness, aggregation, workability, organic matter, water transport are examined and the improving methods are suggested. Tillage and production factors which can be adopted to alleviate the harmful climatic impacts are also summarised

Flow-Induced Stresses and Displacements in Jointed Concrete Pipes Installed by Pipe Jacking Method

Transient flows result in unbalanced forces and high pressure in pipelines. Under these conditions, the combined effects of flow-induced forces along with sudden pipe displacements can create cracks in the pipeline, especially at the junctions. This situation consequently results in water leakage and reduced operational efficiency of the pipeline. In this study, displacements and stresses in a buried pressurized water transmission pipe installed by pipe jacking method are investigated using numerical modeling and considering interactions between fluid, pipe, and soil. The analyses were performed consecutively under no-flow, steady flow, and transient flow conditions, in order to investigate the effects of flow conditions on displacements and stresses in the system. Analyses of the results show that displacements and stresses in the jointed concrete pipes are significant under transient flow conditions. Moreover, because of pressure transient effects, maximum tensile stresses exceed the tensile strength of concrete at the junctions, leading to cracks and consequent water leakage

Water Transmission Costs

This technical letter concerns the cost of water transmission lines, and represents one product of research on the cost of water resources development currently under way at the Ill inois State Water Survey. Parallel studies are going forward on the cost of reservoirs, water treatment plants, and wells. Use of this material will give an estimate of cost for transmission line projects of a given size, as well as the degree of uncertainty to be considered. This is intended only as an instrument for establishing orders of magnitude as a basis for comparisons, and of course, does not substitute for engineering studies. This study is based on information from installations in Illinois. The data were obtained from the owner of the line (municipal or private water supply) or a consulting engineer. All cost figures were brought to the 1964 cost level by means of the Handy-Whitman index (Handy-Whitman Index of Water Utility Construction Costs; Whitman, Requardt and Associates, Baltimore, Maryland; Bulletin 20, 1966). The search for information on cost of transmission lines is being continued, and the data will be gathered as they become available. This will ensure a continuous revision and substantiation of the results presented here.published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe

Designing Manhole in Water Transmission Lines Using Flow3D Numerical Model

Using cascades and drops existing in flow path has a history of 3000 years. Particularly, Roman engineers employed stepped spillways with the same idea in several countries; however, there are few information about the hydraulic performance of aqueducts. Most of these channels have flat long cross sections with low torsions (variable slope) such that they can encompass cascade and steep spillways or dopshaft. Given that there are few studies conducted on dropshafts, the present paper attempted to discuss about such structures in flow path and water transmission lines as well as introducing the existing principles and relations and present, the obtained results of designing though Flow3D. The obtained error percentage was about 20% which is acceptable for numerical studies

Analisis Sistem Jaringan Pipa Transmisi Air Baku Kecamatan Bunga Raya Kabupaten Siak

Clean water obtained by the population of Sabak Auh up until now is still very limited. Raw water is taken from Bunga Raya and processed in Bunga Raya water treatment installation which is then the clean water is transmitted to Sabak Auh. Therefore, an alternative of transmission pipe is needed to fulfill water requirement pipe in Sabak Auh. Calculation result shows that water requirement after twenty years is 31 liters/second. Clean water transmission from Bunga Raya to Sabak Auh is 18925,1 meters in length. This research used 4 alternatives, 3 alternatives of Transmission pipe using booster pump and from the relation of discharge and head obtained, it can be conduded that the pumps used in this 4 pump alternatives are Grundfos pump with 2-pole and 4-pole. Clean water transmission system simulation for Sabak Auh is expected to be a guide for the design of transmission of PDAM Bunga Raya

Simulasi Pipa Transmisi Air Baku dari Sumber Air Sungai Jurong 2 ke PDAM Tirta Dharma Duri

Waters demand in District of Mandau is a concern because of population growth and increasing water shortages in the dry season . Therefore, needed a new alternative source of raw water to meet water needs in District of Mandau deep water channel of a new raw water source required transmission pipelines to the water treatment plant. Then the required study of several alternative raw water transmission pipeline system. The results of this study can be concluded from the results of population projections obtained percentage of water services in 2013 amounted to 24 %, in 2017 amount 29 %, in 2022 amount 30 %, in 2027 amount 35%, in 2032 amount 53 %. Water demand planning used 4 alternate with 4 different discharge to increase the supply of raw water supply in District of Mandau which only amounted to 80 liters/sec. Simulation of the raw water transmission system for District of Mandau obtained is expected to be a guide in the planning pipeline for PDAM Tirta Dharma transmission Duri

Using combined prediction models to quantify and visualize stormwater runoff in an urban watershed

Stormwater runoff can transport nutrients, sediments, chemicals, and pathogens to surface waterbodies. Managing runoff is crucial to preserving water quality in rapidly developing urban watersheds like those in Northwest Arkansas. A watershed containing the majority of the University of Arkansas campus was designated as the study area because stormwater from it drains into the West Fork of the White River, designated as an impaired waterbody due to siltation. The project objective was to develop methodology to test existing stormwater drainage infrastructure, identify potential areas of improvement, and estimate potentially contaminated runoff by combining two widely used prediction models. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resource Conservation Service’s curve number (CN) method was used to estimate runoff depths and volumes, while a flow-direction model was created that integrated topography, land use, and stormwater drainage infrastructure in a geographic information system. This study combined the CN and flow-direction models in a single geodatabase to develop flow direction/quantity models. Models were developed for 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year floods and varied by the antecedent moisture content. These models predicted flow directions within existing drainage infrastructure and runoff volumes for each flood, and served as a hypothetical flood analysis model. Results showed that between 24,000 m3 (5-year flood) and 60,000 m3 (100-year flood) of runoff would be transported to the West Fork of the White River. The methodology developed and results generated will help stormwater planners visualize localized runoff, and potentially adapt existing drainage networks to accommodate runoff, prevent flooding and erosion, and improve the quality of runoff entering nearby surface waterbodies